Rockstar Games has confirmed several new combat features for GTA 6, making the game’s weapon system more detailed than ever before. Official trailers and promotional material have already revealed more than 30 weapons across different categories, including pistols, assault rifles, shotguns, sniper rifles, launchers, melee weapons, and throwables. This guide covers all the GTA 6 weapons revealed so far and highlights the new gameplay features that make combat more immersive.

GTA 6 Handguns List

Handguns play an important role in GTA 6, offering a balance of speed, accuracy, and convenience. Rockstar has already showcased multiple sidearms through official trailers and screenshots, including both pistols and revolvers. Here’s a complete list of the confirmed handguns in GTA 6.

GTA 6 Shotguns List

GTA 6 includes powerful shotguns for close-quarters combat. These weapons are useful during indoor fights and high-action missions. Rockstar has already showcased two shotguns in official trailers and screenshots. Below are the confirmed shotgun weapons in GTA 6.

GTA 6 Assault Rifles List

Assault rifles are among the most versatile weapons in GTA 6. They perform well in both close- and long-range combat. Rockstar has confirmed several rifles through trailers and screenshots. Here’s every confirmed assault rifle in the game.

GTA 6 Machine Guns and SMG List

GTA 6 includes several SMGs and machine guns for intense firefights. These weapons are useful during missions, chases, and vehicle combat. Rockstar has already showcased multiple models in official trailers and screenshots. Below are all the confirmed weapons.

GTA 6 Sniper Rifles List

Players who prefer long-range combat will find several sniper rifles in GTA 6. These weapons are designed for precision and serious damage. Official gameplay footage has showcased multiple sniper rifle models. Here’s every confirmed sniper rifle revealed so far.

GTA 6 Launchers List

Launchers deliver the most serious explosive damage in GTA 6. They are the best choice for destroying vehicles and heavily armored targets. Players can also use them during large-scale combat. Below are all the confirmed launchers in GTA 6.

GTA 6 Throwable Weapons List

Not every combat situation requires a gun in GTA 6. Throwables give players another way to attack enemies or create an opening. Each weapon has its own strengths and uses. Below are all the confirmed throwable weapons in GTA 6.

GTA 6 Melee Weapons List

Melee weapons remain an important part of combat in GTA 6. They offer a quiet and reliable way to deal with nearby enemies. Different weapons suit different combat styles. Here’s every confirmed melee weapon revealed so far.

• Baseball Bat
• Crowbar
• Golf Club
• Hammer
• Knife
• Pool Cue
• Fists (Unarmed)

GTA 6 Equipment and Utility Item List

GTA 6 includes more than just guns and melee weapons. Players can use different equipment to complete missions in creative ways. These items add more flexibility to gameplay. Here’s the complete list of confirmed equipment.

• Auto Dialer
• Backpack
• Binoculars
• Body Armor
• Cigarettes
• Cut-off Tool
• Flashlight
• Food & Drinks
• Immobilizer Bypass
• Lock Pick
• Loot Bag / Duffel Bag
• Painkillers
• Slim Jim
• Soda
• Taser
• Torch Flashlight
• Tracker Jammer
• Trauma Kit
• USB Drive
• Wine
• Zipties

Apple’s largest memory suppliers are being sued in California, with consumers and small businesses alleging Samsung Electronics, SK hynix and Micron coordinated DRAM production cuts that drove up memory prices.

Apple isn’t accused of wrongdoing in the lawsuit. Samsung, SK hynix and Micron supply memory used across Apple’s hardware lineup, putting the dispute much closer to customers than it might first appear.

The company has already raised prices on several Mac, iPad and other products after saying higher RAM and storage costs had become too expensive to absorb. Court filings argue coordinated DRAM production cuts contributed to those higher costs, though the plaintiffs still have to prove that claim.

Court filings argue the shift reduced supplies of mainstream DRAM, including DDR3 and DDR4, and drove prices higher across the market. The allegations haven’t been proven, and Micron denied the claims and said it will defend itself, according to Investor’s Business Daily.

The lawsuit targets the AI memory shift

The complaint centers on DRAM, the working memory used in computers, smartphones, tablets, servers and many other electronic devices. Samsung, SK hynix and Micron dominate the global DRAM market, giving them enormous influence over memory supply.

Counterpoint Research said Samsung held a 38% share of global DRAM revenue during the first quarter of 2026, followed by SK hynix at 29% and Micron at 22%. Plaintiffs argue that concentration is central to the lawsuit because a competitive commodity market would normally encourage at least one supplier to expand production as prices rise.

Instead, the complaint alleges Samsung, SK hynix and Micron shifted manufacturing capacity toward HBM, which commands much higher prices from AI companies. Companies are free to pursue more profitable products, and that business decision isn’t illegal by itself.

The lawsuit ultimately turns on whether Samsung, SK hynix and Micron coordinated those production decisions or reached the same conclusion independently. Antitrust law prohibits agreements among competitors, not similar business decisions driven by the same economic incentives.

Why Apple customers should care

Apple has spent months navigating the same memory market pressures described in the lawsuit. Industry analysts have widely attributed rising RAM and storage prices to AI demand, and the company cited higher component costs when it raised prices on some hardware.

Industry analysts have widely attributed rising RAM and storage prices to AI demand

Plaintiffs argue coordinated supply restrictions offer a competing explanation for those higher memory costs. The companies maintain they independently responded to the same market conditions.

Court-ordered discovery could become the most important stage of the case if the lawsuit survives early legal challenges. Emails, production plans and other internal records could show whether Samsung, SK hynix and Micron coordinated production decisions or acted independently.

The DRAM industry has faced price-fixing cases before

The lawsuit arrives against the backdrop of earlier DRAM antitrust cases. Samsung and Hynix pleaded guilty in the 2000s to participating in a DRAM price-fixing conspiracy investigated by the U.S. Department of Justice.

Samsung agreed to pay a $300 million criminal fine in 2005, and Hynix agreed to pay a $185 million criminal fine that same year. Several executives also received prison sentences for participating in that conspiracy.

The earlier convictions don’t establish that Samsung, SK hynix or Micron violated antitrust law in this case. The earlier cases do show the DRAM industry has faced similar allegations before, adding context as the current lawsuit moves through the courts.

A new Supreme Court ruling will require police to have probable cause before using sweeping geofence warrants that rely on people’s personal location data to find criminals.

Police subpoena Apple, Google, and other tech companies for precious user location data using so-called “geofence warrants,” which can serve as a dragnet to catch a single criminal while implicating many others. The Supreme Court says this method is no longer an option without probable cause.

According to SCOTUSblog, breaking down the ruling, a geofence warrant meets the criteria of a “search” as defined by the Fourth Amendment. Simply put, this means that anyone included in a warrant must be there with a reason.

In short, dragnet-style searches with no suspects identified by other evidence will no longer be an option except in very specific circumstances.

That isn’t to say user location data is off-limits for law enforcement. A subpoena to Apple or Google with an individual’s identity that is reasonably suspected of a crime with evidence gathered from other sources remains legal and viable.

There’s also the option of using geofence warrants when tracking a group of criminals or trying to find associates of a known criminal. Of course, warrants will need to be provided on a case-by-case basis.

Previously, law enforcement would simply ask for the location data of everyone that was within an area for a select period of time even when a suspect wasn’t known. If you happened to be passing by, you could be implicated for no reason other than being there with a smartphone.

The Supreme Court has ruled 6-3 that this violates the Fourth Amendment.

Justice Elena Kagan wrote that “an individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy in records about his cell phone’s location, and police intrude on that constitutionally protected interest when they demand the information — even though for only a limited time, and from a third-party tech company.” In other words, suspects will have to be identified using other means.

According to Harvard Law Review, Google was served with more than 11,500 warrants across 2020 for sweeping geofence searches. With this ruling, that number will now be zero without cause for every individual affected by the search.

Robbing a bank with a smartphone

The reason the Supreme Court shared this ruling today is due to a case from 2019 involving a bank robbery. A man escaped with nearly $200,000 and the police had zero suspects. The “zero suspects” bit is key to the ruling.

A geofence warrant was sent to Google, and the company provided 19 accounts that were within 150 meters of the bank robbery spanning that hour. Law enforcement narrowed it down to 9 accounts and requested location information for 2 hours surrounding the robbery.

The results were narrowed to three individuals — one was a man named Okello Chatrie. The location data led police to a residence with nearly $100,000, a gun, and demand notes.

The individual was arrested and pled guilty. However, Chatrie still argued that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated. After two escalating appeals on opposite sides of the issue, the case was pushed up to the Supreme Court.

With Monday’s ruling, Chatrie’s case isn’t over. It is being passed back down to the Circuit Court to determine if the police had reason to access the location data.

Regardless of that outcome, know that your location data is protected by a constitutional right. Police will need more than “wrong place, wrong time” tactics to find suspects in the future.

Apple is contesting a ruling that would force it to pay Optis $502 million for LTE patent infringement, but the UK Supreme Court has yet to reach a verdict.

The legal battle between Apple and Optis goes back to February 2019, and there’s still no end in sight all these years later. Apple was accused of infringing upon Optis’ LTE patents, which ultimately led to lawsuits in both the United Kingdom and the United States.

The latter case resulted in Apple’s victory, as it avoided paying Optis $300M in damages in February 2026. The outcome of the UK lawsuit, however, isn’t quite as clear-cut.

As spotted by 9to5mac and reported by The Financial Times, Apple now wants the UK Supreme Court to overturn a 2023 Court of Appeal ruling that would force it to pay Optis $502 million.

Initially, Apple was only supposed to pay $56 million, as decided by the High Court in London. Later, the Court of Appeal increased that amount to $502 million by using Optis’ deal with Google as a baseline and adding royalties dating back to 2013.

Apple, however, claims the increase was “arbitrary” and that the Court of Appeal “erred in law.” The outcome of the UK lawsuit remains to be seen, but the case could drag on for years to come.

Apple vs. Optis: The progression of the UK lawsuit

Back in 2020, the UK Supreme Court ruled that UK courts can set the payment rate for patents worldwide, even though the court can only consider the infringement of UK patents. This was good news for Optis, as it was free to seek more damages from Apple.

Optis claims that Apple violated its patents on LTE technology.

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In July 2021, Optis wanted to force Apple into paying $7 billion in damages, along with a global royalty rate. Apple called the fee “commercially unacceptable” and threatened to leave the UK market if it was forced to pay such a high amount.

Later, in March 2022, the London High Court declared that Apple infringed two 4G patents held by Optis, which it described as “standard essential patents.”

Apple tried to argue that none of the patents were essential, and said it hadn’t committed any infringement. Still, its appeal was ultimately denied in July 2023.

Instead of the $7B sought by Optis, the London High Court said Apple had to pay only $56.43 million. However, Optis filed an appeal, which was ultimately successful. A $502 million fine was imposed by the UK Court of Appeal in May 2025.

This amount represents a lump sum covering 2013 to 2027, and was supposed to serve as a global license to use Optis LTE patents in the iPhone, Apple Watch, and other devices.

“[We are] pleased the UK Court of Appeal has recognized and corrected a clearly flawed prior ruling,” an Optis spokesperson told AppleInsider at the time, “and has made meaningful progress toward affirming the true value of our patents to Apple devices.”

Now, however, it’s up to the UK Supreme Court to decide just how much Apple will have to pay.

AI-related job loss fears grow each time another company announces a round of layoffs. Through May of 2026, companies announced that close to 90,000 job cuts were tied to AI, and, by some accounts, up to 15% of U.S. jobs are projected to be eliminated by AI over the next five years. Promises from the tech industry that AI will also create new jobs does little to ease fears, especially for the generation wondering if anyone will be hiring when they graduate. 

A recent report from Ramp and Revelio Labs, which track enterprise AI spend and workforce records from nearly 22,000 companies, respectively, complicates that gloomy narrative. 

The report found that companies spending heavily on AI are growing headcount faster, even in the entry-level roles that many fear are doomed. According to the report, “high-intensity adopters” — firms that spend on average $30 per employee per month on AI in the first three months — saw headcount increase 10.2%.

Headcount also rose across functions, including engineering, sales, administration, customer service, finance, marketing, and scientist roles. The strongest job growth among high-intensity adopters was in the information sector, which includes software, internet, media, and tech-adjacent firms. 

Despite these positive signals, the data isn’t as rosy as it seems. It skews heavily towards tech-forward, knowledge-work firms — ones that might have VC-backing and are growing fast anyway, making it difficult to say whether AI is contributing to the hiring or just showing up at companies that are expanding anyway.

“This paper does not show that AI universally creates jobs,” the paper’s authors admit, “but it does counter claims that AI will lead to broad job losses.”

It also counters claims that AI is killing all junior jobs. Recent research from Goldman Sachs found that AI has already erased about 16,000 net jobs per month over the past year, with Gen Z and entry level workers taking the brunt of the burden. But in tech-forward firms, the report finds that entry-level headcount actually rose by 12%.

So what can we take away from this? Perhaps that AI isn’t always a tool for labor substitution, but that it can be a tool for firm-expansion instead. 

“For software and technology firms, AI can make core output cheaper or faster to produce: writing code, debugging, building internal tools, producing technical documentation, and supporting product development,” the report reads. “Lower production costs in these workflows can raise the return to expanding the whole firm, not just the engineering team.”

But companies that buy subscriptions and run pilots, yet did not go on to make sustained investments, don’t tend to see any gains in headcount, per the report. 

That sets up the potential for a widening gap between firms that have the resources — like capital, technical staff, founder networks, and management bandwidth — to turn AI adoption into actual business gains and those that are stuck experimenting with subscriptions. In other words, this report suggests that firms that already have the resources are the ones who will see the largest gains. 

The paper’s authors speculate such a divide may continue to grow, saying: “Firms without those channels may fall behind.”

from the nice-try-fascist dept

It’s no secret that Donald Trump has been waging an Orwellian war on knowledge and information for most of his second term thus far. While purging history of American racism, slavery, and anything else that makes us look less than perfect has been the primary focus in this war, so too has Trump attempted to simply disappear data and information around climate change from the public view. This attempt to make us all more ignorant about the harms and potential negative outcomes from climate change is, of course, completely insane and self-destructive. But if you’re an octogenarian suffering from a textbook case of narcissistic personality disorder, what happens years after you’re going to be worm-food probably doesn’t concern you all that much.

Most recently, the Trump administration shut down climate.gov, a website that contained a wealth of information and research generated by government researchers and third-party scientists that worked at the request of government. Decades and decades of content and data, wiped away with the wave of a bruised hand by Trump.

Over decades, researchers in the US government and programs it sponsored built up a tremendous number of climate resources, from comprehensive analyses to massive datasets to basic explainers meant to inform the public. And people within the government built the climate.gov website to make it all accessible. But if you try to navigate there today, you get redirected to the climate page of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and are greeted with the following message:

In compliance with Executive Order 14303 (“Restoring Gold Standard Science”), the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy’s June 23, 2025 Memorandum (“Agency Guidance for Implementing Gold Standard Science in the Conduct & Management of Scientific Activities”), 15 USC § 2904 (“National Climate Program”), 15 USC § 2934 (“National Global Change Research Plan”), and 33 USC § 893a (“NOAA Ocean and Atmospheric Science Education Programs”), you have been redirected to NOAA.gov. Future research products previously housed under Climate.gov will be available at NOAA.gov/climate and its affiliate websites.

This is, of course, nonsense. Or, to borrow a phrase, a litany of inconvenient truths that gave Trump indigestion and therefore had to be done away with. This was a repository of knowledge. It was a public good, making information on climate science available to anyone who sought it out. It didn’t cost a bunch of money. It contained work done by real scientists doing real science.

And, poof, it was gone.

Except many of the people who worked to build and maintain the site seem to have anticipated that this might happen. I don’t know how else to explain how they managed to not only maintain the full library of the site, but also spun up their own non-profit organization to host and maintain a nearly identical site on their own. And because this is material the government can’t copyright, it appears there is fuck-all the Trump administration can do about it.

While the government didn’t hesitate to delete inconvenient climate information, dedicated volunteers outside the government managed to preserve copies of much of the material, which the federal government is prohibited from copyrighting. The volunteers and former climate.gov admins got together and launched climate.us. On Tuesday, the team announced that it had completed the project to restore everything lost when climate.gov shut down.

The website features Climate.gov’s 15-year collection of climate news and stories, expert blogs, visual status reports on key climate indicators, maps and data pathways, climate literacy resources, classroom materials, and restored access to the Fifth National Climate Assessment.

If our own government is going to attempt to make us more stupid by trying to hide information, this is all of our jobs now. It may be a shame that it is the work of citizens to restore what our government is attempting to steal from us, but it is also a necessity. This is how you fight back against an authoritarian. It takes work. It takes effort. And it takes some money.

But this knowledge isn’t Trump’s property to erase. It belongs to all of us.

Filed Under: climate change, climate.gov, data, donald trump, transparency

If you need to securely connect to your Mac desktop at home while on the move, Tailscale may be the answer. Here’s how to get started.

One of the main benefits of having a gigabit-class Internet connection is being able to connect to your home devices from outside the home. If you need a file from a home fileserver, you have tons of bandwidth so you know you can get it remotely, quickly.

However, while having the bandwidth is good, establishing the connection in the first place can be a problem.

In the old days, that used to simply mean setting up port forwarding on your router and connecting to a specific IP, or an address if you had set up a dynamic DNS service beforehand.

But with the rising use of Carrier-Grade NAT (CGNAT), this won’t work anymore. If you’re using an app like Jellyfin that lets you stream media outside the home, CGNAT will screw that up completely without something managing your connection.

Then there are the problems associated with firewall configuration, and many other small security and privacy-related things to consider. It quickly becomes a mountain of issues to mitigate.

What you ideally need is a way to connect your devices together that also handles most of the issues for you. Tailscale is one good answer.

What is Tailscale?

Tailscale describes itself as a “Zero Trust identity-based connectivity platform” that can replace a VPN, SASE, and PAM. That’s a lot of buzzwords in a sentence, but it is primarily pitched as an enterprise tool, not really a consumer app.

An example of a three-device setup in Tailscale’s macOS client.

It is a way to create a private mesh network between your devices, or more simply, so your devices can communicate directly with each other. Once set up, your iPhone could connect to your Mac over a cellular connection, or to a computer in a completely different country, all treated as if it’s on the same “local” network.

These connections are peer-to-peer and encrypted, protecting your privacy and your data in transit. As it’s an encrypted mesh network, the communications are also peer-to-peer, as direct as possible between your devices, without using an intermediary host server.

You’re not using a VPN server itself. Instead, it’s a direct connection between computers.

What can you do with Tailscale?

The whole point of Tailscale is to establish a network that’s somewhat similar to your home or office network between devices. Even if they’re not on the same physical network.

Tailscale refers to this as a Tailnet.

At a bare minimum, that means you can connect to a server while remote to access files, or to upload them. This is a fairly useful service for home users.

Tailscale’s web admin view. Devices on a Tailnet are listed, alongside 100-range iP addresses assigned to that hardware.

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Since there’s file sharing, you could also use it for facilities such as remote access. You could control your at-home Mac while away from home, knowing full well it’s protected.

Both of these use cases also apply to business users, who could work from home as well as being out of the office on a trip.

You can also treat Tailscale like a hyper-personalized VPN service. You can designate a computer, like a home Mac, as an “exit node” that acts as a gateway to the Internet for devices on the Tailscale network.

That means you could be sat in a cafe on public Wi-Fi, connecting using Tailscale to your Mac to access the Internet via your home connection, all while encrypted.

How does Tailscale work?

Tailscale is all based on the idea of getting devices within a group to communicate with each other, even if there are obstacles in the way.

It all starts by having an account set up and clients installed on your devices. There are clients for macOS and iOS, as well as Windows, Linux, and Android.

The base of the platform is WireGuard, which creates encrypted tunnels between devices. This is normally between the user’s device and a VPN gateway or server, but in this case it’s between devices.

Rather than using a central hub server that all traffic is ferried through, the client devices connect to each other directly as a mesh network.

To actually set up the connections in the first place, as well as the encryption key exchange, the clients do connect to a central coordination server. However, that is only a minimal connection to establish communications, as the mesh network itself handles the data transfers.

The central communications server is also important as it is a place for the clients to contact that is a known quantity. With firewalls, CGNAT, and other things getting in the way, it’s to be assumed that the user doesn’t know what stands in the way of the connection itself.

Tailscale uses this as an opportunity to traverse the network obstacles between the clients, regardless of what connection they’re using. In some cases, it uses standards like STUN, ICE, and Designated Encrypted Relay for Packets (DERP) to keep things running.

How to get started with Tailscale

The first thing to do is to download and install the Tailscale client onto your devices. It is easiest to set up the account on a Mac, but install the iOS client on your iPhone too.

Go to the sign-up page, select Personal, and use one of the existing identity provider services. That is, use the links for Google, Microsoft, Apple, or GitHub.

You will need to set up under a public domain email account, for example, Gmail or iCloud.com, to be enrolled into the Personal plan automatically.

If you use a custom domain, you’ll be enrolled into the Enterprise plan for a 14-day trial. However you can also opt out of the trial and go onto the Personal plan anyway, through the service’s administration console.

The Personal plan, which is for individuals, is a free account for an unlimited number of devices and up to six users. For most home users, this is the one you will want to use.

The paid plans start from $8 per user per month for the Standard, rising to $18 for Premium, and custom pricing for enterprise customers. There are a number of paid add-ons you can also get, but most home users won’t need to touch these at all.

Adding the first device to Tailscale

The online signup will pause after authentication on a screen, requiring you to set up a first device. Open your Mac client and click Get Started.

You’ll be asked to allow VPN configuration. Click Allow VPN Configuration, then on the popup, click Allow to permit Tailscale to make changes.

In the Menu Bar, select Tailscale, then Settings. Click Add Account, which will open a browser for authentication via the same service as the initial registration.

When asked to Connect Device, click Connect. You’ll also be asked if you want to start on log-in, which you should agree to, or face starting it manually each time.

At that point, you will be informed that your device is set up for your Tailscale account, that you can find other network devices in the Menu Bar, and you can connect to them using specially designated IP addresses.

The browser will hint that you should set up and connect a second device. Do this now, using the appropriate app.

Tailscale on iPadOS

The authentication on iOS and iPadOS is relatively similar to macOS, in that you’re asked to configure VPN settings and notifications. After that, you sign in with your authentication details once more.

In the browser, you’ll be asked to test the connection between devices. Copy the ping command and paste it into Terminal, and ensure there’s no packet loss.

Click “Success, it works!”

At this point, you will have two or more devices connected using Tailscale’s Tailnet and communicating with each other.

Tailscale basics

Once you have established your Tailnet, you can immediately do a few things.

For a start, open the Tailscale app to see your account-connected devices, designated Tailnet IP addresses, and other essential information.

You can also get some of this information from the Menu Bar in macOS.

The apps include a function known as Taildrop, which you can think of as AirDrop but just for your Tailnet. You can select a file to send to another device, and it will transfer over automatically.

Tailscale’s presence in the macOS Menu Bar.

Since you also have access to IP addresses, you can also use them in network applications to connect to other devices on the Tailnet.

For example, you can use the Files app on an iPhone and use the Connect to Server with that IP address to access shared files on your Mac.

Another thing you can do is set your Mac as an Exit Node, which can funnel the Internet connections of other Tailnet devices through it like a private VPN.

On the Tailscale app on the Mac, select Exit Nodes to view any already set up on the network. If none are available, click the Settings icon then, under Exit Nodes, check Run as exit node then Ok on the warning box.

Tailscale macOS client settings include options to launch at login and to set the Mac as an Exit Node.

Go to the Admin Console, which opens in a browser window. Select the Mac, which also has the blue Exit Node status icon. Under Routing Settings, click Edit under Exit Node Awaiting approval.

Add the checkmark to Use as exit node and click Save.

In the Tailscale app on another device, select Exit Node. In the options, select your Mac to immediately reroute your traffic.

To stop the connection, tap Disable.

This is a very simple overview of using Tailscale as a personal user. But, it’s something that has a considerable number of features, if you’re prepared to dig deeper.

It is an enterprise tool at heart, after all.

The vast majority of these extra tools are handled in the admin console, in the browser. This includes setting up and managing users and changing settings for individual devices, at the more basic end of things.

However, you can go down the route of setting up DNS settings, network services, access to third-party SaaS apps, and connecting to cloud providers. Access controls and logs will also help you manage your virtual network here, too.

For AI researchers, Tailscale has Aperture in beta, which is a reverse proxy going between LLM clients and providers like OpenAI and Anthropic. It can be used to automatically ferry the right requests through to the right service, which could result in more accurate or suitable responses or reduced spending.

There’s a lot more beyond the scope of this article that an advanced user can go into. While most won’t necessarily care about these more technical aspects of Tailscale, it’s nice to know that there are options to tweak it to fit your exact networking needs.