Crypto World
RLUSD lending via Flare, Morpho
Flare’s FXRP token has been approved as collateral in an institutionally curated Morpho vault on Ethereum, letting XRP holders borrow Ripple’s RLUSD stablecoin without selling. It is the first time an XRP-based asset has been accepted in a major on-chain lending market.
Summary
- Flare’s FXRP, a bridged version of XRP on Ethereum, has been approved as collateral in Sentora’s RLUSD Main vault on Morpho, allowing XRP holders to borrow Ripple’s RLUSD stablecoin without selling their tokens.
- The integration is the first time an XRP-based asset has been accepted as collateral in an institutionally curated Ethereum lending market, a milestone for an asset that has been almost entirely absent from DeFi.
- XRP is the fourth largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization at approximately $70 billion, yet its utilization in on-chain lending, borrowing, and liquidity provision has been negligible compared to assets like ETH, WBTC, and stablecoins.
- Ripple has been building RLUSD as an enterprise-focused stablecoin since August 2024, securing NYDFS approval in December 2024 and a Mastercard settlement integration in July 2026.
- The Morpho Blue lending protocol uses isolated markets designed to contain risk if problems arise with a specific collateral asset, a structure that makes it possible to onboard newer assets like FXRP without exposing the broader protocol to systemic risk.
Introduction
XRP is one of the most widely held cryptocurrencies in the world. At roughly $70 billion in market capitalization, it trails only bitcoin, ether, and Tether’s USDT. It has millions of holders, deep liquidity on centralized exchanges, and a history that predates most of the DeFi ecosystem. And yet, until this week, there was no major lending market on Ethereum where XRP holders could borrow against their position.
The reason is infrastructure, not demand. XRP runs on the XRP Ledger, a separate blockchain with its own consensus mechanism and token standard. Ethereum-based DeFi protocols cannot natively interact with XRP. To use XRP in Ethereum lending markets, someone needs to build a bridge, create a wrapped token, and convince a risk team to underwrite it. That process took years for bitcoin (resulting in WBTC), and it has now happened for XRP through Flare’s FXRP token.
On August 3, Flare announced that FXRP has been approved as collateral in Sentora’s RLUSD Main vault on Morpho. XRP holders can now convert their tokens to FXRP, bridge to Ethereum, deposit as collateral, and borrow Ripple’s RLUSD stablecoin. This is not just a technical milestone. It is a test of whether XRP can become a productive DeFi asset after years of sitting idle in wallets.
How the FXRP to RLUSD lending flow works
The process involves four steps, each handled by a different protocol.
Step one: XRP to FXRP conversion. XRP holders convert their native XRP tokens into FXRP, Flare’s bridged representation of XRP. Flare is a layer 1 blockchain that has built cross-chain data infrastructure, including the ability to create asset representations that can move between chains.
Step two: bridge FXRP to Ethereum. The FXRP token is bridged from Flare to Ethereum, where it becomes an ERC-20 token that Ethereum-based protocols can recognize and interact with.
Step three: deposit FXRP as collateral on Morpho. The Ethereum-native FXRP is deposited into Sentora’s RLUSD Main vault on Morpho Blue. Sentora, formerly known as IntoTheBlock, serves as the vault curator, meaning it reviews and approves which assets can be used as collateral. Sentora reviewed FXRP’s market behavior, oracle design, liquidity, and liquidation mechanics before granting approval.
Step four: borrow RLUSD. With FXRP deposited as collateral, the user borrows RLUSD, Ripple’s dollar-pegged stablecoin. The loan is overcollateralized, meaning the value of the FXRP deposit must exceed the value of the RLUSD borrowed. Because this is a loan against collateral and not a sale, the borrower retains exposure to XRP’s price movements.
Flare CEO Hugo Philion described the significance in terms of institutional credibility: “XRP is now collateral that an institutional risk team underwrites on Ethereum mainnet, which is a stronger form of recognition than another bridge listing.”
Why XRP has been absent from DeFi
XRP’s absence from DeFi is not accidental. It reflects three structural factors that have kept the asset isolated from the composable lending and borrowing ecosystem that Ethereum-based tokens take for granted.
Separate blockchain architecture. The XRP Ledger uses a different consensus mechanism (the XRP Ledger Consensus Protocol) and token standard than Ethereum. Unlike ERC-20 tokens, which can be natively deposited into any Ethereum smart contract, XRP requires a bridge and a wrapped representation to interact with Ethereum DeFi. Building that bridge securely takes time and auditing resources. The XRP Ledger was designed for payments, not for programmable smart contracts, which means the tooling and standards that Ethereum DeFi relies on do not exist natively on XRPL.
Regulatory uncertainty. The SEC’s lawsuit against Ripple, filed in December 2020 and not fully resolved until 2024, created a chilling effect on DeFi integration. Protocol teams and vault curators were reluctant to add XRP-based collateral when the token’s regulatory status was unclear. DeFi protocols have their own compliance considerations, and adding a token that the SEC claimed was an unregistered security was a risk most teams chose to avoid. The resolution of that case removed the legal overhang but did not immediately produce DeFi infrastructure.
Limited DeFi ecosystem on XRPL. The XRP Ledger has a built-in decentralized exchange and an automated market maker, but its DeFi ecosystem is small compared to Ethereum, Solana, or even newer L2 networks. Most DeFi activity, lending, borrowing, yield farming, and derivatives, happens on Ethereum and its rollups. For XRP holders to participate, they need to leave the XRPL, which until FXRP was not straightforward. The result is that a $70 billion asset has been almost entirely absent from on-chain credit markets, a gap that is disproportionate to its size and liquidity on centralized venues.
The WBTC parallel
The closest analogy to what Flare is doing with FXRP is Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC), which has been operating on Ethereum since 2019. WBTC lets bitcoin holders wrap their BTC into an ERC-20 token, deposit it as collateral on Aave, Compound, and MakerDAO, and borrow stablecoins against it.
WBTC demonstrated that non-native assets can become productive DeFi collateral if the bridge is trustworthy and the lending market is deep enough. At its peak, WBTC had over $15 billion in total value locked. It proved that bitcoin holders wanted to borrow against their positions rather than sell.
FXRP aims to replicate this model for XRP. The key differences are scale (WBTC had years of liquidity building, FXRP is just launching) and custody model (WBTC relies on a centralized custodian, BitGo, while Flare uses a decentralized bridge). Whether FXRP achieves WBTC-level adoption depends on whether XRP holders are willing to bridge their tokens and whether additional lending vaults beyond Sentora add FXRP as collateral. The bridging step is a genuine friction point: WBTC holders only needed to interact with a single custodian, while FXRP holders must navigate Flare’s cross-chain infrastructure before reaching Ethereum. Reducing that friction through improved tooling and wallet integrations is as important to adoption as the lending market itself.
What RLUSD is and why it matters here
RLUSD is Ripple’s dollar-pegged stablecoin, designed for enterprise use cases including cross-border payments and institutional settlement. Ripple began testing RLUSD on Ethereum and the XRP Ledger in August 2024 and received approval from the New York Department of Financial Services in December 2024.
RLUSD is not trying to be USDC or USDT. Ripple has positioned it as a compliance-first stablecoin for regulated financial institutions. The Mastercard settlement integration announced in July 2026 is an example: Mastercard will support settlement of regulated stablecoins including RLUSD, USDC, and SoFi’s SoFiUSD. Zand Bank in the UAE began using RLUSD for cross-border payments in early 2026. Ripple has also expanded into Latin America, bringing Bitso’s Mexican peso-backed stablecoin MXNB onto the XRP Ledger in June 2026.
The FXRP/RLUSD lending integration adds a new use case: on-chain borrowing. XRP holders who want dollar liquidity without selling can now borrow RLUSD against their position. If RLUSD is accepted at more venues and payment rails, the utility of borrowing it increases. This creates a flywheel where RLUSD adoption in payments makes RLUSD borrowing more attractive, which drives more FXRP deposits, which deepens the lending market.
The stablecoin landscape itself is shifting rapidly. Circle recently brought USDC to the XRP Ledger, meaning XRPL now supports both RLUSD and USDC natively. This multi-stablecoin approach on XRPL means XRP holders have more options for accessing dollar liquidity, and the FXRP/RLUSD lending market on Ethereum adds yet another path. For Ripple, the strategic play is to make RLUSD the default borrowing currency for XRP-collateralized loans, creating a use case that USDC does not serve.
Why Morpho Blue’s isolated market design matters
Morpho Blue is a lending protocol that uses isolated markets instead of the shared pool model used by Aave and Compound. In a shared pool, all depositors share risk: if one collateral asset fails, losses can spread across the entire protocol. In Morpho Blue’s isolated markets, each collateral-borrow pair operates independently. A problem with FXRP would affect only the FXRP/RLUSD market, not other lending pairs on the protocol.
This design is what made it possible for Sentora to approve FXRP as collateral. A shared pool protocol would likely have rejected a newly bridged token with limited on-chain history. Morpho Blue’s isolation means the risk is contained, and the vault curator (Sentora) bears the responsibility for evaluating it.
Sentora’s CTO Jesus Rodriguez described the approval as a deliberate expansion of on-chain credit: “XRP is one of crypto’s largest and most liquid assets. Yet it remains surprisingly underused in onchain credit. That changes today.” The framing is significant: this is not a DeFi experiment. It is an institutional risk team making a calculated underwriting decision.
The isolation model also creates a natural price discovery mechanism for FXRP risk. Because each vault has its own interest rate curve determined by utilization, lenders are effectively pricing the specific risk of FXRP collateral rather than having that risk diluted across a shared pool. If the market perceives FXRP bridge risk as elevated, rates in FXRP-collateralized vaults will rise relative to vaults backed by native Ethereum assets. This transparency gives both lenders and borrowers real-time information about how the market values the bridge and custody mechanisms that underpin FXRP.
The $70 billion question
XRP has roughly $70 billion in market capitalization. If even 5% of that value migrates into DeFi collateral positions (as happened with bitcoin through WBTC), the result would be $3.5 billion in new collateral available for borrowing. At 10%, it would be $7 billion.
For context, Morpho Blue’s total value locked across all markets is roughly $4 billion. A meaningful flow of XRP into the protocol would make it one of the largest collateral assets on the platform. Whether this happens depends on XRP holder behavior, FXRP bridge trust, and RLUSD utility. But the infrastructure is now in place for the first time.
The peso-backed stablecoin integration on XRPL through Bitso and the USDC expansion to XRP Ledger through Circle show that Ripple is building a multi-stablecoin ecosystem around XRP. The FXRP/RLUSD lending market extends this ecosystem into Ethereum DeFi, bridging two worlds that have historically operated separately.
The comparison to Ethereum’s DeFi trajectory is instructive. When WETH first became available as collateral on Aave and Compound, it took approximately 18 months before the cumulative value locked in ETH-collateralized lending exceeded 5% of ETH’s market capitalization. XRP faces a steeper adoption curve because its holder base skews more retail, with a lower proportion of technically sophisticated users who are comfortable with bridge mechanics and vault management. The institutional channel through Sentora’s curated vaults could accelerate adoption, but institutional allocators typically require six to twelve months of live market data before committing significant capital.
What scale adoption would look like
The WBTC adoption curve provides a template for projecting what FXRP could achieve over a multiyear period. When WBTC launched in January 2019, it began with a few million dollars in total value locked. It took roughly 18 months to reach $1 billion, and another year to reach $10 billion as DeFi activity surged through 2020 and 2021. At its peak in late 2021, WBTC held over $15 billion in total value locked across Aave, Compound, and MakerDAO, representing roughly 1.5% of bitcoin’s market cap at the time.
FXRP starts from a different baseline. XRP has no DeFi history to build on, while WBTC launched when bitcoin holders already understood the concept of using cryptocurrency as collateral and had watched earlier DeFi protocols develop lending markets. But XRP’s size, $70 billion in market capitalization, means even a small adoption rate translates to significant absolute TVL. If FXRP captures 0.5% of XRP market cap in collateral, that is $350 million. At 1%, $700 million. At the WBTC peak rate of roughly 1.5%, it would be more than $1 billion.
For Morpho Blue, these numbers are material. The protocol’s total value locked across all markets is roughly $4 billion. A $500 million FXRP collateral pool would represent more than 10% of Morpho’s total market size, making FXRP a top-tier collateral asset and attracting market makers, liquidation bots, and additional vault curators who see FXRP liquidity as worth their infrastructure investment.
The institutional framing matters here. Sentora’s approval is not just a permission to participate; it is a credentialing signal. DeFi protocols are understandably skeptical of bridged assets because bridge exploits have caused billions in losses. An institutional risk team reviewing oracle design, liquidity profiles, and liquidation mechanics before granting approval lowers the barrier for the second and third curator approvals. Morpho’s isolated market architecture means curators can observe how the FXRP/RLUSD market behaves before committing their own vaults, using Sentora’s early data as evidence.
Ripple’s existing institutional relationships give FXRP a distribution channel that WBTC did not have at launch. RLUSD is already integrated with Mastercard settlement, live in Zand Bank UAE, and present on the XRP Ledger alongside USDC. If Ripple’s enterprise payment partners begin borrowing RLUSD against FXRP positions for working capital or treasury management, the institutional use case extends beyond retail speculation. A $10 million working capital facility backed by XRP collateral, accessed through the FXRP bridge and Morpho, is precisely the kind of product that Ripple’s enterprise sales network can take to existing RLUSD clients. That commercial distribution path distinguishes FXRP from purely retail-driven bridged tokens and gives the collateral market a demand source that does not depend on DeFi sentiment cycles.
The risk of bridge-based DeFi collateral
The FXRP model introduces risks that native Ethereum tokens do not carry. Every step in the flow, XRP to FXRP conversion, bridging from Flare to Ethereum, oracle pricing, and Morpho vault liquidation, represents a potential failure point.
Bridge exploits are the most expensive category of smart contract hacks in crypto history. Cross-chain bridges have caused over $4 billion in losses since 2021, including the Ronin ($624 million), Wormhole ($326 million), and Nomad ($190 million) exploits. Each of these hacks targeted the trust assumptions that allow assets to move between chains. The FXRP bridge uses Flare’s decentralized infrastructure, which is architecturally different from the compromised bridges, but the risk category is the same: any vulnerability in the bridge could result in unbacked FXRP tokens on Ethereum, which would make the Morpho collateral worthless.
Oracle risk is the second concern. The Morpho vault needs an accurate, manipulation-resistant price feed for FXRP to trigger liquidations at the right time. If the oracle diverges from the true market price of XRP, two outcomes are possible: premature liquidations that harm borrowers, or delayed liquidations that leave lenders with bad debt. Sentora reviewed the oracle design before approving FXRP, but the limited on-chain history of the token means the oracle has not been tested under extreme market conditions.
Liquidity risk is the third factor. If a borrower’s FXRP collateral needs to be liquidated, there must be sufficient FXRP liquidity on Ethereum for liquidators to sell the seized tokens. A thin FXRP market could result in liquidators being unable to recover the full value of the loan, creating losses for RLUSD lenders. This is a bootstrapping problem: liquidity improves as adoption grows, but adoption depends on liquidity being sufficient from the start.
Historical precedent suggests bridge exploits follow a pattern. The Ronin bridge lost $625 million in March 2022 when attackers compromised validator keys. The Wormhole bridge lost $320 million a month earlier through a signature verification bypass. In both cases, the underlying assets on the source chain were unaffected, but the wrapped representations on the destination chain became worthless. For FXRP holders using Morpho vaults, a Flare bridge compromise would mean their collateral evaporates while their loan obligations remain. The asymmetry between borrower and lender risk in a bridge failure scenario is one of the least discussed aspects of cross-chain DeFi collateral.
What would invalidate this thesis
The bullish read is that FXRP opens a new chapter for XRP in DeFi. The bearish read is that XRP holders have shown little interest in DeFi historically, and a bridged token on an unfamiliar protocol will not change that behavior.
If FXRP deposits remain below $50 million after six months, the integration was a technical success but a commercial failure. If the FXRP bridge suffers a security incident, trust in the model collapses. If RLUSD itself fails to gain traction beyond a few institutional partnerships, the borrowing side of the market dies. And if XRP’s price drops significantly, FXRP collateral positions get liquidated, creating negative feedback loops that discourage further deposits.
Regulatory risk adds another dimension. If regulators classify FXRP as a derivative or synthetic asset rather than a direct representation of XRP, the compliance burden on institutional vaults could make the product uneconomical. The SEC has not issued guidance on wrapped or bridged tokens as a distinct category, and enforcement actions in adjacent areas suggest the regulatory framework remains uncertain. A single enforcement action against a bridged asset product could freeze institutional participation across the entire category.
What to watch
FXRP total value deposited on Morpho. The single most important metric. If deposits reach $500 million within six months, XRP holders are adopting DeFi collateral use cases. If deposits stall below $100 million, adoption has failed.
RLUSD circulating supply growth. Track whether the lending integration drives new RLUSD minting. If borrowing demand increases RLUSD supply, the flywheel is working.
Additional vault curators adding FXRP. Sentora is the first. If other curators like Gauntlet, Block Analitica, or Steakhouse Financial add FXRP vaults, the collateral is gaining broader institutional acceptance.
Flare bridge security. Any exploit or significant downtime on the FXRP bridge would damage trust in the model. Track audit reports, bridge volume, and incident history.
XRP DeFi TVL relative to market cap. Currently near zero. Bitcoin’s WBTC TVL as a percentage of BTC market cap reached roughly 1.5% at peak. If FXRP reaches even 0.5% of XRP market cap ($350 million), it would represent meaningful DeFi adoption.
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Frequently asked questions
What is FXRP?
FXRP is Flare’s bridged version of XRP that operates as an ERC-20 token on Ethereum. It allows XRP holders to use their tokens in Ethereum-based DeFi protocols without selling the underlying XRP.
What is RLUSD?
RLUSD is Ripple’s dollar-pegged stablecoin, designed for enterprise use cases including cross-border payments and institutional settlement. It was approved by the New York Department of Financial Services in December 2024 and launched on Ethereum and the XRP Ledger.
How does XRP lending on Morpho work?
XRP holders convert XRP to FXRP on Flare, bridge FXRP to Ethereum, deposit it as collateral in Sentora’s RLUSD vault on Morpho Blue, and borrow RLUSD against their position. The loan is overcollateralized and retains the borrower’s exposure to XRP price movements.
Why has XRP been absent from Ethereum DeFi?
XRP runs on a separate blockchain (the XRP Ledger) that cannot natively interact with Ethereum smart contracts. The SEC lawsuit against Ripple also discouraged DeFi protocol teams from integrating XRP-based assets until the case was resolved.
What is Morpho Blue?
Morpho Blue is a lending protocol that uses isolated markets instead of shared pools. Each collateral-borrow pair operates independently, containing risk and making it possible to onboard newer assets like FXRP without exposing the broader protocol.
How is FXRP different from WBTC?
Both are bridged representations of non-Ethereum assets. WBTC uses a centralized custodian (BitGo) to hold the underlying bitcoin, while FXRP uses Flare’s decentralized bridge. WBTC has years of liquidity history and widespread DeFi integration; FXRP is just launching.
What is Sentora’s role?
Sentora (formerly IntoTheBlock) is the vault curator that reviewed and approved FXRP as collateral for the RLUSD lending market on Morpho. Curators evaluate collateral assets for market behavior, oracle design, liquidity, and liquidation mechanics before granting approval.
Could this model expand to other assets?
Yes. The FXRP/Morpho model could be replicated for other non-Ethereum assets that have large market capitalizations but limited DeFi presence. The success or failure of the FXRP integration will likely influence whether curators approve similar bridged tokens in the future.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice. The information presented is based on publicly available reports and announcements as of August 3, 2026. Always conduct your own research before making investment decisions.
Crypto World
Sorry Everyone, but Bitcoin is Headed Down to $43,500: Michael Terpin
Bitcoin may have already erased half of its market cap, but veteran crypto investor Michael Terpin says the asset still has further to fall before hitting rock bottom.
“We still have more pain to go,” Terpin tells Cointelegraph on the Trade Secrets show. Terpin believes that Bitcoin will ultimately fall “66%” from its October 2025 all-time high of $126,100. “I think that brings us down into the 40s, and I think that’s about where we’re gonna go,” Terpin says.
To be precise, a 66% drop from the ATH would see Bitcoin changing hands for $43,500, a price the asset has not seen since early February 2024. The 68-year-old investor, often referred to as the “Godfather of Crypto,” has seen Bitcoin plunge enough times to know what a true bottom feels like.
The ‘defining hallmarks’ of a Bitcoin bottom
Terpin doesn’t think markets have seen true capitulation yet. “One of the defining hallmarks of the bottom is that it doesn’t pop back,” Terpin says.

Michael Terpin spoke to Cointelegraph on the Trade Secrets show. Source: Cointelegraph
Terpin points out that greed is invariably why most traders fail to time market cycles correctly. He points to Bitcoin’s previous cycle top in November 2021, when the asset reached around $69,000 before entering an extended consolidation period. “You had quite a bit of time to get out over $60,000. But then everybody thought it was going to $100,000,” Terpin says, “remember the laser eyes?”
Terpin wasn’t confident back then that Bitcoin would reach $100,000. “I thought there was a possibility it could go to a hundred, but I thought the sweet spot was going to be eighty-five. And it obviously underperformed that because of all the bad macro,” Terpin says.
“We’ve had two cycles in a row now with bad macro. And you would have expected good macro from Trump, but the tariffs, and some of the other things that allowed a lot of manipulation,” Terpin says.
Bitcoin ultimately reached $100,000 in December 2024, just a month after Donald Trump won the US presidential election.
Terpin worked with Ethereum in its early stages
Terpin was an early investor in the crypto industry and is the founder and CEO of blockchain advisory firm Transform Ventures.
Through his company, he worked with several projects during their early development stages that went on to become major names in the industry, including Ethereum, Tether, and WAX. He was also an advisor to Mastercoin, the world’s first initial coin offering (ICO) in 2013. It later became known as Omni Layer.
Terpin claims he was the first crypto investor to relocate to Puerto Rico, which is known for its crypto-friendly tax policies. Since moving, he has also invested in and helped fund several startups based on the island.
Michael Terpin says four-year cycle is not over
He is convinced that Bitcoin is still following its traditional four-year cycle, despite the industry debate in 2025 that institutional adoption and the launch of spot ETFs may have changed the market’s usual boom-and-bust pattern.

Bitcoin is up 1.67% over the past 30 days. Source: CoinMarketCap
“I think we’re still following the halvings. This whole argument that, you know, we’re only going up from here because institutions don’t sell is garbage, right? Institutions absolutely sell.”
Terpin is also cautious about companies built around Bitcoin exposure, including Strategy and its executive chairman Michael Saylor’s aggressive Bitcoin accumulation strategy.
Buying Strategy stock or Bitcoin?
While acknowledging Saylor’s success, Terpin says investors should understand the risks of investing in a corporate structure rather than owning the underlying asset.
“I mean historically, you’ve done better if you buy Strategy at the bottom and then sell it at the top than if you buy the Bitcoin,” Terpin says. “Whether he’s [Michael Saylor] able to keep that going, and you know, he avoided being wrecked in 2022 when he was actually underwater with his Bitcoin.” But Terpin would personally “rather bet on Bitcoin than a single company.”
And indeed, investors looking for a low maintenance approach should also bet on Bitcoin rather than chasing altcoins, which require far more active management.
“You only have to look at your portfolio like a couple times during the four-year cycle,” Terpin says.
“When we’re getting near the bottom, see if it’s time to buy. And when we’re getting near the top, see when it’s time to sell. And the rest of the time you can just be on the golf course. Whereas with altcoins, you gotta be, you gotta be on it,” Terpin says.
Cointelegraph publishes long-form journalism, analysis and narrative reporting produced by Cointelegraph’s in-house editorial team with subject-matter expertise. All articles are edited and reviewed by Cointelegraph editors in line with our editorial standards. Some articles contain affiliate links, from which Cointelegraph may earn a commission. These relationships do not influence which products we review or our editorial conclusions. Content published in here does not constitute financial, legal or investment advice. Readers should conduct their own research and consult qualified professionals where appropriate. Cointelegraph maintains full editorial independence.
Crypto World
Why There’s a Shortage of Chemotherapy Drugs
A lot of ingredients for all kinds of drugs come from China and India, says Christian, who has spearheaded the development of a supply-chain monitoring tool for the U.S. Pharmacopeia. He has found that 41% of drugs’ key starting materials are made solely in China, meaning that the health of people around the world relies on Chinese companies continuing to make and provide those ingredients.
What’s the way forward?
At the moment, hospitals “are heavily incentivized to find any drug that is the cheapest upfront cost,” says Christian. “But there’s no real mechanism for hospitals to pay more to ensure greater resilience.” As the shortages prove, these drugs aren’t products where market dynamics lead to a consistent, reliable manufacturing system. “They should be cheap and high-quality,” says Scholtes. “They are essential.”
Generic drugs in general should be like water coming from the tap, he says. It’s a model that inspired a group of U.S. health systems to start a non-profit, U.S.-based drug manufacturer in 2018, which Scholtes, who co-authored a paper about it, calls a “health care utility.” The company, called Civica, is based in Petersburg, Va. and capable of manufacturing a small handful of generic drugs in a U.S. facility and ensuring consistent supply at a sustainable cost. But currently, Civica only produces certain medications—not including chemotherapy drugs. Few companies have similar models and missions, but one, called Phlow Pharmaceuticals, was founded in 2020 to produce active ingredients for drugs in the U.S. in order to mitigate reliance on overseas sources.
Crypto World
AAVE holds above $90 as protocol deposits rise, but retail demand weakens
Key takeaways
- AAVE is holding above its 50-day EMA at $90.80 as its near-term recovery continues.
- Deposits in Aave V3 on Monad increased by more than $500 million over the past month.
- Aave V4 deposits reached a record high above $350 million.
Aave (AAVE) is extending its mild recovery on Tuesday, trading above the 50-day Exponential Moving Average at $90.80.
The recovery comes amid increased adoption of Aave’s lending protocols. Aave V3’s deployment on the Monad Layer 1 blockchain attracted more than $500 million in deposits over the past month, alongside more than $215 million in active loans.
Despite the rise in protocol activity, weak derivatives data and bearish momentum indicators continue to cloud AAVE’s price outlook.
Aave V4 deposits reach record high
Deposits in Aave V4 have surpassed $350 million, establishing a new record after increasing by more than $100 million over the past 30 days.
The growth suggests rising adoption and may be partly driven by an attractive USDC borrowing offer. Holders of cbBTC, WBTC, WETH and wstETH can reportedly access a borrowing rate of negative 0.2%.
The increase in deposits across Aave V3 on Monad and Aave V4 highlights growing use of the protocol, even as demand for the AAVE token remains subdued among retail traders.
AAVE is losing momentum in the derivatives market despite the growth in protocol deposits.
Futures open interest declined by more than 6% over the previous 24 hours to $302.15 million, according to CoinGlass. The drop reflects a contraction in the value of outstanding futures contracts and suggests traders are reducing their exposure.
AAVE’s funding rate also fell below zero to negative 0.0046%. Negative funding indicates a bearish tilt, with short-position holders paying traders holding long positions.
Meanwhile, the 24-hour long-to-short ratio declined to 0.9372, showing that active short positions outnumber longs and reinforcing the cautious market outlook.
AAVE technical outlook: Could the price fall to $70?
AAVE is hovering above $90 at the time of writing on Tuesday, maintaining a mildly constructive near-term position above its 50-day EMA at $90.80.
However, the token remains well below its 200-day EMA at $112.75, suggesting that its broader recovery potential remains limited.
The Moving Average Convergence Divergence indicator continues to decline below its signal line, reflecting persistent bearish momentum.
The Relative Strength Index stands near 49 and is trending lower while AAVE’s price forms a modest upward trend. This bearish divergence suggests that buying momentum is weakening despite the recent price recovery.
The 50-day EMA at $90.80 is the key immediate support level. A decisive daily close below this moving average could accelerate selling pressure and trigger a roughly 20% decline toward the June 18 low of $70.65.
The psychological $100 level represents AAVE’s first major resistance. This area sits close to the May 10 high of $103.51, creating a broader resistance zone between $100 and $103.51.
A sustained break above this region would strengthen the bullish case and could allow AAVE to target the 200-day EMA at $112.75.
Crypto World
Former FBI Supervisor Charged in $1M Crypto Theft
Former FBI supervisory agent Patrick Steven Yaroch was charged with using internal systems to obtain credentials for cryptocurrency wallets linked to an adversarial country, which he used to transfer funds to his own crypto wallets.
Yaroch admitted to 10 unauthorized transfers between late 2024 and early 2025 that involved an estimated total of $1 million in digital assets, some of which he deposited into Suilend to earn yield, according to a Saturday US Federal court filing.
After self-reporting the incident, Yaroch was placed on administrative leave last Wednesday, terminated and then arrested on Friday. Agents retrieved devices, seed phrases and a Trezor wallet from his Virginia residence to access his accounts on Suilend and crypto exchange Kraken. With his cooperation, they transferred roughly $925,000 in funds to government-controlled wallets.
In May, Yaroch used ChatGPT for advice.
“If I had a million dollars, how would you suggest investing it/spending it to maximize profit and return,” he wrote in the AI prompt, according to the court filing. ChatGPT suggested “building a slower-living vineyard/agricultural lifestyle in places like Cilento or Portugal’s Dão region.”
Yaroch is the latest case of crypto theft involving a federal agent. In 2015, former DEA special agent Carl M. Force diverted about $700,000 in Bitcoin before pleading guilty and being sentenced to six and a half years in prison.
Former US Secret Service special agent Shaun W. Bridges stole about $350,000 in BTC back in 2015 before pleading guilty and facing a sentence of six years in prison. Both cases were tied to the investigation into dark net marketplace Silk Road.
Magazine: Inside the ‘fake police raid’ that forced a $1M Bitcoin transfer
Crypto World
Jim Cramer to Sell Bitcoin as Quantum Fears Persist While BTC Rises 1.6%
Bitcoin has found itself at the center of a new wave of quantum-computing anxiety after Jim Cramer said he plans to sell his holdings. Speaking on a Friday episode of CNBC’s “Mad Money,” the former hedge fund manager pointed to remarks made the day before by IBM CEO Arvind Krishna, who suggested investors should treat quantum risk as something to be “paranoid” about within the next few years.
Cramer’s comments arrive as market conditions also appear to be softening. While Bitcoin traded above $63,500 at the time of the report—up 1.7% on Tuesday—it remained down roughly 27% year-to-date, according to TradingView data. At the same time, blockchain and exchange liquidity indicators cited in the report pointed to reduced activity and increased selling behavior among large holders.
Key takeaways
- Jim Cramer said he plans to sell all his Bitcoin, citing concerns about quantum computing risks raised by IBM CEO Arvind Krishna.
- Blockchain analytics referenced by Lookonchain show at least one large Bitcoin wallet moved roughly 16,400 BTC after a period of inactivity.
- Crypto liquidity signals cited from Kaiko data suggest spot trading activity on leading exchanges fell to about $15 billion last week—lowest levels of 2026 in the referenced dataset.
- Industry views remain split on when practical quantum threats to Bitcoin could materialize, with timelines ranging from “decades” to “3–5 years.”
Cramer turns quantum fears into a concrete portfolio decision
In his Friday “Mad Money” segment, Cramer said: “I’m going to sell mine [Bitcoin],” directly tying his decision to quantum computing concerns. The impetus was an earlier conversation with IBM CEO Arvind Krishna, who told Cramer to be “paranoid” about the potential threat quantum computing poses to cryptocurrencies over the next three to four years.
The significance for investors is less about whether Cramer personally controls market outcomes and more about how mainstream commentary can sharpen attention on long-term security assumptions. Quantum computing is widely discussed in crypto circles because it could, in theory, undermine certain cryptographic protections if the necessary computational capability becomes feasible.
Still, not all investors interpret quantum talk the same way. The report notes that some market participants leaned into the “inverse Cramer” meme—an investment philosophy that effectively bets against Cramer’s calls—suggesting that certain traders may view Cramer’s bearish stance as a contrarian signal rather than a risk indicator.
Large-holder activity surfaces as exchange liquidity cools
Separate from Cramer’s remarks, the report highlights whale wallet movement alongside weakening trading activity. According to blockchain analytics platform Lookonchain, a whale wallet labeled bc1qpt transferred its entire Bitcoin holdings of 16,400 BTC—worth about $1 billion—into a new address after seven months of inactivity.
Lookonchain’s report of the transfer was paired with a liquidity reference from crypto intelligence platform Kaiko, as shared by The Kobeissi Letter. The cited metric claims that daily cryptocurrency trading activity across the leading 44 spot exchanges fell to about $15 billion last week, described as the lowest level of 2026 in that dataset.
In a Tuesday X post, The Kobeissi Letter characterized the move as part of a broader liquidity contraction, stating it represented a roughly 70% decline from January peak levels and that “crypto market liquidity is drying up.”
For traders, the pairing matters: a wallet moving substantial funds after a long idle period can reflect many possibilities—risk management, restructuring, or trading plans—but when it coincides with lower liquidity, it can heighten sensitivity to price moves. Liquidity tends to influence how easily large orders can be absorbed without significant slippage.
Quantum timelines remain contested—what “risk” actually means
While Cramer focused on a near-term window (three to four years, based on Krishna’s remarks), the report underscores that the broader industry is not aligned on when quantum capabilities could become practically relevant for Bitcoin.
In November 2025, Blockstream CEO Adam Back reportedly said Bitcoin faces no meaningful quantum threat for at least the next 20 to 40 years. That perspective suggests a long runway for preparation, implying that immediate panic is likely unwarranted.
By contrast, the report cites an April report from Bernstein that argues Bitcoin could have roughly three to five years to prepare for a post-quantum security upgrade. That timeline compresses the decision window for developers and infrastructure operators and would support the idea that planning should not be deferred.
Adding another layer, the report includes an assessment from Bitget Wallet research analyst Lacie Zhang, who told Cointelegraph that Back’s view is “more accurate and measured,” and that practical quantum threats capable of breaking Bitcoin’s cryptography remain highly unlikely within the next decade.
What remains uncertain across all viewpoints is the translation from “theoretical vulnerability” to “real-world break.” Even when the cryptographic risk is discussed in terms of quantum computing, the market relevance depends on when systems capable of executing the necessary computations will be available, stable, and accessible at a scale that meaningfully threatens the security assumptions behind Bitcoin.
Why this story matters beyond headlines
Even if the exact timeline is disputed, the combination of high-profile mainstream comments and ongoing technical debate may increase investor attention on how Bitcoin and the wider ecosystem plan for a post-quantum world. The report references earlier coverage about Bitcoin’s quantum upgrade path and notes that discussions in the sector have already moved toward considering upgrade mechanisms, including what changes could be made and what would not.
For market participants, the immediate takeaway is twofold. First, quantum talk can influence sentiment even when implementation details are years away, so traders may watch for whether additional infrastructure or policy discussion emerges. Second, the liquidity backdrop described in the report suggests that even routine flows—like large wallet moves—could be more noticeable if trading depth continues to decline.
Going forward, investors should watch for updates that connect the debate to concrete milestones: technical proposals and timelines for post-quantum readiness, as well as whether exchange liquidity stabilizes or continues to drift lower alongside large-holder activity.
Crypto World
Tether Gold reserves rise 9.5% as gold posts worst quarter in 13 years

XAUt added to its bullion backing during gold’s worst quarter since 2013, as tokenized commodity holder counts continued to rise.
Crypto World
Individuals still hold the most Bitcoin
Disclosure: This article does not represent investment advice. The content and materials featured on this page are for educational purposes only.
New data shows individual investors still hold the majority of Bitcoin supply, outpacing institutions, corporations, funds, and government wallets.
Summary
- New data shows individuals still hold roughly two-thirds of Bitcoin, outweighing institutions and ETFs.
- Most Bitcoin is still held by private investors, with institutions controlling only a small share, data shows.
- Institutions may be buying Bitcoin, but individuals still account for the largest share of holdings.
The past few years have been filled with talk about how institutions have swallowed up the Bitcoin supply. Yet data shows that an overwhelming amount is still held by individuals.
Surprisingly, new data has shown that individuals still retain the most Bitcoin by market share. They hold significantly more than businesses, funds, and ETFS, and even Satoshi-era wallets. Over the past few years, there has been much speculation about the buy-and-hold tactics of corporations and institutions. Yet it may be individuals who are choosing to cling to their crypto.
Bitcoin’s current market segmentation
With the global geopolitical situation in turmoil, people have been flocking away from risk assets like cryptocurrency in droves. At the time of writing, Bitcoin price stands at $63,730. In the past five days, it has moved within a margin between $60,000 and $65,000, with little sign of breaching the upward curve. For many, this shows that people are not buying, but also not selling, creating stagnation. Yet it is those who hold cryptocurrencies that throw up the most surprises.
A recent study taken from public wallet data has shown that individuals hold 66% of the Bitcoin supply. Mapping wallets that are known to interact with exchanges, custodians, and large holders, it painted a picture of marginal institutional and corporate holdings. In contrast, only 7.8% was given over to businesses, with 7.2% in funds and ETFS. Satoshi-era wallets had 4.6%, while governments held only 2.1%.
Together, the entire institutional investment sector, incorporating businesses and trading bodies, only holds 15% of the supply. Accounting for the remainder, only 4.5% of Bitcoin is left to be mined. An estimated 7.7% of the remainder has been lost. That means 19% spans the other categories, with the rest, roughly two-thirds, held by private individuals.
The social media paradox
This also dispels a recent theory that a lack of social media chatter regarding Bitcoin and Ethereum has been driven by institutional adoption. In July, data was published that showed mentions of the two terms were at their lowest levels in two months on the platform X. Bitcoin mentions had dropped to around 130,000, while Ethereum had fallen to 40,000 per week.
Reports on the data highlighted this as a shift to institutional buying. In particular, many highlighted it as a regression to a time back in 2020, before the institutional era emerged. Yet the new data suggest that there may be other reasons at play, especially as institutions do not hold the amount that people believed.
Firstly, it could be that X is just losing users. This is a trend that has been ongoing, with 33 million users leaving between January 2024 and 2025. These people may have drifted to other places to discuss cryptocurrency. It could be on Reddit, or it could be on private messaging apps like Telegram.
It could also be that people are just going elsewhere for their information. With crypto more widely known about, people are more savvy. Regulatory announcements and the inflows and outflows of ETF products all provide better benchmarks than a speculator on X.
Lastly, crypto may not be as new and exciting as it once was. It has given way to talks about tokenization, and even AI has grabbed many of the headlines that it once promised as a harbinger of a brave new world. As it is no longer the coolest, newest cat in town, less is being spoken about it. By no means does this mean people have lost interest, but it simply signals that people are now accepting it.
How should this impact trading?
During periods of volatility, retail investors are often prone to more emotional trading. They can sell and buy fast, as opposed to companies that have to make long-term decisions, signed off by many people. This has mainly been the reason given for Bitcoin’s current stagnation.
Yet it seems that the opposite is true and that retail investors are actually building resilience. HODL is the sector name for “Hold on for dear life,” which means you keep hold of Bitcoin until it grows exponentially in value. Many investors have held on through tumultuous market cycles. In fact, whales who are private buyers who hold large amounts can often change market courses if they begin to buy up or even dump their cryptocurrency. This suggests that they still do play a huge part in the direction prices can take.
What this does show is that despite what media outlets and those in the crypto industry are saying, the field is still extremely decentralized. For all the hype of institutional adoption and government backing, Bitcoin, particularly, is still held by individuals. Those wanting to see how this changes in the near future must watch inflows and outflows to ETF products, as well as changes to government legislation, not just in the US but beyond.
Disclosure: This content is provided by a third party. Neither crypto.news nor the author of this article endorses any product mentioned on this page. Users should conduct their own research before taking any action related to the company.
Crypto World
Texas Electric Grid Moratorium Won’t Have Big Impact on BTC Miners: Bernstein
Bitcoin miners with operations in Texas are not expected to be impacted by a moratorium on approval of data center projects connected to the state’s grid operator ordered by Governor Greg Abbott, Bernstein analysts said Tuesday.
Abbott on Monday directed the Public Utility Commission of Texas and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) to audit all data centers seeking to connect to the state’s power grid. The duration of the audit was not specified and comes amid increasing public backlash to the pace of data center build-out across the state, The Texas Tribune reported.
Bernstein analysts told clients on Tuesday that as most of the Bitcoin (BTC) miners operating in Texas are under contract for approved electric capacity, those operations are unlikely to be impacted by the moratorium.
“However, we believe, this audit throttles speculative data center pipeline and makes genuine sites with development history more valuable,” the research team led by Gautam Chhugani said in their note. “Bitcoin mining sites are favorably placed with the longest gestation, self-funding infra and local community management,” they said.
They said that the local operations of Cipher Digital (CIFR), Core Scientific (CORZ) and CleanSpark (CLSK) could be the miners most exposed to future public opposition to data center expansion, particularly during ERCOT’s approval process to convert their pipeline assets into grid-connected power capacity.
“We believe with increasing political opposition to new data center projects and fresh capacity being throttled by moratoriums/state directives, the approved MWs become more valuable,” they said, highlighting the Texas mining operations of IREN (IREN), which is fully ERCOT grid approved, as are the operations of Riot Platforms (RIOT).
CIFR shares were down more than 7% in Tuesday’s premarket trading, according to Yahoo Finance data. The miner reported second-quarter results earlier Tuesday, posting a loss of $0.65 per diluted share, widening from last year’s loss of $0.12 per diluted share.
Related: Bitcoin may find bear market bottom in August: 10x Research
Crypto World
The Cost of Extreme Heat Is Displacement
Migration is rarely the result of a single heat wave. It is the culmination of years of mounting losses that steadily erode income, health, and hope.
Consider Santuben Kantibhai, a farmer from Gujarat, India. Over the past two years, her family has endured a cascade of climate and economic shocks. A severe heatwave destroyed much of their standing crop, causing her family’s income to plummet. At the same time, her father—a co-earner who relied on farm labor and daily wage work—developed cataracts that gradually robbed him of his eyesight, making it increasingly difficult for him to help their family earn a living. When another heatwave struck in 2025, crop yields fell again just as his condition required surgery. For Santuben, the question is not whether heat is becoming more dangerous; she already knows it is. It is how many more failed harvests and lost workdays can her family absorb before staying becomes impossible.
Crypto World
Kalshi makes partnership with Comply, compliance tech company
A Kalshi advertisement at a bus stop in Washington, D.C., March 19, 2026.
Daniel Heuer | Bloomberg | Getty Images
Prediction market platform Kalshi is announcing Tuesday a new partnership with compliance technology company Comply as its push into institutional trading continues, the company told CNBC exclusively.
Comply — which works with more than 5,000, primarily financial, firms — is adding Kalshi’s prediction markets trade data to its regulatory software.
The platform gives companies who use Comply’s technology, for traditional securities and digital assets, the ability to see employees’ trades on event contracts, to make sure they’re following a company’s policies and not using material, non-public information to trade. The technology will also extend to Kalshi’s perpetual futures contracts, too.
“Most firms are still figuring out what a reasonably designed prediction market compliance program looks like, and that’s exactly where we come in,” said Comply’s chief regulatory service officer Jamila Mayfield in a statement. “Comply brings both the technology and the regulatory expertise to build programs that hold up under scrutiny.”
Comply’s technology already covers prediction market trades on platform Polymarket through a partnership with ZenLedger, a cryptocurrency tax management and accounting company, according to a press release.
Kalshi’s partnership with Comply follows a similar one between the prediction market and StarCompliance, another compliance technology company that allows clients to see employees’ trades, announced in June.
Max Crowley, vice president of business development at Kalshi, told CNBC in an interview that these compliance partnerships come up as the company has continued to have conversations with firms potentially interested in institutional trading. Many are used to technology like that of Comply’s when trading on traditional assets, and expect the same if they’re to move into the prediction market space, he said.
“We’re actively working with institutions, and I think, more and more we’ve heard from these firms… ‘Do we have compliance surveillance on our side?’” Crowley said. “We have an internal surveillance team, every day we’re actively going through all the activity that is happening on the platform… But then firms say, ‘that’s all good, but we also need visibility.’”
CNBC previously reported that companies across sectors are grappling with the rise of prediction markets, and legal experts said few — beyond highly-regulated financial institutions with large compliance departments — have figured out how to alter their internal policies surrounding the new asset class for employees.
Sudhir Jain, Kalshi’s chief compliance officer, said some companies may be considering blocking their employees from trading outright on any event contract as a policy. However, he said technology like Comply’s can avoid protocols like that.
“Without knowing what employees are doing, their only choice is to say, from a policy perspective, don’t trade at all,” Jain said. “Now they have the data; they can monitor it.”
Disclosure: CNBC and Kalshi have a commercial relationship that includes customer acquisition and a minority investment.
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