Mumbai: India’s manufacturing growth is constrained by low spending on research and development (R&D) at just 0.6 per cent of GDP, and it should increase its expenditure to 2 per cent by 2035, according to a report released on Wednesday.

The manufacturing activity’s share in the GDP has declined to 13 per cent in 2024 compared to 16 per cent in 2015, Careedge Ratings said, adding that this illustrates “structural challenges” in scaling value-added production.

Countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam have been able to expand the manufacturing share of GDP in the same period.

The manufacturing activity has grown at 5 per cent per year during the same period, but increasing the share of manufacturing in the GDP is not sufficient, it said, adding that low R&D spending of 0.6-0.7 per cent of GDP is among the factors hampering the growth in the high-employment sector.

“India should target to increase its R&D spend to 2 per cent by 2035 in line with its Asian peers, to enhance the share of manufacturing in GDP, which will require greater private-sector participation, stronger innovation ecosystems and improved research-to-commercialisation pipelines,” it said.

Efforts need to include strengthening the STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) education, deeper industry-academia collaboration, higher private-sector R&D investment, and integrated innovation-led industrial ecosystems to build long-term global competitiveness, the rating agency said.
Its senior director Ranjan Sharma acknowledged that recent policy initiatives have strengthened production capabilities, but added that the long-term competitiveness will depend on the ability to transition to innovation-driven manufacturing that leads to greater value addition.With R&D spending at just 0.6-0.7 per cent of GDP, India remains significantly behind global peers, Sharma said.

The US spends over 3 per cent of GDP on R&D, China 2.5 per cent, and South Korea’s up to 5 per cent, the report said.

India’s share in patents stands only at 4 per cent globally, which is low because of low researcher density and weak industry-academia collaboration, it added.

R&D spending among listed Indian companies is concentrated in a few sectors like automobiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and metals, while the broader industrial base remains under-invested, the rating agency said.

The innovation, which emerges from the spending, tends to be incremental rather than path-breaking, which forces Indian firms to be followers of global developments instead of leading them and deprives the country’s firms of the first-mover advantage.

Structural constraints on R&D, including low private-sector participation in R&D, risk aversion, talent outflow, and scale-first growth strategies, have hindered the transition towards innovation-led manufacturing, the report said.

Elaborating on education, the report said the per capita expenditure on the sector remains “alarmingly low” at around Rs 6,000, resulting in limited learning outcomes and skill development, particularly in technical and vocational training.

Other aspects, which can help innovation, would be expanding tax incentives for R&D, improving access to risk capital, introducing performance-linked funding models, and encouraging large business groups to invest in innovation and subsequently commercialise the same, Careeedge said.

MALE, Maldives — Five Italian divers died in May 2026 while exploring underwater caves at Vaavu Atoll in the Maldives, prompting renewed attention to the dangers of cave diving in the remote Indian Ocean archipelago.

A YouTube Short released by CNN on May 20, 2026, features 2014 video footage showing the interior of the cave system where the incident occurred. The clip provides a visual reference to the narrow passages and depths involved in the fatal dive.

The five divers, all Italian nationals, were part of a group exploring the Vaavu Atoll caves. Reports indicate they entered the cave system with recreational diving equipment rather than specialized technical cave diving gear. One diver, described in some accounts as an experienced professional, was among those who did not survive.

A sixth diver reportedly turned back before the deeper section and survived. Recovery efforts for the bodies involved additional risks, with at least one rescuer facing hazards during the operation.

Vaavu Atoll, located about 65 kilometers south of the capital Male, is known for its underwater caves and strong currents. The atoll forms part of the Maldives’ popular diving destinations, attracting thousands of tourists annually for reef and wreck dives. Cave systems in the area can reach significant depths and feature complex navigation challenges.

Maldivian authorities and local dive operators have not released full details of the May 2026 incident as investigations continue. Initial findings point to possible equipment limitations, strong currents, or disorientation inside the cave as contributing factors.

The 2014 footage in the CNN Short shows tight underwater passages with limited visibility and rocky formations typical of the Vaavu cave systems. Such environments require advanced training, redundant breathing systems, guidelines and specialized lighting for safe exploration.

Cave diving is considered one of the most hazardous forms of scuba diving. Unlike open-water diving, it involves overhead environments where divers cannot make a direct ascent to the surface in an emergency. Proper training through organizations such as the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society or Global Underwater Explorers is standard for participants.

The Maldives, a nation of over 1,000 coral islands, relies heavily on tourism and diving. The country promotes its marine biodiversity, including whale sharks, manta rays and vibrant reefs. However, incidents in remote atolls like Vaavu highlight the need for strict adherence to safety protocols.

Italian media have covered the deaths extensively, with families expressing grief over the loss. The divers were described as experienced enthusiasts who had planned the expedition carefully.

Dive tourism operators in the Maldives have reiterated safety guidelines following the tragedy. Recommendations include using certified technical diving guides, appropriate equipment for overhead environments and thorough briefings on local conditions such as currents and silt.

The incident marks a significant event for Maldives diving tourism. Vaavu Atoll is less visited than more famous sites like Ari Atoll but attracts advanced divers seeking unique cave and drift experiences.

Maldives authorities have not issued a full public report as of May 20, 2026. Investigations typically involve the Maldives Police Service, tourism ministry and international dive safety experts when foreign nationals are involved.

The CNN Short, which has garnered tens of thousands of views shortly after posting, includes commentary on the risks shown in the 2014 footage. Viewers in comments noted the extreme depth and narrow passages visible in the video.

This is not the first diving fatality in the Maldives. Previous incidents have involved strong currents, equipment issues or health complications. The country maintains a strong safety record overall due to professional operators, but remote cave systems present elevated risks.

International diving organizations stress the importance of proper certification. Recreational open-water certification does not qualify divers for cave or technical penetration dives. Specialized courses require dozens of hours of training and experience.

The five Italian divers’ deaths have prompted calls for greater awareness among tourists planning advanced dives. Experts recommend checking operator credentials, reviewing emergency protocols and ensuring insurance coverage for search and rescue operations.

Maldives tourism officials expressed condolences and reaffirmed commitment to diver safety. Popular atolls continue to welcome visitors with standard reef and wreck dives that carry lower risk profiles.

The 2014 video serves as a stark visual reminder of the environment. Narrow tunnels, potential silt-outs and overhead rock ceilings limit escape routes if problems arise. Proper guideline use and team communication are critical in such settings.

As investigations proceed, dive centers across the Maldives are reviewing procedures for cave excursions. Some operators may temporarily suspend deep cave tours pending official guidance.

The tragedy underscores the difference between recreational and technical diving. While the Maldives offers world-class marine experiences, certain sites demand expertise beyond standard tourist certifications.

Families of the deceased have not made public statements beyond initial reports. Italian consular officials are assisting with repatriation and providing support.

The CNN Short has sparked online discussions about diving safety. Commenters highlighted the apparent mismatch between equipment and environment in the fatal dive.

Maldives authorities encourage all divers to respect local guidelines and operator recommendations. The country continues to promote safe tourism while honoring those lost in the Vaavu Atoll incident.

This article was written by

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