Crypto World
What is a zero-knowledge proof? ZK technology explained
A zero-knowledge proof lets one party prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the truth of the statement itself. It is the cryptographic technique behind blockchain privacy, scalable rollups, and a growing number of identity verification systems.
Summary
- Zero-knowledge proofs allow a prover to convince a verifier that a computation was performed correctly without revealing the underlying data, enabling both privacy and scalability on blockchains.
- The two main families of zero-knowledge proofs used in blockchain are zk-SNARKs, which require an initial trusted setup ceremony, and zk-STARKs, which do not require trusted setup but produce larger proofs.
- Ethereum layer 2 rollups like zkSync, Scroll, and Polygon zkEVM use zero-knowledge proofs to compress thousands of transactions into a single proof verified on the main chain, reducing gas costs by 90 percent or more.
- Vitalik Buterin introduced the GKR protocol in late 2025 as a way to accelerate Ethereum zero-knowledge proof verification, aiming to make the technology practical for everyday use at scale.
- Zero-knowledge proofs are mathematically sound but not magic. They depend on specific cryptographic assumptions, require significant computational resources to generate, and have been deployed in production for less than three years at scale.
The standard explanation of zero-knowledge proofs uses the cave analogy. Ali Baba knows the secret word to open a door inside a circular cave. He can prove he knows the word by entering from one side and exiting from the other, on demand, without ever saying the word out loud. After enough successful demonstrations, the verifier becomes statistically certain Ali Baba knows the secret.
This analogy is correct but incomplete. It captures the intuition but misses the machinery. In practice, zero-knowledge proofs are not about caves or doors. They are about polynomial commitments, elliptic curve pairings, and the mathematical properties that allow one party to encode a computation as a set of constraints and another party to verify that those constraints are satisfied without learning what values satisfied them.
This article explains what zero-knowledge proofs do, how the two dominant proof systems work, where they are deployed in production, and what they cannot do. If you have heard that zero-knowledge proofs solve all of blockchain’s privacy and scalability problems, the reality is more specific and more interesting.
The three properties
A zero-knowledge proof must satisfy three mathematical properties. Completeness means that if the statement is true and both the prover and verifier follow the protocol, the verifier will always accept the proof. Soundness means that if the statement is false, no cheating prover can convince the verifier to accept it, except with negligible probability. Zero-knowledge means the verifier learns nothing beyond whether the statement is true.
The third property is the counterintuitive one. How can you verify a computation without learning anything about it? The answer lies in the structure of the proof system. The prover encodes the computation as a polynomial equation, commits to that polynomial using a cryptographic commitment scheme, and then responds to random challenges from the verifier. The verifier checks the responses against the commitment without ever seeing the polynomial itself.
In non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs, which are the type used in blockchains, the random challenges are replaced by a hash function applied to the commitment. This is called the Fiat-Shamir heuristic, and it allows the prover to generate the entire proof without any back and forth communication. The resulting proof is a compact string of data that anyone can verify independently.
The mathematical foundation rests on the hardness of certain computational problems. For zk-SNARKs, security relies on the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms on elliptic curves. For zk-STARKs, security relies on the collision resistance of hash functions, which is considered a weaker and more conservative assumption. If either assumption turns out to be wrong, the corresponding proof system breaks. This is why the choice between zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs involves tradeoffs beyond just proof size and verification speed.
zk-SNARKs: trusted setup, small proofs
zk-SNARK stands for Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge. The word succinct is the key differentiator: a zk-SNARK proof is extremely small, typically a few hundred bytes, and can be verified in milliseconds regardless of how complex the underlying computation is.
The cost of this succinctness is the trusted setup. Most zk-SNARK constructions require an initial ceremony where a set of structured reference strings are generated. These strings are used by both provers and verifiers. If the random values used to generate them are not properly destroyed, anyone who retains them could create fake proofs that appear valid. This is sometimes called toxic waste.
Modern trusted setup ceremonies use multi-party computation protocols where hundreds or thousands of participants each contribute randomness. The security guarantee is that as long as at least one participant honestly destroys their random contribution, the setup is secure. Zcash pioneered this approach with its Powers of Tau ceremony, and subsequent projects have refined it.
Newer zk-SNARK constructions like PLONK and its variants use a universal and updatable trusted setup, meaning the same setup can be reused for different circuits and additional participants can strengthen the setup over time without starting from scratch. This mitigates the trusted setup concern but does not eliminate it entirely. The fundamental tradeoff remains: smaller, faster proofs in exchange for a one-time trust assumption.
zk-STARKs: no trusted setup, larger proofs
zk-STARK stands for Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge. Transparent means no trusted setup is required. The reference strings are generated from publicly verifiable randomness, which eliminates the toxic waste problem entirely. Scalable refers to the fact that proving time grows quasi-linearly with the size of the computation, making STARKs suitable for very large computations.
The tradeoff is proof size. A zk-STARK proof is typically tens to hundreds of kilobytes, compared to a few hundred bytes for a zk-SNARK. On a blockchain where data storage is expensive, this difference matters. Verification time is also somewhat longer for STARKs, though still fast enough for practical use.
StarkWare, the company behind Starknet, has been the primary commercial advocate for zk-STARKs. Their argument is that the transparency property, combined with quantum resistance from relying only on hash functions rather than elliptic curves, makes STARKs the better long term choice even at the cost of larger proofs. Whether quantum computers will actually threaten elliptic curve cryptography within a relevant timeframe is debated, but the conservative security posture appeals to applications where long term robustness matters more than immediate efficiency.
ZK rollups: the scaling application
The most important practical application of zero-knowledge proofs in blockchain today is ZK rollups. A rollup executes transactions off chain, batches them together, generates a zero-knowledge proof that all transactions were valid, and posts just the proof and compressed transaction data to the main chain. The main chain verifies the proof, which is orders of magnitude cheaper than executing every transaction individually.
This architecture allows Ethereum layer 2 networks to process thousands of transactions for the cost of a single proof verification on layer 1. In practice, ZK rollups like those built on Ethereum infrastructure reduce gas costs by 90 percent or more compared to executing the same transactions directly on mainnet.
The major ZK rollup projects in production or late stage development as of mid 2026 include zkSync Era, Scroll, Polygon zkEVM, Linea, and Taiko. Each uses a different proving system and makes different tradeoffs between EVM compatibility, proving speed, and decentralization. zkSync uses a custom virtual machine and PLONK-based proofs. Scroll aims for byte-level EVM equivalence using a zk-SNARK prover. Polygon zkEVM uses a combination of STARK and SNARK proofs in a recursive architecture.
The competition between these projects is driving rapid innovation in proof generation. Proving times have dropped from hours to minutes to seconds over the past two years. Vitalik Buterin’s introduction of the GKR protocol for Ethereum represents another step toward making ZK proof verification a routine operation rather than a computational bottleneck.
Privacy applications beyond rollups
Zero-knowledge proofs were originally developed for privacy, not scalability. Zcash, launched in 2016, was the first major blockchain to use zk-SNARKs for private transactions. In a shielded Zcash transaction, the sender, receiver, and amount are all hidden from public view while the proof guarantees that no coins were created out of thin air and no double spending occurred.
The privacy application extends beyond financial transactions. Zero-knowledge proofs can verify identity attributes without revealing the underlying data. A user could prove they are over 18 without revealing their birth date, prove they are a citizen of a specific country without revealing their passport number, or prove they hold a certain credential without revealing which institution issued it.
Projects like Worldcoin and Polygon ID have implemented ZK-based identity verification systems. Worldcoin uses zero-knowledge proofs to verify that a person has been scanned by their iris scanning device without linking the scan to any specific identity. Ethereum ecosystem projects are increasingly integrating ZK-based identity as a primitive alongside financial transactions.
The privacy use case faces regulatory headwinds. Financial regulators in multiple jurisdictions have expressed concern that fully private transactions could facilitate money laundering, sanctions evasion, and terrorist financing. The tension between privacy as a fundamental right and transparency as a regulatory requirement is one of the defining policy debates in cryptocurrency, and zero-knowledge proofs sit directly at the center of it.
What zero-knowledge proofs do not cover
Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee computational integrity: that a specific computation was performed correctly. They do not guarantee that the inputs to the computation were correct, that the computation was worth performing, or that the system built around the proof is free of bugs.
A ZK rollup can prove that all transactions in a batch were valid according to the rollup’s rules. It cannot prove that the rules themselves are correct. A bug in the rollup’s smart contracts or proving circuit could produce valid proofs for invalid state transitions. Several ZK rollup projects have disclosed and patched critical bugs in their circuits during audits and testnet deployments.
Zero-knowledge proofs also do not eliminate the need for data availability. In a ZK rollup, the proof tells the main chain that the state transition was valid, but users still need access to the underlying transaction data to reconstruct the state and verify that their funds are intact. Without data availability, users must trust the rollup operator, which partially defeats the purpose of the proof.
The computational cost of generating proofs is substantial. While verification is cheap, proof generation requires significant hardware. Running a ZK prover at production scale typically requires servers with hundreds of gigabytes of RAM and specialized hardware accelerators. This cost creates a natural centralizing force in who can afford to run provers, even if the proofs themselves can be verified by anyone.
Practical checks for evaluating ZK projects
When evaluating a project that claims to use zero-knowledge proofs, several questions distinguish serious implementations from marketing.
First, ask whether the proof system has been independently audited. Circuit bugs can create soundness vulnerabilities where invalid proofs are accepted as valid. A project that has not been audited by multiple independent cryptography firms should be treated with caution.
Second, ask whether the proving system uses a trusted setup and, if so, how the ceremony was conducted. A trusted setup with only a small number of participants, or one conducted by a single company without external verification, represents a meaningful trust assumption.
Third, check whether the project publishes its proof verification contracts and whether those contracts have been verified on chain. If verification is happening off chain or through upgradeable proxy contracts controlled by a multisig, the zero-knowledge proofs may not be providing the security guarantees users expect.
Fourth, look at the data availability solution. If the project does not post transaction data on chain or to a credible data availability layer, users cannot independently verify the state and must trust the operator. This is a meaningful departure from the trustlessness that zero-knowledge proofs are supposed to enable.
Frequently asked questions
What is a zero-knowledge proof in simple terms?
A zero-knowledge proof is a way to prove you know something without revealing what you know. In blockchain, it allows one computer to prove to another that a set of transactions is valid without showing the details of those transactions. This enables both privacy and scalability.
What is the difference between zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs?
zk-SNARKs produce very small proofs, typically a few hundred bytes, and verify quickly, but require a one-time trusted setup ceremony. zk-STARKs produce larger proofs, typically tens of kilobytes, but do not require any trusted setup and are considered resistant to quantum computing attacks. Both achieve the same goal of verifiable computation with zero knowledge.
How do ZK rollups reduce Ethereum gas costs?
ZK rollups execute transactions off the Ethereum main chain, batch them together, and generate a zero-knowledge proof that all transactions are valid. Only the proof and compressed data are posted to Ethereum. Verifying a single proof is much cheaper than executing thousands of individual transactions, resulting in gas cost reductions of 90 percent or more.
Are zero-knowledge proofs quantum resistant?
It depends on the proof system. zk-STARKs rely on hash functions, which are believed to be resistant to quantum computers. zk-SNARKs rely on elliptic curve cryptography, which could theoretically be broken by a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. However, practical quantum computers capable of breaking elliptic curves do not yet exist and may not for decades.
Can zero-knowledge proofs make all blockchain transactions private?
Technically yes, but practically there are tradeoffs. Generating proofs for every transaction adds computational cost and complexity. Fully private transactions also face regulatory challenges in jurisdictions that require financial transparency. Projects like Zcash offer optional privacy, while most ZK rollups use the technology primarily for scalability rather than privacy.
What is a trusted setup and why does it matter?
A trusted setup is a one-time ceremony that generates cryptographic parameters needed by certain proof systems. If the random values used during the ceremony are not properly destroyed, someone could create fake proofs. Modern ceremonies use multi-party computation where hundreds of participants contribute randomness, and the setup is secure as long as at least one participant is honest.
Which blockchains use zero-knowledge proofs?
Zcash was the first major blockchain to use zero-knowledge proofs for private transactions. Ethereum uses ZK proofs through layer 2 rollups including zkSync, Scroll, Polygon zkEVM, Linea, and Starknet. Mina Protocol uses recursive ZK proofs to maintain a fixed-size blockchain. Several other chains incorporate ZK technology for specific features like identity verification or cross-chain messaging.
How long does it take to generate a zero-knowledge proof?
Proof generation time depends on the complexity of the computation and the hardware used. For ZK rollup batches containing thousands of transactions, proof generation currently takes seconds to minutes on specialized hardware. Two years ago, the same proofs took hours. The trend is toward faster proving through hardware acceleration and algorithmic improvements, with the goal of real-time proof generation.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial, investment, or legal advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risk. Always conduct your own research before making any investment decisions. Information is accurate as of August 1, 2026.
Crypto World
SpaceX stock nears $107 support before earnings, unlock
SpaceX stock remained under pressure near a record low as traders prepared for the company’s first post-IPO earnings report and the release of 911.5 million insider shares.
Summary
- SpaceX shares fell 3.41% to $108 on July 31, their lowest close since the June IPO.
- SPCX lost about 36% in July, extending its decline from the July 1 price of $171.
- About 911.5 million insider shares are expected to become eligible for sale on Aug. 6.
- The one-hour chart places immediate support at $107.10, with resistance near $121.09.
SpaceX stock extends its post-IPO decline
SpaceX stock closed July 31 at $108, down 3.41% during the session and about 36% from its July 1 price of $171. The decline left the shares at their lowest closing level since the company’s June 12 initial public offering.
SPCX has now fallen by more than 50% from the record high of $225 reached on June 16. The sustained pullback has raised the prospect of a move below $100 as two major catalysts approach.
SpaceX is scheduled to publish its first quarterly results as a public company on Aug. 4. Two days later, restrictions covering 911.5 million insider shares are expected to expire, allowing their holders to sell the stock.
Those events could produce large price swings because investors must assess the company’s operating performance while preparing for a possible increase in available supply.
Earnings and short sellers drive the move
Wall Street expects SpaceX to report quarterly revenue of between $6.72 billion and $6.9 billion. Results above that range could ease concerns about the company’s valuation and encourage buyers to return after four consecutive weeks of losses.
A revenue miss could have the opposite effect, particularly because the stock has not established a reliable support base. Traders will also watch management’s guidance for Starlink, launch operations, and the company’s emerging data-center business.
Short positioning has added pressure. S3 Partners data showed that investors had shorted 219.3 million shares, representing about 39% of the stock available for public trading.
The large position means short sellers could continue benefiting if SPCX falls. However, unexpectedly strong earnings could force some traders to cover their positions, creating a short-term rebound.
Bernstein recently maintained an outperform rating and a $239 target after SpaceX completed its 13th Starship test flight. William Blair also reportedly increased its adjusted earnings-per-share estimate from $8.20 to $8.60, citing potential growth from the company’s data-center operations.
Share unlock threatens to increase selling
The Aug. 6 unlock represents the main downside risk because it will make 911.5 million insider shares eligible for sale. At a price of about $108, those shares would carry a market value approaching $98.4 billion, although eligibility does not mean that all holders will sell.
S3 Partners research director Sam Pierson argued that the additional supply could outweigh a positive earnings report.
“There won’t be anything announced on earnings that will overcome the volume of unlocked shares coming to market,” Pierson said.
Actual selling will depend on insider decisions, liquidity and market demand. Even so, the scale of the unlock may discourage investors from buying before Aug. 6, particularly while short interest remains elevated.
For US investors, both events fall within the same trading week. That concentration could increase volatility, widen intraday price ranges and make execution prices less predictable around the earnings release and unlock date.
SpaceX stock tests $107.10 support
The one-hour SPCX chart shows the stock trading around $108.39 after declining within a broad descending channel. Price is now testing the $107.10 Fibonacci level, which forms the most immediate support.

A confirmed break below $107.10 would remove the final marked retracement support on the chart. That could expose the psychological $100 level, followed by the descending channel’s lower boundary near $97.
Trend indicators continue to favor sellers. Aroon Down stands at 92.86%, compared with Aroon Up at 7.14%, showing that recent lows are occurring much more frequently than recent highs.
The Awesome Oscillator is also negative at minus 3.98. Its red histogram bars indicate that bearish momentum remains active as SPCX trades near the bottom of its recent range.
The first upside barrier sits at the 78.6% Fibonacci retracement level of $121.09. Reclaiming that price would weaken the immediate bearish setup, but it would not reverse the broader downtrend.
Further resistance appears at $132.08, corresponding to the 61.8% retracement, followed by $139.80 at the 50% level. SPCX would need to move above the descending channel and hold those levels before the chart supports a more durable recovery.
What comes next for SPCX
The near-term direction will likely depend on whether earnings demand can absorb the potential supply created by the share unlock. A revenue beat and stronger guidance could help SPCX defend $107.10 and challenge $121.09.
Failure to hold $107.10 would increase the risk of a decline below $100. Conversely, a sustained break above $121.09 would provide the first meaningful technical evidence that selling pressure is easing.
With earnings due Aug. 4 and the unlock expected Aug. 6, traders face two separate catalysts capable of moving the stock sharply. Until SPCX reclaims nearby resistance, its descending trend and negative momentum indicators leave sellers in control.
Crypto World
Russia Extends Crypto Mining Ban to Moscow Through 2032
Russia is tightening its cryptocurrency mining policy again, extending restrictions beyond the regions it targeted earlier and adding Moscow and nearby areas to a long-running ban schedule. A new government resolution takes effect on Aug. 15, 2026, with the prohibition set to run through Dec. 31, 2032.
The update is set out in Resolution No. 936, signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin on July 25, 2026, according to records published on Pravo.ru. It revises an earlier mining restriction order from December 2024 and updates the list of places where mining activities are limited due to local electricity concerns.
Key takeaways
- Resolution No. 936 introduces a mining ban for Moscow, the Moscow Region, and parts of Russia’s Kursk Region, beginning Aug. 15, 2026.
- The restrictions will remain in force through Dec. 31, 2032, effectively creating a multi-year compliance horizon for operators.
- The rules follow earlier regional bans launched in December 2024 and other orders that began in 2026 across select parts of Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai.
- Officials have previously justified the approach by citing rising electricity demand and the power grid pressure associated with growing data-center loads.
Moscow and Kursk move into the restricted zone
Under the amended framework, the restricted geography expands to include Moscow, the Moscow Region, and additional territories listed within Russia’s Kursk Region. The rules also cover eight municipal districts and the city of Lgov in that region, broadening the affected footprint beyond the original set of localities.
The stated objective remains consistent with earlier restrictions: to limit cryptocurrency mining in areas considered to be facing strain on electricity supply. For miners and infrastructure providers, the practical impact is straightforward—new or continued mining operations in the designated areas may need to pause or restructure well before the Aug. 15, 2026 start date to avoid enforcement risks.
Resolution No. 936 revises the December 2024 order
Resolution No. 936 was signed on July 25, 2026 and amends an earlier prohibition order issued in December 2024. According to Pravo.ru, the change is not a one-off ban: it updates the list of jurisdictions where mining restrictions apply and extends the same restriction concept to additional regions.
That matters for market participants because Russia’s approach is being refined through successive legal instruments rather than replaced wholesale. In practice, operators are being pushed to manage regulatory uncertainty through long planning windows and contingency plans, especially in data-center-heavy regions where power allocation decisions can determine feasibility.
Why authorities linked the bans to power demand
In an earlier statement covering the Moscow Region’s rationale, the energy ministry said the ban was needed because of growing electricity demand. As reported by TASS, the ministry estimated that Moscow and the Moscow Region have 65 data centers connected to the power grid, with a combined capacity of 734 megawatts (MW). The same reporting cited 19 data centers in the Moscow Region with 233 MW of capacity.
Even though the mining restrictions are aimed at cryptocurrency operations, the logic used by officials is tied to the overall electricity system—particularly the growing load from digital infrastructure. For miners, that creates an indirect but significant link between crypto activity and broader regional power planning: where electricity is already earmarked for data centers and other high-consumption uses, regulators may treat mining as additional pressure that the grid cannot easily absorb.
Not the first wave: bans already planned in other regions
This latest expansion builds on restrictions introduced earlier in other parts of Russia. The earlier framework referenced by Pravo.ru points to mining restrictions being introduced in several regions in a prior phase, including parts of Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai.
As indicated in the published records, the bans in those areas are scheduled to run from April 1, 2026 through March 15, 2031. That staggered timing creates a rolling pattern: some jurisdictions begin restrictions in 2026 while others—like Moscow—enter a later phase starting Aug. 15, 2026, but continuing for longer overall through 2032.
Investors and operators watching Russia’s policy direction should note the implication: rather than lifting restrictions once an initial window expires, the government is instead layering in additional territories and sustaining multi-year prohibitions. That tends to shift mining activity away from restricted power grids and toward jurisdictions not covered by the latest legal orders—or toward arrangements that can demonstrate compliance with local limits.
For the next phase, the key question is how enforcement will work in the newly included jurisdictions, and whether regulators will continue expanding the restricted map beyond Moscow and Kursk or refine exemptions for specific infrastructure arrangements. Miners with assets near the updated boundaries should monitor local implementation details closely as Aug. 15, 2026 approaches.
Crypto World
PI Surges 5% Despite Market Slump After Important Pi Network Reminder
The cryptocurrency market is back in the red after bitcoin’s rejection on Friday and a subsequent drop to a multi-week low, but, as usual, there are some exceptions.
Pi Network’s native token is among those, which might sound surprising given its recent calamity. Nevertheless, PI is up by 5% daily after an important reminder was issued by the team.
The Reminder
The Core Team announced on X that the blockchain has already begun the process of migrating to the next major protocol version, 26. As with previous similar statements, the post highlighted the importance of Pi Validators having to complete the upgrade by the deadline of August 11 to remain connected to the network.
Protocol version 26 will be among the biggest updates implemented by the team, and perhaps the most significant one since v20.2, which laid out the fundamentals for smart contract building. It’s designed to improve contract safety, state management, interoperability, and cryptographic capabilities.
Moreover, it comes before the final planned upgrade, protocol version 27, which is likely to be introduced in late August or September.
Reminder: the Pi Mainnet is upgrading to Protocol v26. All Mainnet node operators must complete the upgrade by August 11 to remain connected to the network.
Protocol v26 is a major milestone that improves contract safety, state management, interoperability, and cryptographic… pic.twitter.com/FXM5A8Tzo9
— Pi Network (@PiCoreTeam) July 31, 2026
The Core Team set the August 11 deadline earlier this week, which essentially meant that protocol version 25 was successfully deployed, even though there was no official confirmation at the time.
PI Rockets
A very small percentage of all the Pi Network updates, product features, redesigned apps, or new developments announced by the team in the past month or so have had a positive impact on the native token. However, the version 26 deadline set from a few days ago and last night’s reminder might be the exception.
PI jumped after the team first announced the upcoming protocol version 26 and has done the same over the past 24 hours. It’s up by 5% daily and now sits at $0.086 after it challenged $0.088 hours ago. This comes despite the broader market’s weakness, led by BTC’s dip to $62,400.
Nevertheless, the broader picture around PI is still very painful. The asset remains down by over 97% since its all-time high from February last year. Its market cap is well below $1 billion, making it the 68th-largest asset by that metric.

The post PI Surges 5% Despite Market Slump After Important Pi Network Reminder appeared first on CryptoPotato.
Crypto World
Bitcoin Price Prediction: Michael Saylor’s Strategy Posts Massive Q2 Loss Despite Bigger Bitcoin Stack
Bitcoin is trading around $63,000 to $65,000 price range, as Strategy’s weak Q2 earnings add pressure to an already cautious market and prediction. The headline loss grabbed attention, but the filing revealed even deeper concerns. Now, traders are watching whether this sparks another wave of selling or marks a local bottom for institutional buyers.
Strategy reported a Q2 net loss of $8.22 billion, or $24.45 per share, swinging sharply from a $10.02 billion profit a year earlier. The result missed analyst estimates by a wide margin. Management blamed weaker Bitcoin prices and fading market sentiment. Between late June and early July, the company sold about 3,600 BTC for roughly $216 million, realizing an estimated $55 million loss.
The filing also showed Strategy’s average Bitcoin cost basis remains above current market value across its 843,775 BTC holdings. As a result, the company recorded a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. Preferred stock dividends, effectively funded by the treasury, have also attracted criticism from blockchain analysts and market observers.
That means the focus has shifted beyond another mark-to-market loss. Investors are now assessing what sustained pressure on the market’s largest corporate Bitcoin holder could mean for supply, sentiment, and institutional positioning during the third quarter. While long-term conviction remains intact for many, near-term volatility may keep traders on edge.
Discover: The Best Token Presales
Bitcoin Price Prediction: Reclaim $75,000 or Is the Strategy Overhang a Structural Ceiling?
Bitcoin is trading around $63,000 to $65,000, leaving it 15% to 17% below Strategy’s average purchase price of about $75,500 per BTC. That level has become more than an accounting figure. It is now a psychological hurdle for any sustained recovery. Recent trading between $63,000 and $65,500 suggests consolidation rather than a decisive trend.
Meanwhile, the high $50,000 to low $60,000 area, where Strategy sold part of its holdings, has emerged as an important support zone. A sustained move below $60,000 could encourage additional selling from leveraged holders and weaken institutional sentiment, especially if risk appetite deteriorates further.
The near-term outlook still revolves around three likely paths. In the bullish scenario, Bitcoin holds above $63,000 and gradually climbs toward $69,000 to $71,000 as market sentiment improves. The base case keeps Bitcoin trading between $60,000 and $67,000, while Strategy’s average cost remains a psychological ceiling.
The bearish case begins if Bitcoin loses $60,000 on strong selling pressure. That could expose a move toward the $55,000 to $58,000 region and renew concerns over Strategy’s 843,775 BTC position. Even so, long-term accumulation remains part of the investment thesis. The key question is whether the market can absorb the near-term supply without derailing the larger bull cycle.
Trade Bitcoin on Bybit and Get a Chance to Win Our $1,000 USDT Airdrop
Bitcoin Hyper Targets Early Mover Upside as Bitcoin Tests Key Levels
Bitcoin consolidating below its prior highs, with corporate holders under stress and large-cap upside constrained by the $75,000 overhead resistance, is precisely the environment where early-stage infrastructure plays historically attract rotation capital. The upside math at $63,000 Bitcoin is structurally different from the upside math on a presale priced at fractions of a cent.
Bitcoin Hyper ($HYPER) is positioning itself as the infrastructure layer that addresses Bitcoin’s three core limitations: slow transactions, high fees, and a near-complete lack of programmability.
Hyper is the first Bitcoin Layer 2 with Solana Virtual Machine (SVM) integration, delivering smart contract execution speeds that exceed Solana’s own throughput, while preserving Bitcoin’s underlying security model. The presale has raised close to $33 million at a current price of $0.0136839, with high-APY staking available to early participants.
The decentralized canonical bridge for BTC transfers and low-latency transaction execution are the standout technical differentiators. For traders looking at Bitcoin’s constrained near-term upside, research Bitcoin Hyper as a higher-asymmetry positioning option within the broader Bitcoin ecosystem.
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Crypto World
ARK Invest buys $6.8M in Circle shares after NY win
Cathie Wood’s ARK Invest bought 109,129 Circle shares after the stablecoin issuer secured a limited-purpose trust charter in New York.
Summary
- ARK acquired about $6.83 million in Circle shares across three exchange-traded funds.
- Circle received a limited-purpose trust charter from the New York Department of Financial Services.
- CRCL closed 2.54% lower at $62.61 on July 31 despite the regulatory approval.
- Circle plans to gradually transfer USDC issuance to its New York trust entity.
ARK Invest adds 109,129 Circle shares
ARK purchased 77,103 Circle shares through its flagship ARK Innovation ETF, according to the firm’s daily trade disclosures. The ARK Next Generation Internet ETF added 22,238 shares, while the ARK Fintech Innovation ETF acquired another 9,788.
Together, the purchases totaled 109,129 shares. They were worth approximately $6.83 million based on Circle’s July 31 closing price of $62.61.
The investment extended ARK’s exposure to Circle as the company expands its regulated stablecoin infrastructure in the United States. It also followed ARK’s roughly $40.2 million purchase of Tesla, SpaceX and Nvidia shares on July 28 during a broader technology-sector sell-off.
ARK made several other purchases on July 31, including 298,243 CoreWeave shares, 12,512 shares of the 3iQ Solana Staking ETF, 7,500 Pony AI shares and 2,700 Kodiak AI shares.
The firm reduced its positions in Shopify, Cloudflare, CrowdStrike, Snowflake, 10x Genomics, Komatsu, Brera Holdings, Iridium Communications and Figma.
Circle secures New York trust charter
ARK’s purchase followed Circle’s receipt of a limited-purpose trust charter from the New York Department of Financial Services. The approval covers Circle Internet Trust Company LLC, which will operate as Circle New York Trust.
A New York limited-purpose trust company can conduct approved virtual currency activities and exercise fiduciary powers. Unlike a BitLicense holder, it can also provide money transmission services in the state without obtaining a separate money transmitter license.
Circle said it plans to gradually move USDC issuance to the New York entity. Circle New York Trust will operate alongside Circle National Trust, the federally chartered national trust bank authorized to provide custody and collateral trustee services.
Circle CEO Jeremy Allaire described the New York approval as a long-term objective for the company.
“Earning a New York trust charter has been a longstanding objective for Circle given the regulatory clarity that comes with it.”
He added that the charter places USDC within a strong regulatory framework as digital dollars become more widely used in the global financial system.
Circle builds state and federal oversight
Circle’s New York authorization follows the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency’s final approval on July 10 for the company to establish Circle National Trust.
The federal trust bank will initially provide fiduciary digital asset custody services to Circle and its affiliates. Circle has also identified management of USDC reserves as a possible future capability, subject to its approved business plan and regulatory requirements.
The two charters give Circle separate state and federal regulatory structures. NYDFS will supervise the New York entity’s approved virtual currency and fiduciary activities, while the OCC will oversee the national trust bank.
For U.S. investors, the approvals strengthen Circle’s position within the regulated stablecoin market. However, the charters do not remove risks tied to USDC growth, interest-rate changes, competition or Circle’s share valuation.
Circle stock falls despite regulatory progress
Circle stock ended July 31 at $62.61, falling $1.63, or 2.54%, during the session. The decline suggests investors did not immediately treat the New York charter as a reason to reverse the stock’s recent weakness.
CRCL had gained about 10% on July 10 after Circle announced final OCC approval for its national trust bank. The shares subsequently surrendered those gains as the broader technology and digital-asset sectors came under pressure.
ARK’s latest purchase comes as the investment firm expects consolidation across crypto businesses. ARK digital assets research director Lorenzo Valente said on July 28 that revenue and investment were becoming concentrated among fewer companies.
Valente predicted more acquisitions, bankruptcies, shutdowns and talent-focused deals. However, his post did not identify the dataset, category definitions or measurement period supporting its revenue concentration figures.
Circle is scheduled to report its second-quarter 2026 financial results on Aug. 5, giving investors another measure of whether regulatory progress is translating into stronger USDC activity and company revenue.
Crypto World
Russia Expands Crypto Mining Ban to Moscow
Russia has expanded its cryptocurrency mining restrictions to Moscow, with the ban set to take effect on Aug. 15, 2026, and remain in place through Dec. 31, 2032.
Russia’s Resolution No. 936, signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin on July 25, 2026, amends an earlier mining restriction order issued in December 2024, according to records published on Pravo.ru.
The updated rules add Moscow, the Moscow Region and several territories in Russia’s Kursk Region to the list of restricted areas. The measure expands existing restrictions on cryptocurrency mining in areas facing electricity supply concerns. The ban also covers eight municipal districts and the city of Lgov in Kursk Region.
Earlier restrictions were also introduced in several Russian regions, including parts of Buryatia and the Zabaykalsky Krai, where a mining ban is set to run from April 1, 2026, through March 15, 2031.
The Moscow Region’s Energy Ministry previously said a mining ban was needed because of growing electricity demand, according to TASS. The ministry estimated that Moscow and the Moscow Region have 65 data centers connected to the power grid with a combined capacity of 734 megawatts (MW), including 19 data centers in the Moscow Region with 233 MW of capacity.
Related: BitRiver founder charged in Russia over alleged $8M fraud
Crypto World
How India’s Gen Z Humbled Modi
Fifteen years later, the Gen Z protests in Delhi and other Indian cities have incinerated Modi’s carefully constructed political brand, delivering death by a thousand burns. The target of the anger and scorn in all the insulting posters, slogans, and graffiti of the protest zone was not the education minister but Modi himself.
A bonfire of vanities in Delhi
It was an exhilarating spectacle to watch a prime minister elevated to the status of a demigod through the expenditure of hundreds of millions of dollars of public money spent on ubiquitous advertising campaigns, becoming the butt of a torrent of wickedly humorous, profanity-laced slogans from young men and women in the capital. The eminently Instagrammable viral burns of the protesters were deliberate, taking apart and inverting each element of Modi’s political brand.
The weapon of choice was satire. The unofficial anthem of the protest was a call-and-response chant: “Chappan inch ka chhota bandar,” followed by the crowd’s chorus, “Bhaag Narendra, Bhaag Narendra.” (“The little monkey with the 56-inch chest. Run Narendra, Run Narendra!”) The viral reel that originated the chant features two women, who seem to be in their early 20s, dressed in casual streetwear, leading the chant while a man holds a poster depicting Modi as a little monkey.
Crypto World
Strategy stock sinks as Saylor puts Bitcoin buys on hold
Strategy shares fell 4.56% to $93.28 on July 31 after the company reported an $8.22 billion quarterly loss and prioritized restoring its STRC preferred stock to its $100 par value.
Summary
- Strategy stock closed at $93.28, approaching its lower Bollinger Band at $90.31.
- The company reported an $8.22 billion net loss after recording an $8.32 billion unrealized Bitcoin loss.
- Michael Saylor said Strategy would hold both cash and Bitcoin instead of directing all available capital toward BTC.
- Analysts at Benchmark and H.C. Wainwright maintained their buy ratings despite the sell-off.
Strategy stock slides after $8.22B quarterly loss
Strategy stock traded as low as $89.21 on Thursday before recovering to close at $93.28. The 4.56% decline took the Nasdaq-listed company below $90 during the session for the first time since July 1.
The decline followed Strategy’s second-quarter results, which included an $8.32 billion unrealized loss on its Bitcoin holdings. That pushed the company to a net loss of $8.22 billion, or $24.45 per share, during the quarter.
Strategy held 843,775 BTC at the end of the reporting period, representing a 25% increase from the start of the year. The company acquired the holdings for approximately $63.69 billion at an average price of $75,476 per coin.
Lower Bitcoin prices reduced the market value of the position to about $54.77 billion. Under fair-value accounting rules, changes in Bitcoin’s market price flow through Strategy’s reported earnings, exposing quarterly results to large swings.
Operating revenue offered one positive data point. Revenue increased 6.9% from $114.5 million in the comparable period last year to $122.4 million.
Why Strategy is prioritizing STRC over immediate BTC purchases
Executive Chairman Michael Saylor said during the earnings call that Strategy would move away from directing all available funds toward immediate Bitcoin purchases. The company instead plans to maintain a combination of cash and BTC.
“Perhaps the best way to buy the most Bitcoin is not to buy the most Bitcoin immediately,” Saylor said.
Chief Executive Phong Le said Strategy would refrain from buying additional Bitcoin while STRC traded below its $100 par value. The company’s variable-rate preferred stock ended July 31 at approximately $89.
Strategy repurchased about $25 million of STRC between July 20 and July 24 while raising $544 million through sales of its common stock. The transactions indicate that management views support for the preferred share as necessary to preserve its broader capital-raising model.
Restoring STRC to par could improve investor confidence in Strategy’s preferred securities and make future issuance more efficient. Those instruments have become part of the company’s strategy for raising capital without relying exclusively on common-share sales or conventional debt.
Strategy also held a $3.75 billion cash reserve, giving it room to cover dividend and interest obligations without selling Bitcoin during a market downturn.
MSTR chart points to weak momentum near $90
The daily chart shows Strategy stock trading near the lower end of its recent consolidation range. Thursday’s decline took the price below the Bollinger Band midpoint at $96.04 and toward the lower band at $90.31.

A daily close below $90.31 could confirm renewed selling pressure and expose the late-June low around $81 to $82. That area marked the bottom of the stock’s decline before its July stabilization.
The Average Directional Index stood at 13.13. An ADX reading below 20 generally indicates that the market lacks a strong directional trend, suggesting Strategy shares remain in consolidation despite the latest bearish session.
On the upside, MSTR would first need to recover above the $96.04 midpoint. A sustained move above that level could place the upper Bollinger Band at $101.77 within reach.
The narrow distance between the bands also shows that volatility has contracted following the stock’s steep decline from its May high near $200. A break outside the $90.31–$101.77 range could determine its next short-term direction.
Wall Street analysts retain bullish Strategy targets
Benchmark maintained its buy rating on Strategy but reduced its price target from $570 to $435. Analyst Mark Palmer said Saylor’s focus on bringing STRC back to par could strengthen the company’s ability to raise funds for future Bitcoin purchases.
H.C. Wainwright also maintained a buy rating and assigned Strategy stock a $325 target. The firm cited the company’s cash reserve and STRC repurchases as measures that could strengthen its balance sheet and limit the need to take on additional debt.
Both targets imply substantial upside from the July 31 closing price. However, their outlooks remain closely tied to Bitcoin’s performance and Strategy’s ability to issue securities on favorable terms.
For US investors, MSTR remains a publicly traded way to gain leveraged exposure to Bitcoin without holding the asset directly. That exposure also carries company-specific risks, including preferred-share obligations, equity dilution and earnings volatility caused by Bitcoin fair-value adjustments.
Bitcoin and STRC remain the next key catalysts
Strategy’s short-term stock performance will likely depend on whether STRC moves back toward $100 and whether Bitcoin recovers above the company’s average acquisition cost.
Management’s decision to preserve cash does not amount to abandoning its Bitcoin strategy. Instead, it delays immediate purchases while the company works to support the securities used to finance future acquisitions.
MSTR could remain range-bound while the ADX stays weak. A close below $90 would strengthen the downside case, while a recovery above $101.77 would signal that buyers are regaining control.
Disclosure: This article does not represent investment advice. The content and materials featured on this page are for educational purposes only.
Crypto World
America Broke a 28-Year Rule to Save the Yen and Bitcoin Felt It First
Bitcoin briefly broke below $63,000 on Friday, with the reason sitting 6,000 miles away. America bought Japanese yen for the first time in 28 years.
Washington almost never does this. The goal was to prop up a sinking currency. It also nudged one of the world’s biggest funding trades. Crypto sits at the end of that chain.
What Actually Happened
The yen has been sliding for years. Last week it hit 163.99 per dollar, before extending lower this weekend. That was close to a 40-year low.
Japan moved first, on Thursday. It sold dollars and bought yen. That is called intervention. A government buys its own currency to push the price back up.
Washington joined on Friday. The New York Fed sold euros and bought yen for the Treasury. It used Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, the Financial Times reported.
It worked, for now. The yen closed at 157.40 per dollar, its strongest since early May.
US Last Bought Yen in 1998
America stopped meddling in currency markets in the mid-1990s. Since then it has stepped in only three times. Those were 1998, 2000 and 2011, according to a Congressional Research Service briefing. Friday was the fourth.
Most reports called this the first US help for the yen in over a decade. They pointed to 2011. That runs backwards. In 2011 the Group of Seven (G7) sold yen to stop it rising.
The US last bought yen on June 17, 1998. The New York Fed spent $833 million. Half came from the Fed. Half came from the Exchange Stabilization Fund, a Treasury pot for currency emergencies. The bank’s own record confirms it.
The size is the other shock. A Reuters photo caught Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent’s notepad at Camp David. It read “Buy Japanese Yen (JPY) $5-10 bil.”
That is six to twelve times the 1998 trade.
There is one more wrinkle. Treasury published its currency report on July 23. It kept Japan on a watchlist for currency practices.
Eight days later, Washington was buying yen itself.
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How Much Money Is Involved
Japan spent far more than the US. Bloomberg put Thursday’s Japanese buying at ¥8.45 trillion, or about $52.8 billion. That estimate came from Bank of Japan accounts and broker forecasts.
Here is how it compares.
Nobody knows Thursday’s real number yet. Japan’s finance ministry publishes intervention data once a month. The release covering July 30 is due at the end of August.
South Korea helped too. It sold dollars alongside Japan on Thursday, a Reuters timeline shows. Weeks earlier, Goldman Sachs forecast further weakness toward 165.
What This Means for Bitcoin
The Bitcoin (BTC) price sat near $63,034 at press time. It was down 1.25% over 24 hours, with a market value of $1.26 trillion. Bitcoin did not just fall. It fell alone.
Wall Street had a good Friday. The Nasdaq rose 1%. The S&P 500 added 0.7%. The Dow gained 0.53%, according to CNBC. Bitcoin went the other way.
That gap is the story. Stock traders were watching tech earnings. Crypto traders were watching Tokyo.
The reason is simple. Japanese rates have sat near zero for years. Traders borrowed yen cheaply. They swapped it for dollars and bought riskier assets. Stocks, bonds, and Bitcoin. That is the carry trade.
It works while the yen stays weak. A sharp yen rally breaks it. Traders then sell what they own to repay the loan. Japan’s bond market stress flagged that risk earlier in July.
Markets have been here before. The Bank of Japan raised rates on July 31, 2024. The yen jumped. Within days the Nikkei 225 fell 12.4%, its worst day since 1987. Crypto fell with it.
One thing is different now. That episode started with a rate hike, and hikes close the gap for good. Friday was a purchase. Purchases wear off.
What to Watch Next
The BOJ held rates at 1% this week on an 8-1 vote. That is the highest since 1995. It is still far below the 3.75% US ceiling. Governor Kazuo Ueda hinted at future hikes but promised none.
“Without backing from rate differentials, the impact of FX interventions is likely to be relatively short-lived,” Bloomberg reported in a Friday note, citing Evercore ISI strategists Marco Casiraghi and Gang Lyu.
Three dates matter now:
- Japan confirms its real spending at the end of August.
- Bessent meets Ueda at the Group of 20 (G20) finance meeting in Asheville, North Carolina, that same month.
- After that, the Fed and BOJ rate paths take over.
The simple test is 160. If the dollar stays below 160 yen, the defence held. If it climbs back, Tokyo and Washington face the same call again. The bill will be larger.
The post America Broke a 28-Year Rule to Save the Yen and Bitcoin Felt It First appeared first on BeInCrypto.
Crypto World
Coldcard Bitcoin Loss Estimate Up to $70M After Galaxy Review
Galaxy Research, the research arm of Galaxy Digital, has expanded the on-chain scope of the Coldcard wallet incident after identifying 1,196 affected Bitcoin addresses. In a 41-minute window, those addresses lost a total of 1,082.65 BTC—worth about $70.2 million at the time the transactions occurred.
The new findings push earlier estimates further, helping clarify what attackers may have executed immediately after the vulnerable wallets generated seeds. Galaxy Research’s tracing covers movements between 1:10 AM and 1:51 AM UTC on July 30 across blocks 960,183 to 960,191, roughly 30 hours before Coldcard published its first security advisory.
Key takeaways
- Galaxy Research identified 1,196 addresses tied to the Coldcard incident and traced losses of 1,082.65 BTC in a 41-minute period.
- The identified activity occurred between 1:10 AM and 1:51 AM UTC on July 30, across blocks 960,183–960,191, about 30 hours before Coldcard’s initial advisory.
- Earlier estimates by AnchorWatch CEO Rob Hamilton were lower, pointing to 594.48 BTC moving through a tighter three-block window.
- Galaxy Research says the transactions share a distinctive pattern on-chain—identical 30 satoshis per virtual byte fees and no change outputs—but future sweeps may differ.
Galaxy Research broadens the attack map
Galaxy Research says it traced the Bitcoin movements tied to the incident to a specific burst of activity on July 30. The research effort focuses on addresses linked to the Coldcard wallet compromise that were swept between 1:10 AM and 1:51 AM UTC.
According to Galaxy Research, the losses accumulated across a short span of blocks—960,183 through 960,191—indicating that the attack likely operated with automation and repeated transaction structure rather than sporadic manual movement. At the time of the outgoing transfers, the 1,082.65 BTC figure was valued at approximately $70.2 million.
The timing is also notable: Galaxy Research’s tracing window began about a day before Coldcard’s first publicly issued security advisory, suggesting that the compromised funds were moved early and that the response cycle lagged behind the initial sweep.
Pattern matching helps confirm related transactions—within limits
In follow-up analysis, Galaxy Research said the identified transactions share a common signature. The company reported that the sweeps used identical 30 satoshis per virtual byte fees and that the transactions contained no change outputs.
Those characteristics are useful for investigators because they provide an on-chain fingerprint for clustering wallet-related activity, which can reduce the chances of misattributing unrelated transfers. Galaxy Research also cautioned that while the initial attack activity is identifiable through this pattern, later attacks against Coldcard-generated addresses may not preserve the same fingerprint.
For users and analysts, this distinction matters: it implies that incident totals based solely on one recognizable transaction structure could undercount additional rounds of activity if those later sweeps differed in fee settings or output behavior.
Earlier estimates were smaller, but based on a narrower window
Before Galaxy Research’s broader mapping, earlier preliminary analysis by AnchorWatch CEO and co-founder Rob Hamilton estimated that 594.48 BTC—about $38 million at the time—moved across 500 transactions within a three-block window.
Hamilton’s figures were drawn from a tighter segment of on-chain activity, reflecting how fast-moving wallet incidents often outpace early investigations. Galaxy Research’s expanded set effectively updates the picture by widening both the address set and the traced timeframe around the July 30 burst, nearly doubling the total BTC attributed to the sweep activity.
The divergence between estimates underscores a common challenge in incident response for self-custody systems: determining full scope can require days of tracing, clustering, and validation—particularly when attackers reuse similar logic across multiple transactions and destinations.
Coinkite acknowledges a firmware bug and advises seed migration
Coldcard’s manufacturer, Coinkite, has taken responsibility for the underlying issue. In an X post on Friday, Coinkite co-founder Rodolfo Novak said the company is working to determine the full scope of the problem and confirmed that it released a hotfix designed to remove a software fallback path.
Novak also emphasized a limitation of the mitigation: the update does not protect seeds generated on the vulnerable firmware. In practical terms, users who created seed phrases during the affected period were advised to move funds to a new seed.
This guidance aligns with the core risk in seed-based compromises—if a vulnerability affects how seed material or related execution paths behave, merely updating firmware may not retroactively secure already-generated keys. The immediate operational implication for affected holders is that recovery requires a transfer to safer key material, not just a device update.
What to watch next for affected users
Galaxy Research’s identification of a common on-chain sweep pattern offers a more structured basis for tracking related activity, but the company’s warning that future attacks may not match the same fingerprint suggests the incident may still evolve in how it appears on-chain. Users concerned about whether they generated seeds with vulnerable firmware should focus on migrating remaining balances to newly generated seeds and continue monitoring for any residual movement tied to addresses linked to the sweep logic.
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