Welcome to our institutional newsletter, Crypto Long & Short. This week:

• Sylvia To on AI agents choosing denationalized money
• Top headlines institutions should pay attention to by Francisco Rodrigues
• Kamino hits $90M in OnRe liquidity while $KMNO drops 16% in Chart of the Week

Thanks for joining us!

-Alexandra Levis

Expert Insights

Hayek predicted it, Satoshi built it, agents will use it: the stealth denationalization of money

– By Sylvia To, vice president, Bullish Capital Management

While F.A Hayek, Satoshi and AI may seem like three unrelated topics, the next few minutes will reveal exactly how critical this triad is to our financial sovereignty and it will fundamentally change your view on money as we know it.

Crypto’s cypherpunk ethos

Amid flashy distractions of memecoins, speculation and NFTs, Satoshi would want us to remember the true ethos of crypto, that is: privacy, decentralization and censorship resistance. These ideologies did not come from central banks or policy makers. They came from the cypherpunk’s definition that freedom is best defended not by persuasion but by architecture.

As Vitalik Buterin recently articulated in his March 2026 thread on X, this means building “sanctuary technologies” that create “shared digital space with no owner,” enabling “interdependence that cannot be weaponized” and advancing “de-totalization” to prevent total control by any power.

Money should be a product, not a decree

In 1976, Hayek argued that money should not be “legal tender” forced on people by the state. It should be discovered, adopted and discarded through market choice like any other product. His book Denationalisation of Money outlined these characteristics of “good money”:

• Non-state issuance: not decreed, not voted, not bail-out-able.

• Rule-based monetary policy: predictable supply schedule, not discretionary.

• Global choice: adoption is voluntary; anyone can opt in or out.

• Resistance to capture: no central issuer to pressure, no board to replace.

• Settlement without permission: value transfer doesn’t require institutional approval.

Sound familiar? Yes, Bitcoin.

Bitcoin sits in a special category inside that experiment. Not because it’s perfect today, but because it is plausibly the first monetary network to meet Hayek’s central requirement. That is money introduced by some pathway that cannot easily be stopped. As Bitcoin undergoes price discovery, its volatility is the cost of birth and the market deciding what an ungoverned, credibly scarce asset is worth in a world trained for fiat. But even in that turbulent phase, Bitcoin checks a surprising number of Hayek’s boxes.

The trojan horse: stablecoins and the trap inside it

If we’re honest, stablecoins are currently one of crypto’s most successful use cases. They are fast, programmable and easy to price. They move across borders with far less friction than bank wires.

But here’s the uncomfortable truth: stablecoins don’t denationalize money. They digitize the existing national money and extend its reach. Most stablecoins do not compete with the dollar. They import the dollar.

The dollar is a tool of state policy. Pegging to it ties you to its inflation, its surveillance, its sanction regime, its banking chokepoints and its regulatory priorities. Stablecoins may feel like freedom because they move on open networks, but their reference asset is still the same old sovereign instrument.

So while stablecoins can be useful, they also risk becoming the perfect bridge into tighter control. In that sense, stablecoins are not neutral. They are a competitor to decentralized currencies. If bitcoin is denationalization, stablecoins are nationalization with better UI.

The real end user

Here’s where the story gets more interesting and more Hayekian.

Humans are emotional, irrational, politically driven and short-term oriented. Our monetary systems reflect that. We routinely trade long-term stability for short-term relief, then act surprised when crises compound.

But what happens when most of the participants in the economy aren’t humans?

With the meteoric rise of agentic software, and apps increasingly being designed for agents using frameworks like Model Context Protocol (MCP), there is a credible near-term future where autonomous agents purchase services, data, compute, API calls, storage, inference and specialized tools through continuous micropayments.

Agents will care less about branding and narratives and more about properties like:

• machine-readable transaction metadata

• instant, programmable finality

• composability with other systems

• low transaction overhead

• censorship resistance (because uptime is a feature)

• predictable monetary rules (because models optimize against them)

In other words: agents will gravitate toward money that behaves like good infrastructure. A stablecoin is stable because an issuer maintains a peg. An agent might ask: What is the failure mode of the issuer? What is the policy risk? What is the censorship risk? What is the settlement risk under stress? Bitcoin’s value may fluctuate, but its rule set is unusually legible. Its issuance is not negotiated. Its core properties do not depend on a board decision, a regulator’s discretion or the solvency of a nation.

Maybe humans won’t choose the best money because we’re too entangled in politics, habit and fear.

Maybe Hayek’s “new money” was never meant for humans — at least not first.

Maybe the pathway that governments “can’t stop” isn’t a mass political movement.

Maybe it’s AI agents who operate at machine speed, indifferent to national identity, optimizing for reliability, who can be the deciders of the new monetary rails.

When that tipping point arrives, denationalization of money won’t feel like a philosophical triumph. It will be an inevitable engineering outcome, propelled not by ideology, but by raw machine necessity.

When that tipping point arrives, denationalization of money won’t feel like a philosophical triumph. It will be an inevitable engineering outcome, propelled not by ideology, but by raw machine necessity.

Headlines of the Week

– By Francisco Rodrigues

Traditional finance giants, including the owner of the NYSE, ICE, and Morgan Stanley, have kept on making strategic moves in the crypto space, while regulatory milestones like Kraken securing Fed access signal the industry’s path toward mainstream integration.

• NYSE owner invests in crypto exchange OKX at $25 billion valuation: Intercontinental Exchange, the parent company of the New York Stock Exchange, acquired a minority stake in crypto exchange OKX, valuing the firm at $25 billion. ICE will license OKX’s spot crypto prices to launch crypto futures, while OKX will offer ICE futures and tokenized equities to its customers.
• Morgan Stanley names Coinbase and BNY as custodians in proposed bitcoin ETF filing: The Wall Street giant updated its S-1 filing for a proposed spot bitcoin ETF, designating BNY as administrator and cash custodian and Coinbase Custody as the crypto custodian.
• Kraken becomes first crypto company to secure Fed master account access: The approval lets Kraken speed up deposits and withdrawals for large traders and institutional clients, but is limited, with Kraken not earning interest on reserves or accessing the Fed’s emergency lending.
• Kazakhstan central bank to invest $350 million worth of gold, forex reserves into digital assets: The strategy will focus on shares of high-tech and cryptocurrency infrastructure companies, as well as crypto-linked index funds.
• Billions in crypto are moving in Iran. Analysts can’t agree if it’s war-time panic or business as usual: When airstrikes hit Iran on Feb. 28, crypto outflows from Nobitex spiked 873%, suggesting a “digital bank run” was ongoing. The reality may be more complex.

Chart of the Week

Kamino hits $90M in OnRe liquidity while $KMNO drops 16%

Kamino’s OnRe market has increased 80% to nearly $90M in 30 days, cementing its position as the primary liquidity layer for OnRe’s on-chain reinsurance protocol. This growth allows users to bet on a $480B+ real-world vertical by using $ONyc- a tokenized insurance asset – as collateral.

However, this fundamental RWA scaling sharply diverges from the native $KMNO token; the KMNO/SOL pair has dropped 16% over six months, pressured by a broader market downturn and 13M monthly token unlocks (0.13% of total supply).

Listen. Read. Watch. Engage.

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Note: The views expressed in this column are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CoinDesk, Inc., CoinDesk Indices or its owners and affiliates.

The other reason behind BTC’s latest volatile session could be linked to the recently released CPI numbers for February.

US President Donald Trump continues to comment on the quickly escalating tension in the Middle East, suggesting once again that the war could be over soon.

Bitcoin’s price experienced immediate volatility after his remarks became viral on social media.

TRUMP SAYS ‘NOTHING LEFT TO TARGET’ IN IRAN WAR

Donald Trump told Axios the conflict with Iran will end “soon” because there is “practically nothing left to target.” He added, “Any time I want it to end, it will end.”

U.S. and Israeli officials, however, plan at least two more…

— *Walter Bloomberg (@DeItaone) March 11, 2026

This is Trump’s second similar claim in the past few days, after he noted on Monday that the war “is very complete, pretty much.” However, his statements are not supported by some country officials as well as its partner in this case, Israel.

Walter Bloomberg’s report indicated that the two countries plan “at least two more weeks of strikes.” Additionally, the situation lastly escalated after the US started reporting that Iran had put mines in the Strait of Hormuz.

The US military has destroyed at least 16 mine-laying boats in the region, but officials have asserted that “it’s unclear how many mines Iran has deployed.”

Bitcoin traded at $69,200 before Trump’s statement went live, but skyrocketed by almost two grand instantly. Although it was stopped at $71,100, it still trades above $70,000 as of press time.

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There’s another possible reason behind BTC’s volatility. As reported a few hours ago, the US CPI data for February was released, and it matched expectations. However, bitcoin remained relatively calm in the first 90 minutes after the news went live, so Trump’s remarks on the war seem to have a more profound impact.

TLDR

• Wells Fargo filed a U.S. trademark application for the wordmark WFUSD on March 9.
• The USPTO lists the application as live and pending review.
• The filing covers software for digital asset trading, payments, and wallet services.
• It also includes cryptocurrency exchange services and financial data processing.
• The application references tokenization and blockchain-based trading infrastructure.

Wells Fargo & Company has filed a U.S. trademark application for the wordmark “WFUSD.” The filing covers software, trading, payments, and tokenization services tied to digital assets. The United States Patent and Trademark Office lists the application as live and pending.

Wells Fargo Moves to Secure ‘WFUSD’ Trademark

Wells Fargo & Company submitted the trademark application on March 9, according to USPTO records. The filing appeared publicly on the USPTO site early Wednesday. The agency confirmed the application met minimum filing requirements. However, it has not yet assigned an examining attorney.

The application spans three international classes that cover digital asset services. Class 009 includes downloadable software for digital asset trading, payments, and wallet functions. Class 036 covers cryptocurrency trading and exchange services and financial information processing. Class 042 includes software-as-a-service for tokenizing assets and operating blockchain trading infrastructure.

The filing also references software used to process stablecoin transactions. The name “WFUSD” resembles ticker symbols for U.S. dollar-pegged stablecoins. However, Wells Fargo has not issued any public statement about the application.

Filing Aligns with Wells Fargo’s Prior Crypto Activity

Wells Fargo has backed digital asset infrastructure firms in recent years. In February 2020, Wells Fargo Strategic Capital invested $5 million in Elliptic. The blockchain analytics firm counts SBI Holdings and Santander InnoVentures among its investors.

In May 2022, the bank joined a $105 million Series B round for Talos. Citigroup, BNY, and DRW also participated in that funding round. The investment valued Talos at $1.25 billion.

The trademark filing follows commentary from the Wells Fargo Investment Institute. In March 2025, the institute stated that digital assets have “evolved into a viable investment asset.” The report classified digital assets as “part of real assets within an asset-allocation framework.”

The institute also described digital assets as “potential portfolio diversifiers.” The report cited low five- and ten-year correlations with traditional asset classes. It framed digital assets within a broader allocation strategy.

Wells Fargo reported net income of $5.36 billion for the fourth quarter of 2025. The bank posted $1.62 per diluted share during that period. In the same quarter a year earlier, it reported $5.08 billion, or $1.43 per share.

Wells Fargo manages approximately $2.1 trillion in assets. The USPTO currently lists the “WFUSD” application as live and pending. The agency has not yet assigned the filing to an examining attorney.