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Ethereum Defies Bearish Short Report as $1.2B Daily Burn Continues to Outpace Network Inflation

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Nexo Partners with Bakkt for US Crypto Exchange and Yield Programs

TLDR:

  • Ethereum daily ETH burn reached $1.2B in February 2026, still outpacing the 0.8% annual inflation rate.
  • Validator APR held at 4–5% in March 2026, marginally above the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield of 4.2%.
  • After removing L2 batch submissions, spam transactions account for only 4% of real network activity.
  • Active Ethereum addresses surged 117% year-over-year, led by real users on Arbitrum, Base, and zk-EVMs.

Ethereum metrics challenge bearish claims as network burn continues to outpace supply in early 2026. A short report from Culper Research raised concerns about fee compression, spam activity, and validator sustainability.

However, on-chain data from February and March 2026 presents a contrasting picture. Daily ETH burn remained at $1.2 billion in February, exceeding the 0.8% annual inflation rate. The network continues to destroy more ETH than it produces, keeping supply dynamics intact.

Burn Rate and Fee Data Contradict the Bearish Narrative

Culper Research pointed to a 90% drop in median gas prices as a sign of network deterioration. Fees fell from roughly $2 to $0.20 following the Fusaka upgrade.

That decline, however, was built into the upgrade’s design from the start. The goal was to lower costs and redirect activity toward Layer 2 solutions. The drop was expected, not alarming.

Total daily ETH burn held at $1.2 billion through February 2026, despite lower per-gas prices. That figure still exceeds the network’s 0.8% annual inflation rate.

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As a result, Ethereum remains deflationary in practice, with more ETH destroyed than created. The tokenomics argument against ETH loses ground when burn data is factored in.

Ethereum Daily, a crypto commentary account on X, addressed the report directly. The account wrote: “We need more clowns like Culper. Short $ETH if you want, but nobody cares.”

The post systematically challenged each claim in the Culper report. The response resonated broadly across crypto communities online.

The Fusaka upgrade’s fee reduction is also drawing more participants into the ecosystem. Lower transaction costs make Ethereum more accessible to everyday users.

That accessibility supports growing adoption across retail and institutional segments. Over time, broader usage tends to increase total burn volume even at lower per-unit rates.

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Validator Yields and User Growth Support Network Stability

Validator economics also remain competitive heading into Q1 2026. Block rewards hold steady at approximately 2 ETH per block.

Total validator APR, including MEV rewards, ranged between 4% and 5% in March 2026. That return sits marginally above the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield of around 4.2%.

Staked ETH currently stands at roughly 19 million, representing about 66% of total supply. That level is well above the 30–40% threshold considered sufficient for network security.

The staking withdrawal queue has stayed flat near 3.2 million ETH for six consecutive months. Culper’s claim of a growing withdrawal backlog does not align with that data.

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On the activity side, Culper flagged dust attacks as making up 22% of all transactions. After stripping out L2 batch submissions, spam transactions represent only about 4% of real network activity.

Non-spam wallet creation grew approximately 12% year-over-year in Q1 2026. Active addresses also rose 117% year-over-year, driven by users on Optimism, Arbitrum, Base, and zk-EVMs.

BitMine (BMNR) also drew scrutiny in the report for its ETH holdings. The firm holds roughly 4.47 million ETH, valued at around $9 billion.

Staking operations generate approximately $350 million annually in fees. With over $3 billion in cash equivalents on hand, the firm shows no signs of a financial strain.

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Trump crypto czar David Sacks exits role after 130 days

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Trump crypto czar David Sacks exits role after 130 days

The US government’s crypto and AI czar, David Sacks, is stepping down from his special government employee (SGE) role to join Meta’s Mark Zuckerberg and Nvidia’s Jensen Huang on Donald Trump’s new tech council. 

Sacks announced his departure in an Interview with Bloomberg that also covered the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).

Sacks told Bloomberg, “In the first year of the Trump administration, I had that role as an SGE. I had 130 days.”

“We’ve now used up that time,” Sacks said, adding that his role as co-chair of PCAST means he’ll now “make recommendations on not just AI, but an expansive range of technology topics.”

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Sacks shared an assessment from Elon Musk’s GROK that tried to clarify if his departure was a promotion or not.

Read more: David Sacks promised ‘market structure bill in 100 days’ a year ago

The council has been created to guide tech policies within government, and counts major tech executives such as Marc Andreessen and Sergey Brin among its ranks.  

Tesla CEO Elon Musk was also a SGE under Trump’s administration, and also stepped down from the role after 130 days. He won’t be part of the tech council, however.

Sacks’ time as crypto czar was bittersweet 

Under Sacks’ stewardship, the US administration loosened its grip on crypto regulations, the president launched a memecoin, and the government promised to implement a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve (SBR). 

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During this time, it gained a reputation for intense profiteering and crypto corruption. Indeed, Trump’s son Eric boasted very publicly about his family making profits of $1 billion from its various crypto enterprises. 

Sacks promised in February last year that the market structures bill, aka the CLARITY Act, and stablecoin legislation, also known as the GENIUS Act, would have been passed through the Senate and House within 100 days. 

While the GENIUS Act was passed, albeit well beyond the self-imposed deadline, the CLARITY Act is still struggling to join it. 

Sacks was revealed by the New York Times to have held over 400 investments in various crypto and AI firms while still maintaining his SGE role in Trump’s administration, raising concerns about a potential conflict of interest.  

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The administration also signed into existence the SBR but it was watered down significantly when officials revealed that the US wouldn’t be buying any BTC to contribute to the it and would instead rely on the coins it had already seized and forfeited.

An audit of crypto assets intended for both the SBR and Digital Asset Stockpile was supposed to be complete by April 5, 2025. However, no such review has been published almost 356 days after the deadline.

Read more: David Sacks sends silly legal threat to the New York Times

Crypto traders happy about David Sacks crypto czar departure

Upon discovering Sacks’ departure yesterday, X users have remarked on the less-than-stellar effect he had on the crypto market. 

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Venture capitalist Adam Cochran mocked Bitcoiners who voted for Trump, asking “How’d that bitcoin reserve work out for you? Remember those day one promises?”

“Remember how Trump and Sacks promised you the world, and you told us we had TDS when we told you that you were getting played?” he added. 

Others pointed to today’s BTC price of $66,600, and how it’s down 34% from the day Sacks was inaugurated as crypto czar. 

Read more: US Strategic Bitcoin Reserve audit now 172 days overdue

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Traders have also complained that under Sacks’ role, nothing was actually achieved, adding that he’s “the single most useless person of Trump administration [sic] (right there with Trump).”

Eleanor Terrett reports that it’s unclear whether or not Sacks’ crypto czar role will be replaced while major crypto legislation, such as the CLARITY Act, continues to work its way through the Senate.

If the Trump administration does decide to hire a replacement, at least one willing candidate has already thrown their hat into the ring on X. Despite currently serving a 25-year prison sentence, FTX fraudster Sam Bankman-Fried posted simply “dibs.”

Got a tip? Send us an email securely via Protos Leaks. For more informed news and investigations, follow us on XBluesky, and Google News, or subscribe to our YouTube channel.

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ECB Study Questions How Decentralized DeFi Governance Really is

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ECB Study Questions How Decentralized DeFi Governance Really is

The European Central Bank published a working paper on March 26, finding that governance in four major DeFi protocols was heavily concentrated.

The staff paper looks at Aave, MakerDAO, Ampleforth and Uniswap, and finds that while governance tokens are held across tens of thousands of addresses, the top 100 holders control more than 80% of the supply in each protocol.

Based on holdings snapshots from November 2022 and May 2023, the authors found that a large share of governance tokens could be linked either to the protocols themselves or to centralized and decentralized exchanges, with Binance the largest identified centralized exchange holder across the four protocols.

The authors said the findings challenge the idea that decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) are inherently decentralized, raising questions about accountability and complicating efforts to identify possible regulatory anchor points under the European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) framework. MiCA currently excludes “fully decentralised” services from its scope.

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Top token holders dominate governance

The authors also look at who actually votes on key proposals, concluding that top voters are mostly delegates who wield delegated voting power from smaller token holders. 

The top 20 voters in Ampleforth control 96% of delegated voting power, while the top 10 voters in MakerDAO hold 66% of delegated votes, and the top 18 in Uniswap hold 52%. Around one-third of top voters cannot be publicly identified, and among those that can, the largest groups are individuals and Web3 companies, followed by university blockchain societies and venture firms.

Related: DAOs may need to ditch decentralization to court institutions

ECB Working Paper on DeFi: Source: ECB

Cointelegraph reached out to Aave, Uniswap, MakerDAO, and Ampleforth, but had not received a response by publication.

Kavi Jain, senior research associate at Bitwise, told Cointelegraph that many large DeFi protocols were not as decentralized in practice as they might appear, especially in the earlier stages, where a small group still has “meaningful influence over decisions.”

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He pointed to the recent Aave governance debate that highlighted how, even with a DAO structure, voting power can “still be concentrated among a few participants.”

MiCA faces DeFi accountability problem

The paper catalogues what governance actually decides, finding that the largest share of proposals relates to “risk parameters” that shape the protocols’ risk profiles. That raises further questions about accountability, especially given that it is “not possible” to tell from public data whether protocol-linked holdings belong to founders, developers or treasuries, or whether exchange wallets are voting their own positions or those of customers.

Related: How a 2.85% price error triggered $27M in liquidations on Aave

There are some caveats with the methodology, and the paper itself warns that it does not capture the “full scope of the DeFi ecosystem,” due to insufficient data.

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The paper also stresses that it reflects the authors’ views rather than official ECB policy, however, it warns that the difficulty of reliably identifying who controls major protocols makes it harder to lean on popular entry points such as governance token holders, developers or centralized exchanges, and says that the relevant anchor may differ protocol by protocol and require information that is not publicly available.

Its findings echo earlier warnings from the Financial Stability Board and others, cited in the paper, that DeFi’s promise of disintermediation often masks new forms of concentration and governance risk that resemble, and sometimes amplify, those seen in traditional finance.

Magazine: Ethereum’s Fusaka fork explained for dummies — What the hell is PeerDAS?