If the Iran war escalates into a prolonged global conflict lasting six to nine months or extends to a full-scale global confrontation involving major powers, Thailand faces the most severe economic outcomes.

Under these worst-case scenarios, GDP growth could plummet to just 0.2% or result in an outright economic contraction, while inflation could surge to 5.8% or higher, creating a high risk of stagflation. 

GDP and Inflation: A Descent into Stagflation

• Severe Growth Contraction: The National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) warns that prolonged conflict could slash 2026 GDP growth to just 0.2%, a dramatic fall from the baseline forecast of 2.1%. TRIS Rating projects a 6-month conflict could reduce growth to 1.0%.
• Runaway Inflation: Inflation is expected to surge to 5.8%, well above the Bank of Thailand’s 1-3% target. SCB EIC warns a regional war could push inflation above 4%, driven by soaring energy and food costs. This combination of low growth and high inflation creates a high risk of stagflation, severely eroding household purchasing power.

Energy Shock and Supply Chain Breakdown

• Oil Price Spike: Dubai crude has already reached $115/barrel (up 61% since the conflict began). In a worst-case scenario, prices could hit $120–150/barrel if the Strait of Hormuz is closed, a critical chokepoint for 34% of global oil trade.
• Critical Input Shortages: Thailand imports 8.3% of its total goods from the Middle East. Key vulnerabilities include:
  • Fertilizers: Roughly one-third of Thailand’s fertilizer imports come from the region, threatening agricultural output and food security. Current stockpiles are expected to last until August 2026.
  • Aluminum and Petrochemicals: The country sources about 10% of its aluminum and significant amounts of plastic resins and chemicals from the Middle East, impacting manufacturing and construction.

Tourism Collapse and Financial Strain

• Massive Tourism Decline: The worst-case scenario projects a 25% drop in tourist arrivals, falling from a 36.7 million target to 27-29 million. Even a base-case scenario sees an 18% decline. Airspace closures in key Middle Eastern hubs are deterring long-haul travelers from Europe and the US.
• Revenue and Job Losses: This could result in a revenue loss of 150 billion baht (about $4.1 billion). The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has already downgraded its 2026 revenue forecast to 1.52 trillion baht.
• Currency Depreciation and Capital Flight: The Thai baht is expected to weaken to 33-35 per US dollar due to capital outflows and higher import costs, further fueling inflation.
• Fiscal Exhaustion: The government’s Oil Fuel Fund, used to cap diesel prices, is under immense strain. Former minister Narongchai Akrasanee warns that fiscal limits mean subsidies cannot be sustained, as the fund previously ran a deficit of over 100 billion baht.

Thailand Economy in Crisis: Iran War Triggers Investor Flight

Thailand’s hard-won economic recovery is unraveling as the Iran war triggers a mass exodus of foreign capital and exposes the nation’s deep vulnerabilities. With global oil prices nearing $100 a barrel, investors are fleeing Thai assets, pulling back on hopes for a revival under Prime Minister Anutin Charnvirakul and highlighting a “policy paralysis” in Bangkok.

Investor Confidence Evaporates

Foreign investors have sharply reversed course, selling off Thai stocks and bonds. In March alone, the country saw an $823 million net selloff in equities and $705 million in bond outflows—the largest combined capital flight since October 2024. This retreat comes just months after $1.7 billion in foreign stock purchases in February, fueled by hopes for political stability.

“The risk remains that markets remain complacent about the long-term impact from this energy shock,” said Daniel Tan, a portfolio manager at Grasshopper Asset Management. “Higher fuel costs could hit consumption and disrupt exports and tourism, two key drivers of the Thai economy.”

A Nation on the Brink

Thailand is among Asia’s most exposed economies, with the Middle East supplying nearly half of its oil and gas. The conflict has upended the nation’s economic outlook, which was already fragile with just 2.4% growth in 2025 and a public debt of 66% of GDP, perilously close to the 70% ceiling.

The Bank of Thailand has slashed its 2026 growth forecast to 1.3%, warning there are almost “no limits” to the worst-case scenarios if the war continues. In a prolonged conflict, GDP growth could plummet to 0.2%, with inflation surging to 5.8%, pushing the economy into a dangerous period of stagflation.

Tourism, Currency, and Policy Paralysis

The tourism sector, a vital economic pillar, is reeling. Tourist arrivals from Gulf countries, which account for 7% of total tourism spending, fell to near zero in March as regional airports closed. The Thai baht has slid nearly 3% since the war began, and forecasts predict it could weaken to 35 per US dollar.

The government is caught in a policy bind. With limited fiscal space, it has ruled out broad fuel subsidies but will absorb higher costs to keep electricity tariffs stable. “The central bank has limited room to hike without derailing the recovery, but little urgency or space to ease,” said Gary Tan, a portfolio manager at Allspring Global Investments, describing the policy as “restrictive by default.”

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