Crypto World
Aave WETH Suppliers Urged to Withdraw After KelpDAO rsETH Exploit
Aave V3’s Wrapped Ether (WETH) reserve is carrying bad debt after attackers exploited KelpDAO’s rsETH liquid restaking token and used it as collateral to borrow against the lending protocol.
Solidity developer and auditor 0xQuit flagged the situation on X, warning depositors that the WETH pool is effectively impaired and that partial withdrawals may only become possible after Aave’s Umbrella backstop settles the deficit.
How Drained rsETH Created Bad Debt on Aave
The exploit started with an attacker funding wallets through Tornado Cash. Approximately 116,500 rsETH was drained from KelpDAO, totaling over $290 million.
The attacker then supplied the stolen rsETH as collateral on Aave V3 and borrowed a large volume of WETH against it.
Because the rsETH became unbacked after the drain, the resulting positions are effectively unliquidatable. This left Aave holding WETH obligations it cannot recover through normal liquidation.
“Wish I had better news but looks like WETH on aave is fucked. Withdraw if you can but likely too late,” warned 0xQuit, Solidity developer and auditor.
What Umbrella Means for WETH Depositors
Aave’s Umbrella system, which replaced the legacy Safety Module in late 2025, is designed for exactly this scenario.
Users who staked aWETH in the Umbrella vault face automatic slashing to cover the deficit.
Once the slashing cycle completes, remaining WETH suppliers should regain partial withdrawal access.
However, a full recovery is not guaranteed, and depositors may face a haircut on their positions.
The incident marks the first major real-world test of Umbrella’s automated bad debt coverage. It also raises fresh questions about the risks of whitelisting liquid restaking tokens as collateral on lending protocols.
Meanwhile, the Upshift team, offering non-custodial vaults for managing tokenized assets, have assured users that they do not have any exposure to rsETH.
“We are in touch with KelpDAO about a potential exploit of rsETH. As a precaution, the Kelp team have decided to temporarily pause deposits and withdrawals to the High Growth ETH and Kelp Gain vaults while their investigations take place. Upshift USDC, Core USDC and EarnAUSD vaults have zero exposure to rsETH. We will provide updates as we receive them from the Kelp team,” wrote Upshift.
The post Aave WETH Suppliers Urged to Withdraw After KelpDAO rsETH Exploit appeared first on BeInCrypto.
Crypto World
Solana futures open interest up 20% this week; price upside hinted
Solana’s SOL token has rallied about 10% over the past five days, trading at a three‑week high as broader risk appetite improves following news of a ceasefire extension between the United States and Iran. Despite the price strength, SOL remains a relative laggard in 2026, with the token underperforming the wider crypto market year-to-date.
Derivative markets point to renewed interest in SOL. Aggregate SOL futures open interest rose to about $4.2 billion on Friday, up from roughly $3.5 billion at the start of the week. While higher open interest signals growing participation, the perpetual funding rate has hovered around 3% annually, suggesting that buyers are not yet fully convinced and that leverage demand remains moderate. In a neutral setting, funding rates typically sit higher—roughly 5% to 10% annually—so the current reading implies cautious optimism rather than robust bullish conviction.
As Solana’s price action unfolds, on-chain activity presents a mixed picture. Solana continues to lead in decentralized exchange (DEX) volume and total value locked (TVL), underscoring its ongoing utility and network robustness. Yet Solana’s DApp revenue has softened in recent months, currently averaging around $16 million per week. By comparison, Ethereum’s DApp revenue has hovered around $10 million weekly, with BNB Chain at roughly $4 million, suggesting broader cooling in on-chain monetization across major ecosystems even as the Solana ecosystem remains an outsize DEX and TVL actor.
Key takeaways
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Solana remains dominant in DEX volume and TVL, even as SOL underperforms the broader crypto market in 2026.
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SOL futures open interest rose to about $4.2 billion, indicating expanding participation, while the 3% annualized funding rate signals cautious conviction from bulls.
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On-chain revenue trends show Solana’s DApp ecosystem still active but trending lower, with weekly DApp revenue near $16 million, versus higher activity on other chains.
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A wave of memecoin activity contributed to demand for SOL futures, echoing a pattern seen in prior bullish cycles and potentially foreshadowing a renewed price push.
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Analysts note that if memecoin enthusiasm persists and hedging pressure eases, SOL could revisit upside targets toward the $100 level, though macro catalysts and funding dynamics will shape the path there.
Solana’s market position amid price discord
Despite SOL’s 2026 price gap relative to some peers, Solana’s core strengths remain intact. The network continues to attract substantial DEX activity and holds a commanding share of TVL, reinforcing its role as a leading layer-1 for on-chain trading and liquidity provisioning. This structural advantage matters for traders and builders who rely on Solana’s low-latency design and ambitious wallet integration to power a broad spectrum of DeFi and Web3 apps.
Nevertheless, the broader price action tells a different story. SOL has lagged the wider market this year, suggesting that speculative drivers have cooled and that upside risk hinges on fresh catalysts beyond the continuation of positive on-chain fundamentals. For investors, the divergence between network dominance and price performance underscores a nuanced risk-reward dynamic: the chain’s intrinsic activity remains robust, but market enthusiasm requires new leverage‑driving momentum.
Derivatives backdrop: liquidity, leverage, and what to watch
The jump in open interest to $4.2 billion indicates growing participation from both institutional and retail traders interested in SOL’s volatility and spread efficiency. However, the persistent 3% annualized funding rate points to a market that is not fully pricing in a strong directional move. In calmer funding environments, sustained positive funding rates reflect ongoing demand for long positions; a reversion toward higher rates could accompany a renewed push higher in SOL, while a drop or negative rate would signal mounting short interest and potential downside pressure.
Traders will want to monitor whether the funding dynamic shifts as macro headlines evolve. A shift toward higher funding rates could accompany a more confident bull case, whereas persistent lower rates might imply a tighter range or consolidation phase. In this sense, perpetual futures markets offer a live read on market sentiment, even as they do not guarantee a specific price path.
Memecoin momentum and the DApp revenue narrative
Beyond the technical and macro layers, meme-driven demand has a notable footprint on SOL sentiment. A cluster of memecoins surged 40% or more over a short window, contributing to higher futures activity and capturing speculative interest around Solana. This pattern echoes earlier cycles where Solana benefited from surging user activity and social hype linked to memecoins, including iterations tied to high-profile tokens. While memecoins can catalyze short-term gains, they also introduce volatility that traders must manage carefully.
At the same time, Solana’s ongoing commitments—robust validator security, a smooth user experience through Web3 wallets, and continued DEX leadership—provide a foundational tailwind for sustained activity. The ecosystem’s ability to translate on-chain traffic into real-use cases will be critical if momentum from memecoins wanes and investors seek more durable value drivers.
Where next for SOL? Risks, rewards, and the watchpoints
The potential for a renewed move toward the $100 level exists in a confluence of favorable conditions: easing geopolitical risk reducing macro risk aversion, a continued uptick in memecoin-driven demand, and a pickup in leveraged exposure if funding signals shift higher. Yet several caveats remain. The broader crypto market’s appetite for DApps and on-chain revenue remains a key variable; if user activity cools further or if competing ecosystems regain traction, SOL’s upside could be constrained despite favorable derivatives signals.
What to watch next includes the trajectory of SOL’s funding rate and open interest, any shifts in DApp monetization trends, and how memecoin liquidity evolves in the near term. Macro headlines—ranging from commodity price shifts to regulatory developments—could also tilt momentum in surprising ways, given Solana’s sensitivity to risk sentiment and liquidity conditions.
As investors weigh the signals, the path to a meaningful upside will likely hinge on a combination of renewed DEX and TVL strength, a sustained pickup in on-chain activity, and a favorable macro backdrop that encourages broader leverage in SOL futures. Until then, volatility remains a defining feature of SOL’s trading narrative.
Readers should monitor how open interest evolves and whether the funding rate firms up or ebbs with changing sentiment, as these reads often precede more tangible price moves. The next few weeks will be telling for whether Solana can reconcile its network momentum with a fresh cycle of price appreciation.
Crypto World
Kelp DAO hit for $292 million exploit with wrapped ether stranded across 20 chains
A cross-chain bridge holding nearly a fifth of a restaked ether token’s circulating supply just got drained, and the fallout is moving through DeFi faster than Kelp DAO can pause contracts.
An attacker drained 116,500 rsETH (restaked ether) from Kelp DAO’s LayerZero-powered bridge at 17:35 UTC on Saturday, worth roughly $292 million at current prices and representing about 18% of rsETH’s 630,000 token circulating supply tracked by CoinGecko.
LayerZero is a cross-chain messaging layer, or the infrastructure that lets different blockchains send verified instructions to each other. Kelp DAO is a liquid restaking protocol, which takes user-deposited ETH, routes it through EigenLayer to earn additional yield on top of standard Ethereum staking rewards, and issues rsETH as a tradeable receipt.
The bridge that was drained held the rsETH reserve backing wrapped versions of the token deployed on more than 20 other blockchains.
The attacker tricked LayerZero’s cross-chain messaging layer into believing a valid instruction had arrived from another network, which triggered Kelp’s bridge to release 116,500 rsETH to an attacker-controlled address.
Kelp’s emergency pauser multisig froze the protocol’s core contracts 46 minutes after the successful drain, at 18:21 UTC. Two follow-up attempts at 18:26 UTC and 18:28 UTC both reverted, each carrying the same LayerZero packet attempting another 40,000 rsETH drain worth roughly $100 million.
rsETH is deployed across more than 20 networks including Base, Arbitrum, Linea, Blast, Mantle and Scroll, with LayerZero’s OFT standard handling the cross-chain movement.
The rsETH held in the bridge was the reserve backing wrapped versions on every layer 2 blockchain, or networks that run atop Ethereum.
With that reserve drained, holders on non-Ethereum deployments now face the question of whether their tokens have anything underneath them, which creates a feedback loop where panic redemptions on L2s pressure the unaffected Ethereum supply, potentially forcing Kelp to unwind restaking positions to honor withdrawals.
The contagion list is long and still growing.
Aave froze rsETH markets on V3 and V4 within hours, with founder Stani Kulechov affirming the exploit was external and Aave’s contracts were not compromised. SparkLend and Fluid froze their rsETH markets.
AAVE fell about 10% as the market priced potential bad debt.
Kelp, a product under the KernelDAO umbrella, acknowledged the incident in its first public X post at 20:10 UTC, nearly three hours after the drain. The protocol said it was investigating with LayerZero, Unichain, its auditors and outside security specialists. It has not disclosed how the exploit bypassed the bridge’s validation logic.
Whether rsETH holds peg through the weekend depends on how much of the cross-chain float tries to redeem into ETH on Ethereum and whether Kelp can recover any portion of the stolen funds before the Tornado Cash trail goes cold.
The hack lands in an unusually hostile stretch for DeFi. Solana-based perpetuals protocol Drift was drained of about $285 million on April 1 in an attack later linked to North Korea-affiliated actors, and at least a dozen smaller protocols have been exploited in the weeks since, including CoW Swap, Zerion, Rhea Finance and Silo Finance.
Kelp’s $292 million loss is now the largest DeFi exploit of 2026, overtaking Drift by a few million dollars.
Crypto World
Bitcoin Mining Difficulty Falls Slightly in Latest Adjustment
The Bitcoin (BTC) mining difficulty, the relative challenge of adding new blocks to the BTC blockchain, fell on Saturday, amid public mining companies selling record amounts of BTC to cover operating expenses.
The Bitcoin mining difficulty fell to about 135.5 T, a modest decrease of about 1.1% over the last 24 hours, according to data from CoinWarz. Mining difficulty is also projected to increase in the next adjustment period. CoinWarz said:
“The next Bitcoin difficulty adjustment is estimated to take place on May 01, 2026, 01:24:54 PM UTC, increasing the Bitcoin mining difficulty from 135.59 T to 137.43 T, which will take place in 1,865 blocks, about 12 days, 18 hours, and 41 minutes from now.”

Bitcoin miners have faced mounting challenges over the past year, as reduced block rewards, rising energy prices, a crypto bear market and geopolitical shocks create economic headwinds for miners.
Related: Solo Bitcoin miner bags $210K Bitcoin block reward
Public mining companies sell record amounts of BTC
Publicly traded Bitcoin mining companies sold more BTC in Q1 2026 than all four quarters of 2025 combined, according to TheEnergyMag.
Mining companies MARA, CleanSpark, Riot, Cango, Core Scientific and Bitdeer, sold more than 32,000 BTC in total during Q1 2026, TheEnergyMag said.
The combined sales surpassed the 20,000 BTC sold in Q2 2022, the same quarter as the collapse of the Terra-Luna ecosystem, which plunged crypto into an extended bear market.
Miners periodically sell their BTC to cover operating expenses, which are denominated in fiat currency.
However, as the cost of mining a single BTC increases past spot market prices, many BTC mining companies are now treading water.

Up to 20% of Bitcoin miners are unprofitable under current economic conditions, according to asset manager CoinShares’ Q1 2026 mining report.
“Q4 2025 marked the most challenging quarter for Bitcoin miners since the April 2024 halving,” the CoinShares report said.
The authors cited the “sharp” BTC correction in October 2025, which slashed BTC’s price from a high of about $125,000 to about $86,000 by December 2025, and the rising computational difficulty of adding blocks as headwinds for the mining industry.
Magazine: 7 reasons why Bitcoin mining is a terrible business idea
Crypto World
SOL Open Interest Jumps 20% As Traders Eye Rally To $100
Key takeaways:
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Solana maintains its market dominance in DEX volume and TVL despite SOL’s underperformance versus its peers.
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Easing sell pressure from volatile geopolitics and a resurgence in memecoin activity could catalyze a SOL price rally to $100.
Solana’s native token SOL (SOL) gained 10% within five days, reaching a three-week high on Friday. This price movement followed a generalized excitement after the US and Iran announced a ceasefire extension, which led to an 8% decline in crude Brent oil prices. Demand for SOL futures surged as open interest jumped by 20% since Sunday, causing traders to question if the SOL price is bound for $100.

SOL futures aggregate open interest rose to $4.2 billion on Friday, up from $3.5 billion on Sunday. While an increased appetite for leveraged positions indicates institutional investor participation, longs (buyers) and shorts (sellers) remain matched at all times. However, any eventual imbalance in the demand for leveraged positions should be visible within the perpetual futures markets.
Under neutral conditions, the annualized funding rate should range between 5% and 10% to compensate for the cost of capital.

Data showing a 3% rate signals low confidence from bulls, although this remains distant from the extreme fear levels seen on April 7 when SOL prices plunged below $80. A negative funding rate indicates that shorts are paying to keep positions open, which is fairly unusual in cryptocurrency markets.

Despite the recent gains, SOL has underperformed the broader cryptocurrency market by 13% in 2026. A reduced appetite for decentralized applications (DApps) likely played a part, but the Solana network remains a strong contender due to its vice-leadership position in Total Value Locked and dominance in decentralized exchange (DEX) volumes.

Solana network DApp revenues have trended down over the past few months, currently totaling nearly $16 million per week. However, this trajectory is not exclusive to Solana; DApps on the Ethereum network accrued $10 million in revenue over the past week, while BNB Chain stood at $4 million. Fading interest in DEX activity remains the primary driver behind this declining revenue across the industry.
Memecoin rally, shorts covering could send SOL to $100
Multiple memecoins jumped 40% or higher between Wednesday and Friday, which likely contributed to the heightened demand for SOL futures.

During the previous memecoin rally in early 2025, Solana emerged as a leader in terms of users and activity, especially following the launch of the Official Trump (TRUMP) memecoin. Consequently, any sign of increased demand for memecoins is typically viewed as a positive indicator for SOL price.
Related: Bitcoin rises, oil falls after Iran says Strait of Hormuz is open
Solana has proved itself a serious contender for the next wave of DApp users, whether centered on AI agents or speculative trading. The robustness of its validators and the integrated user experience provided by Web3 wallets make a compelling case for a sustained SOL price rally.
Ultimately, weak demand for bullish leverage on futures places little constraint on SOL regaining momentum. Reduced pressure from the war in Iran may serve as the catalyst for SOL shorts to cover their positions, providing the necessary spark for a potential upside toward $100.
This article is produced in accordance with Cointelegraph’s Editorial Policy and is intended for informational purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice or recommendations. All investments and trades carry risk; readers are encouraged to conduct independent research before making any decisions. Cointelegraph makes no guarantees regarding the accuracy or completeness of the information presented, including forward-looking statements, and will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from reliance on this content.
Crypto World
Alcoa to cash in on crypto’s thirst for energy
The largest aluminum producer in the U.S., Alcoa, is close to selling its idle Massena East smelter in upstate New York to bitcoin firm New York Digital Investment Group (NYDIG), as it offloads dormant assets and taps demand for energy-ready industrial sites.
The company’s chief executive officer, Bill Oplinger, said the company is in advanced talks and expects the deal to close “in the middle part of this year,” Bloomberg reports.
The site, located along the St. Lawrence River, has sat idle since 2014 when Alcoa shut it down due to high operating costs and global competition.
The appeal lies in the site’s power, not the metal itself. Aluminum smelters are built to run around the clock, drawing large amounts of electricity through dedicated substations and transmission lines. When they close, that infrastructure remains.
For bitcoin miners and data center developers, this can cut years off the time required to secure grid access.
Massena East also has access to hydropower from the New York Power Authority, a draw for firms seeking low-cost and carbon-free energy.
The deal reflects a broader shift. Earlier this year, Century Aluminum sold a Kentucky smelter to TeraWulf (WULF), which plans to build a digital infrastructure campus supporting high-performance computing and AI.
Crypto World
Why Michael Saylor’s Strategy decided to make STRC’s dividend bi-monthly
Leading bitcoin treasury company Strategy (MSTR) has proposed shifting the dividend payment schedule on its perpetual preferred equity, Stretch (STRC), from monthly to semi-monthly.
The amendment, outlined in Strategy’s investor presentation, would keep the 11.5% annualized dividend rate and total annual obligations unchanged (currently $1.2 billion). Holders would receive payouts roughly every two weeks instead of once a month, with the first semi-monthly payment expected on July 15, following the June 8 shareholder vote.
According to Strategy’s presentation, STRC currently sees an average $0.45 price drawdown after the ex-dividend date (the deadline to own a stock to receive a dividend), with recovery to its $100 par value taking around two weeks. Typically, on the ex-dividend date, the stock price drops by approximately the amount of the dividend payment.
When STRC trades below its $100 par value, Strategy cannot issue shares through its at-the-market (ATM) program to raise funds for bitcoin purchases. By smoothing the price action, the company aims to keep STRC closer to par, enabling more consistent capital raising.

Semi-monthly payments are expected to reduce this volatility and time lag.
Steadier bitcoin buying
More frequent payouts would also reduce reinvestment lag and spread out the buying pressure more evenly across the month, allowing Strategy to purchase bitcoin at a steadier pace and keep purchases consistent.
According to the presentation, the shift aligns with the typical twice-monthly U.S. payroll cycle and creates more entry and exit opportunities for shareholders, all aimed at lowering volatility.
STRC’s historical volatility averaged 13% from August 2025 to March 2026, but dropped to just 2% between March and April 2026, according to Strategy’s data.

If approved, STRC would become the only semi-monthly dividend-paying preferred in the market, compared with 921 that pay quarterly and 32 that pay monthly, the company said. Nasdaq rules require at least 10 calendar days between dividend declaration and the record date.
STRC recently fell below $99 following the April 15 ex-dividend date, a drop of more than $1, which is the volatility the company is aiming to reduce.

Disclosure: The author of this story owns shares in Strategy (MSTR).
Read more: The one metric investors are overlooking in Michael Saylor’s Strategy
Crypto World
Coinbase Says MicroStrategy’s Bitcoin Buying Tightens Supply More Than Market Expects
Coinbase Institutional published an analysis on April 17, arguing that MicroStrategy’s persistent Bitcoin (BTC) buying reduces liquid float far more than the market appreciates.
Michael Saylor amplified the sentiment the following day, posting “Impossible to blockade Bitcoin” on X (Twitter).
Digital Asset Treasuries Squeeze BTC Float
The Coinbase analysis highlights that digital asset treasuries’ share of the BTC supply has quadrupled to above 4% over the past two years.
MicroStrategy alone now holds 780,897 BTC, making it the largest corporate Bitcoin holder globally.
That supply-tightening effect grows stronger as long-term holder accumulation rises and coins continue leaving exchanges. Strategy’s buying likely matters most when it facilitates a breakout at a key technical level.
Breakout traders, systematic funds, and momentum-driven bots can then reinforce the move.
However, Coinbase noted the price impact may be limited. Anticipated buying, ETF flows, miner supply, and derivatives hedging can all dilute MicroStrategy’s influence on any given trading session.
Saylor Reinforces Bitcoin’s Uncensorable Design
Saylor’s post aligns with his long-standing argument that Bitcoin’s decentralized architecture makes suppression futile.
The timing reinforced the narrative that corporate treasuries are accelerating Bitcoin’s entrenchment beyond the reach of any single government.
Strategy has signaled it will continue buying BTC every quarter indefinitely. The company reported a 5.6% BTC yield year-to-date for 2026.
Whether corporate treasury buying matters more through supply constriction or breakout facilitation may depend on where Bitcoin sits in its current market cycle.
The post Coinbase Says MicroStrategy’s Bitcoin Buying Tightens Supply More Than Market Expects appeared first on BeInCrypto.
Crypto World
KelpDAO Loses $280 Million in DeFi Wallet Drain Across Ethereum, Arbitrum
KelpDAO has reportedly lost more than $280 million after attackers drained positions across multiple Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols on Ethereum and Arbitrum.
On-chain investigator ZachXBT flagged the incident on April 18, identifying six attacker-controlled wallets actively moving the stolen funds.
How the KelpDAO Attack Happened
Blockchain data shows the attacker wallets received initial funding through Tornado Cash, the privacy mixer, hours before the theft began.
The wallets then interacted with DeFi protocols, executing token approvals and swaps through KyberSwap and KelpDAO before converting all positions into ether (ETH).
“KelpDAO appears to have had $280M+ stolen one hour ago on Ethereum and Arbitrum. The attack addresses were funded via Tornado Cash,” ZachXBT wrote on Telegram.
Within roughly one hour, the attackers consolidated approximately 75,700 ETH, worth around $178 million at current prices, into a single wallet.
The remaining stolen value includes additional tokens and positions on Arbitrum. As of publication, no outflows from the consolidation wallet had been detected.
The pattern suggests a private-key compromise rather than a smart-contract exploit in any specific protocol.
The victim appears to have held significant DeFi exposure across both chains, and the attacker systematically withdrew and swapped those positions into raw ETH.
A Growing Pattern of Whale-Targeted Attacks
The incident follows a sharp rise in phishing and social engineering attacks targeting high-value holders.
In January 2026 alone, a single phishing victim lost $284 million, accounting for over 70% of the month’s total crypto theft losses.
If confirmed at $280 million, this would rank among the largest individual wallet compromises on record.
Security analysts are expected to publish deeper on-chain analysis in the coming hours.
Elsewhere, reports also indicate that the Instagram account of Solana meme coin launchpad Pump.fun has been compromised.
“Any posts made from the official pump fun Instagram account should not be trusted. Ignore any and all posts made by the account until we have secured the account,” the team wrote.
Nevertheless, Pump.fun platforms remain operational and user funds are safe.
The post KelpDAO Loses $280 Million in DeFi Wallet Drain Across Ethereum, Arbitrum appeared first on BeInCrypto.
Crypto World
Here is how crypto firms are adapting as AI is increasingly eating into venture capital fundings
Forty cents of every venture capital dollar invested in crypto companies in 2025 went to firms building products that combine artificial intelligence and crypto, more than double the 18 cents a year earlier.
“AI is increasingly entering crypto not as a parallel narrative, but as part of crypto’s own product and infrastructure stack,” Binance Research said, citing data from Silicon Valley Bank, noting that this shows “how quickly AI is becoming embedded within crypto roadmaps.”
That pressure is visible in crypto’s shift from AI “co-pilots” to “agents.” Co-pilots help users analyze information, while agents can monitor conditions and execute actions. In trading environments, where timing affects outcomes, reducing the gap between insight and execution can change behavior.
The trend is part of a wider surge in AI spending. Crunchbase data shows AI companies raised about $242 billion in the first quarter of 2026, or roughly 80% of global venture funding. Gartner estimates total AI spending will reach $2.52 trillion this year.

Crypto leading the AI push
This trend, however, isn’t surprising.
As capital concentrates in one area, it often pulls adjacent sectors along with it, pushing firms to adapt their strategies and shorten product cycles, Binance Research wrote.
While almost all sectors are trying to incorporate AI into their business models, the report says that crypto platforms have moved faster than traditional finance in deploying such systems. This is due to support from always-on markets in the digital assets sector and programmable infrastructure, whereas TradFi faces market-hour constraints and intermediary systems that agents must pass through.
For example, the research noted that on Binance’s AI Pro beta, nearly half of the activity on a recent day, 45.7%, was triggered by the system rather than users.
These interactions came from scheduled tasks and monitoring systems, pointing to growing use of AI tools that run in the background without prompts.
Adoption of AI solutions is uneven across the 17 exchanges and brokers Binance Research surveyed. Risk management, market signals, and fraud detection are standard, while user-facing tools such as copy trading, chatbots, and portfolio advisors are present in only 47% to 71% of them.
Several major platforms have shipped agentic products this year, moving AI closer to monitoring and execution within set guardrails. That compresses the value chain between identifying an opportunity and acting on it, Binance Research added.
That means the competitive landscape will shift from who’s integrating AI features to who’s owning users’ decision-making loops, the report noted.
Crypto World
Iran Sees Bitcoin as Strategic Asset; USDt Dominates Oil Tolls, BPI
Iran’s government has named Bitcoin (BTC) as one of the payment options for tolls on oil shipments passing through the Strait of Hormuz, a move highlighted by observers as a clear signal of Bitcoin’s role as a neutral and strategic asset in a sanctions-driven economy. Sam Lyman, head of research at the Bitcoin Policy Institute (BPI), described the development as a notable instance where Bitcoin’s censorship-resistant properties are front and center in state-level financial decisions.
According to Lyman, the Iranian authorities chose BTC for its resilience to external interference—“No one can freeze Bitcoin. No one can shut down the Bitcoin network.” Yet he cautions that, at present, there is no on-chain evidence of BTC toll payments being executed, and Iran’s payments ecosystem remains diversified across multiple instruments, including Chinese yuan and US dollar-pegged stablecoins.
Iran’s payment mix for tolls now includes yuan, USD-pegged stablecoins, and BTC, a combination that reflects a broader push to sidestep traditional financial channels amid international sanctions. However, Lyman notes that the bulk of Iran’s crypto activity to date has been denominated in USD-backed stablecoins, underscoring how dollar-mapped liquidity remains a core part of the regime’s on-chain strategy.
In framing this development, Lyman emphasizes a broader point about how policymakers should view Bitcoin. The move illustrates why some lawmakers advocate considering Bitcoin as a strategic asset, rather than pursuing a blanket hostility toward digital assets or a dismissive stance on their utility in national finance. As the discussion around crypto and national security evolves, this incident provides a real-world data point on how a state actor contemplates the potential of censorship-resistant settlement rails.
Key takeaways
- Iran publicly designates Bitcoin as a payment option for oil tolls crossing the Strait of Hormuz, signaling a strategic use of BTC beyond speculative trading.
- Bitcoin’s censorship-resistant properties are cited as the primary rationale for its use in sovereign-level payments, according to Sam Lyman of the Bitcoin Policy Institute.
- As of now, there is no on-chain evidence confirming BTC toll payments; Iran’s crypto activity remains dominated by USD-backed stablecoins, notably USDt.
- Iran has shifted roughly $3 billion in cryptocurrencies since 2022, with the majority in stablecoins; U.S. authorities report a smaller portion of frozen assets relative to total movement, suggesting ongoing liquidity despite sanctions.
- The episode feeds into a broader policy debate about whether Bitcoin should be treated as a strategic asset by Western lawmakers and regulators, rather than being treated solely as a fringe or risk-prone technology.
Bitcoin as a strategic asset in Iran’s trade payments
Iran’s government has long pursued a formal digital asset strategy, a stance that has evolved since at least 2018. In the Hormuz toll context, Bitcoin has been positioned as a possible backbone for cross-border settlement where conventional financial channels are constrained by sanctions and geopolitical pressures. Lyman pointed out that the government’s willingness to accept BTC alongside yuan and USD-pegged stablecoins reflects a deliberate hedging of liquidity channels in a restrictive environment.
In the eye of observers, the assertion that BTC serves as a strategic asset hinges on two factors: censorship resistance and reliability under pressure. Bitcoin’s network-persistence means it cannot be unilaterally shut down by a single authority, a feature that can be appealing when traditional rails are subject to sanctions or asset freezes. Lyman underscored this logic in his discussion with Cointelegraph, framing BTC as part of a broader toolkit rather than a quick fix for all payment frictions.
Still, the practical reality remains nuanced. The Iranian government has not publicly disclosed confirmed on-chain BTC toll payments for Hormuz tolls to date. Lyman notes that while BTC is listed among accepted instruments, on-chain activity in this specific payment channel has not been evidenced publicly. This gap between the stated policy and observable transaction data highlights a common challenge in assessing the real-world use of crypto in state finance: official statements can outpace, or partially obscure, on-chain signals.
As part of the same ecosystem, the government’s stance toward stablecoins continues to be influential. USDt, a dollar-pegged stablecoin issued by Tether, has long been a dominant instrument in Iran’s on-chain activity. Lyman pointed out that the majority of crypto interactions in Iran are denominated in USDT, underscoring how dollar-denominated liquidity remains a central pillar of the regime’s digital asset operations.
“This is one of the most significant situations where Bitcoin is very clearly a strategic asset. The reason why Iran wants to use Bitcoin for these transactions is that no one can freeze Bitcoin. No one can shut down the Bitcoin network.”
The comment, attributed to Lyman, captures the core tension: Bitcoin’s perceived resilience against external controls sits alongside the practical reality that stablecoins and other instruments still dominate domestic crypto flows. BPI’s analysis, including its coverage of the Hormuz episode, also notes that a substantial portion of Iran’s on-chain activity has historically moved through USDt rather than BTC, reflecting both liquidity preferences and the regulatory environments surrounding stablecoins.
In a broader sense, the Hormuz toll framework can be read as part of a longer arc in which Iran has experimented with digital assets to bypass restrictions and diversify its financial channels. The government’s approach aligns with a multi-asset strategy rather than a single-asset solution, suggesting that BTC’s strategic prominence may emerge more from its stability of long-term censorship resistance than from its immediate transactional footprint.
Stablecoins and on-chain realities
The USDt dynamic is central to Iran’s crypto activity narrative. Lyman notes that the regime has used stablecoins extensively in its digital asset operations since the early days of the country’s crypto exploration. This preference persists despite publicized episodes in which stablecoin issuers and custodians faced enforcement actions or wallet freezes elsewhere in the ecosystem. Lyman frames this as a calculated risk, describing it as “rolling the dice” in the sense that stablecoins provide a familiar dollar proxy while carrying counterparty risk from issuers and custodians.
On the macro scale, Lyman estimates that Iran has managed to move roughly $3 billion in cryptocurrencies since 2022, with the majority denominated in stablecoins. Meanwhile, U.S. authorities have reported that only a fraction of those assets has been frozen—about $600 million—leaving a substantial portion still accessible for movement. The discrepancy between total crypto activity and frozen assets underscores how the regime has relied on the speed and flexibility of on-chain funds, particularly stablecoins, to navigate sanctions and maintain some degree of financial continuity.
These dynamics matter for policymakers and market participants alike. The use of stablecoins in sanctioned environments raises questions about enforcement reach, liquidity, and the substitution effects between different digital assets. It also highlights the ongoing importance of stablecoins in offshore and state-affiliated crypto activity, even as Bitcoin is increasingly framed as a strategic tool in high-stakes financial calculations.
For readers tracking market implications, the Hormuz development adds another layer to the evolving relationship between geopolitics and crypto liquidity. While Bitcoin’s censorship-resistant property is appealing in theory, the actual balance of assets and the on-chain evidence of toll payments remain under close watch. The Iranian case also illustrates how state actors may leverage a portfolio of instruments—BTC, yuan, and stablecoins—to preserve monetary sovereignty in a constrained environment.
More broadly, the Hormuz case invites a closer look at how Western policymakers might treat Bitcoin in national-security terms. If Bitcoin is recognized as a strategic asset, it could influence future regulatory debates and sanctions policy, potentially encouraging or discouraging certain kinds of on-chain transactions depending on their perceived strategic value and accessibility to sanctioned networks.
What to watch next
The next phase will likely hinge on whether any verifiable on-chain BTC toll transactions materialize and how policymakers and regulators adjust their framing of Bitcoin within national-security and sanctions regimes. Observers will also monitor whether Iran expands or shifts its mix of currencies for tolls and cross-border trade, and how stablecoin governance and custodial practices evolve in constrained markets. The Hormuz episode remains a critical, real-world flashpoint for understanding Bitcoin’s evolving role in geopolitical finance.
For researchers and investors, the key takeaway is that Bitcoin’s strategic value is being evaluated in state contexts, even as practical adoption and verification lag behind rhetoric. The balance between censorship resistance and regulatory risk will continue to shape how institutions, custodians, and markets perceive Bitcoin’s place in sanctioned economies.
Source note: These observations and figures are based on recent remarks from Sam Lyman, head of research at the Bitcoin Policy Institute. The Institute’s related analysis on the state of play around Bitcoin, the Strait of Hormuz, and the situation in Iran is available here: Bitcoin Policy Institute — State of Play.
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