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Can Code Replace Institutions? – Smart Liquidity Research

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Can Code Replace Institutions? - Smart Liquidity Research

For centuries, institutions have played a central role in organizing society. Governments enforce laws, banks facilitate financial transactions, courts resolve disputes, and corporations coordinate economic activity. These institutions exist because trust is difficult to establish between strangers. They provide rules, oversight, and accountability that enable large-scale cooperation.

Today, advances in software, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and smart contracts have sparked a provocative question: Can code replace institutions?

While code is increasingly taking over functions traditionally performed by institutions, the answer is more nuanced than a simple yes or no. Rather than completely replacing institutions, code is reshaping how they operate and challenging the need for certain intermediaries.

Why Institutions Exist

Institutions emerged to solve coordination problems.

When individuals interact, there are several challenges:

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  • How can agreements be enforced?
  • How can trust be established?
  • Who resolves disputes?
  • How are resources allocated fairly?
  • How can large groups cooperate efficiently?

Historically, institutions answered these questions through legal frameworks, regulations, bureaucracies, and centralized authority.

Banks verify transactions. Governments enforce contracts. Courts interpret laws. Corporations coordinate workers and capital.

Without these structures, large-scale economic and social systems would struggle to function.

The Rise of Code as Governance

Software has gradually automated many institutional functions.

Online platforms process billions of transactions daily without direct human involvement. Algorithms manage logistics networks, coordinate marketplaces, and execute financial operations.

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Blockchain technology pushed this idea even further.

Instead of relying on trusted intermediaries, blockchain networks use cryptographic rules and distributed consensus mechanisms to verify transactions and enforce agreements.

The phrase “code is law” emerged from the idea that software rules can automatically determine outcomes without requiring human judgment.

A smart contract, for example, can:

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  • Hold assets in escrow
  • Execute payments automatically
  • Enforce lending conditions
  • Distribute rewards
  • Govern digital organizations

Once deployed, these rules operate independently according to predefined logic.

Areas Where Code Is Replacing Institutions

Financial Services

Traditional banking relies heavily on intermediaries.

Code-based systems can automate:

  • Payments
  • Lending
  • Trading
  • Asset issuance
  • Settlement processes

Transactions that once required multiple institutions can now occur directly between participants through programmable systems.

This reduces costs, increases transparency, and enables global accessibility.

Corporate Coordination

Digital organizations increasingly rely on software-driven governance.

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Voting mechanisms, treasury management systems, and automated workflows allow distributed communities to coordinate without traditional corporate hierarchies.

In some cases, participants can collectively manage resources through transparent rules encoded into software.

Marketplaces

Platforms increasingly automate trust functions once performed by regulators or brokers.

Reputation systems, escrow mechanisms, and algorithmic dispute resolution reduce the need for centralized oversight.

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Code enables strangers from different parts of the world to transact with minimal friction.

Information Management

Institutions have traditionally served as gatekeepers of information.

Today, decentralized networks, open databases, and AI systems can organize, verify, and distribute information at unprecedented scale.

The cost of coordinating knowledge continues to fall as software becomes more sophisticated.

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The Limits of Code

Despite its capabilities, code has important limitations.

Code Cannot Anticipate Every Situation

The real world is complex and unpredictable.

Laws often contain flexibility because human circumstances vary.

Software, by contrast, follows predefined instructions.

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Unexpected events can expose flaws in code that are difficult to address once systems are deployed.

Human Judgment Still Matters

Many institutional decisions involve ethics, context, and interpretation.

Consider issues such as:

  • Criminal justice
  • Public policy
  • Child welfare
  • International diplomacy

These areas require values-based decision-making that cannot easily be reduced to programmable rules.

Humans often disagree about what outcomes are fair, making rigid automation problematic.

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Disputes Require Resolution

Even when agreements are encoded, disputes still arise.

Questions such as:

  • Was fraud involved?
  • Was coercion present?
  • Were participants adequately informed?

Often require investigation and interpretation.

Code can enforce rules, but it cannot always determine whether those rules should apply in a particular context.

Power Does Not Disappear

A common assumption is that automation eliminates power structures.

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In reality, power often shifts rather than disappears.

Developers, protocol designers, infrastructure operators, and platform owners may gain influence over systems that appear decentralized.

The governance of code itself becomes an institutional challenge.

The Future: Institutions Powered by Code

The most likely future is not one where institutions disappear.

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Instead, institutions will increasingly integrate software as a foundational layer.

Code excels at:

  • Automation
  • Transparency
  • Consistency
  • Scalability
  • Efficiency

Humans excel at:

  • Judgment
  • Ethics
  • Adaptability
  • Negotiation
  • Conflict resolution

The strongest systems will combine both.

Governments may use programmable infrastructure for public services. Financial systems may rely on automated settlement layers. Organizations may use algorithmic governance for routine operations while preserving human oversight for complex decisions.

Rather than replacing institutions entirely, code may transform them into more transparent, efficient, and accessible forms.

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Conclusion

The question is not whether code can replace institutions, but which institutional functions can be automated and which require human judgment.

Code is exceptionally effective at enforcing clear rules and coordinating large-scale activity. However, society depends on more than efficiency alone. Trust, legitimacy, ethics, and adaptability remain deeply human concerns.

As technology advances, the future will likely belong neither to pure institutions nor pure code, but to hybrid systems where software handles execution and humans provide governance.

In that world, institutions do not disappear—they evolve.

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DeFi Total Value Locked Slides Every Month in 2026 to $70 Billion

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DeFi Total Value Locked Slides Every Month in 2026 to $70 Billion

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) total value locked (TVL) has fallen every month of 2026. The TVL has dipped 39%, driven by a broad market correction and a run of protocol exploits.

Among the top 10, only two chains grew their TVL in 2026, bucking a downtrend that pulled down every other major network.

What Is Behind the TVL Slide

In its latest report, CryptoRank noted that DeFi TVL dropped from roughly $115 billion in January to about $70 billion. The decline mirrors a broader market reversal.

After hitting an all-time high in October, Bitcoin (BTC) has dropped by more than 50%, with other major assets also recording steep losses. 

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Meanwhile, most leading chains lost ground as capital exited. Ethereum (ETH), which leads the top-10 chains, saw a 43% drop, leaving its DeFi base at $38.91 billion. Arbitrum sank 55%, and Plasma collapsed nearly 75%.

Only two large networks held firm. TRON grew TVL by about 5%, supported by its role in Tether (USDT) settlement and stablecoin lending. Hyperliquid rose roughly 7% on perpetuals trading and its expanding HyperEVM ecosystem.

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Crypto Hacks Add Pressure as Q2 Sets a Record

The report added that exploit frequency also affected user confidence. The second quarter produced 85 incidents and about $775 million in losses. 

That makes it the most active quarter in the dataset for exploits. Overall, in 2026, the space experienced 121 hacks resulting in $942 million in losses.

“High-profile incidents involving major protocols reinforced concerns around security and may have accelerated capital outflows from DeFi,” CryptoRank stated.

Two April attacks drove most of the damage. The Drift Protocol breach cost $295 million, and the KelpDAO exploit followed at $293 million. Together, they accounted for more than half of all 2026 losses.

The KelpDAO incident hit lending hardest. Aave’s TVL fell from $26.4 billion to $14.3 billion over a few days, a 46% drop in deposits.

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Nonetheless, the report highlighted that the current downturn still looks milder than the previous cycle. DeFi TVL collapsed by more than 70% in seven months, following its late-2021 peak near $177 billion.

A wider spread of capital across stablecoins, real-world assets, and derivatives may have cushioned the sector against sharper falls.

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The post DeFi Total Value Locked Slides Every Month in 2026 to $70 Billion appeared first on BeInCrypto.

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Pi Network (PI) Teases Major Updates This Week: What Could Be Next?

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The controversial cryptocurrency project has recently unveiled numerous ecosystem updates that, unfortunately for the Pioneers, have failed to trigger a decisive rebound in PI.

All eyes are now set on June 28, which could deliver some groundbreaking announcements that could finally result in a major price increase.

‘Stay Tuned’

Pi2Day (June 28) is a symbolic day for Pi Network’s community since it represents the mathematical constant 2π. For several weeks, Pioneers have debated whether the Core Team is preparing to roll out significant updates on that date, with some floating the idea of a potential Binance listing.

Recently, Pi Network added fuel to the rumors by describing Pi2Day as a milestone-driven event and highlighting that last year’s edition included Pi App Studio, Directory Staking, Node updates, and other releases.

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“Stay tuned on June 28 for what’s to come,” it teased.

Shortly after, the team reminded that Pi2Day marks the final deadline for the Vibe Coder campaign. The initiative aims to bring AI-driven applications into the project’s real distribution network through Pi App Studio. June 28 is also the last day of the Pi Launchpad testing period, which features the new test token, SLICE.

“Both initiatives help contribute to the growth, development, and use of the Pi ecosystem and its utilities,” the Core Team stated.

As usual, the announcements were met with mixed feelings by the community. Some said they are excited about Pi2Day and look forward to the potential updates, while others stressed that the migration to mainnet and KYC procedures remain hurdles that need to be addressed as a priority.

PI Price Outlook

The token remains under heavy pressure, falling alongside the reset of the crypto market. Currently, PI is worth around $0.127 (per CoinGecko), which is quite close to the all-time low witnessed at the start of June and represents a staggering 96% decline since the historic peak of $3 witnesses in February 2025.

Earlier this week, some analysts spotted the formation of a classic “head and shoulders pattern” on PI’s price chart, which could be a precursor of a further pullback.

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The rising amount of coins stored on crypto exchanges is another issue. The figure has risen to almost 560 million, signaling that many investors have moved their holdings from self-custody toward centralized platforms, thereby increasing immediate selling pressure.

PI Exchange Balance
PI Exchange Balance, Source: piscan.io

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Polish Exchange Kanga Gets MiCA License in Latvia

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Crypto Breaking News

Kanga, a Poland-founded crypto exchange, says it has secured a Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) license in Latvia—an approval it says will let it operate across the European Union through passporting.

In a Wednesday statement shared with Cointelegraph, Kanga’s operator, SIA AlphaRoute, said it received a Class 3 MiCA license from the Bank of Latvia after the regulator’s Supervisory Committee approved the authorization. The license was granted on June 18 and, according to the exchange, authorizes services including crypto custody, trading, and transfers across the EU.

Key takeaways

  • Kanga (via SIA AlphaRoute) obtained a Class 3 MiCA license from the Bank of Latvia, enabling EU passporting.
  • The authorization covers core exchange activities including custody, trading, and transfers, per the exchange’s announcement.
  • Kanga says it began Latvia pre-licensing in November 2025 to prepare for MiCA’s transitional period.
  • Poland remains without MiCA implementation legislation as the EU’s July 1 transitional deadline approaches, due in part to a recurring legislative deadlock.

Latvia licensing sets up EU-wide expansion

MiCA’s framework is designed to harmonize crypto regulation across the EU, but implementation schedules and national legislative processes have differed. Kanga’s move to obtain licensing in Latvia effectively positions it to serve EU customers under a compliant path while other jurisdictions—such as Poland—remain in flux.

According to Kanga’s statement, the relevant authorization was granted after the Bank of Latvia’s Supervisory Committee approved SIA AlphaRoute’s application. The exchange emphasized that the license permits it to provide crypto services across EU member states once passporting mechanisms are used.

Kanga also described how it planned for the regulatory shift. Its chief executive, Dominik Tomczyk, said the company began the pre-licensing process in Latvia in November 2025 after reviewing multiple jurisdictions. He framed the decision around using MiCA’s transitional period to ready internal systems and the organization for the new rules.

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“From the very beginning, we knew that we had to use the transitional period provided for under the MiCA regulation to prepare the organisation to operate within the new regulatory framework,” Tomczyk said.

The exchange added that it will share additional information about operational changes and service terms through its official communication channels, pointing to a likely period of adjustment for customers as it aligns offerings with MiCA requirements.

Why passporting matters as MiCA deadlines loom

For operators, MiCA passporting is often the difference between being able to scale across borders quickly and being forced to run separate regulatory processes in each country. By securing a Class 3 license in Latvia, Kanga is effectively aligning itself with an EU-wide compliance route rather than waiting for national legislation elsewhere to catch up.

The timing is notable. The EU’s transitional deadline is set for July 1, and the broader compliance landscape remains uneven across member states. Kanga’s license—granted June 18—arrives shortly before that deadline, during a window when exchanges and custody providers may be reassessing market access and legal certainty.

That context is especially relevant for Poland-based firms. If a home market delays implementation, companies may seek licensing in other EU jurisdictions to avoid service uncertainty and to continue serving EU customers under a stable regulatory framework.

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Poland’s legislative deadlock continues

While Kanga points to regulatory progress in Latvia, its home country still faces obstacles to MiCA implementation. According to earlier coverage from Cointelegraph, Poland has remained without MiCA implementation legislation ahead of the EU’s July 1 transitional deadline, with lawmakers attempting to break a deadlock after the Polish president vetoed a government-backed crypto bill three separate times.

Cointelegraph reports that President Nawrocki vetoed the bill for a third time on June 11, arguing that successive versions failed to address his objections—especially provisions he considered overly burdensome for crypto companies. Following the veto, members of the Poland 2050 party, part of Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s governing coalition, reportedly submitted a new proposal incorporating changes requested by the president.

As described by the bill’s sponsors, the latest proposal would reduce some fees, remove certain regulatory provisions, and make the overall framework less restrictive for crypto firms. Poland 2050 has reportedly called for the legislation to be fast-tracked through parliament.

At the same time, regulatory pressure in Poland is not limited to legislative timing. The country’s crypto sector has also faced increased scrutiny following a fraud investigation into Zonda, which Cointelegraph previously reported as Estonia’s largest crypto exchange. Prosecutors reportedly estimate customer losses exceed 350 million zlotys (about $92.7 million). Developments tied to that case may affect how regulators and lawmakers approach compliance and oversight of crypto platforms.

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What to watch next for Kanga and EU MiCA adoption

Kanga’s Latvia license provides a concrete example of how crypto firms may navigate MiCA’s rollout when national implementation is delayed. Investors and customers will likely want to monitor how Kanga communicates specific operational changes, and whether Poland’s MiCA bill ultimately passes in the near term—since the pace of home-country legislation can still influence competition, costs, and compliance strategies for exchanges headquartered in Poland.

With the EU transitional deadline approaching, the next key signal will be whether other exchanges follow similar cross-border licensing paths—or whether Poland’s legislative process finally catches up, narrowing the gap between “ready under MiCA” and “still waiting for national law.”

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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Dr. Doom Calls Most Crypto Vaporware Backed by Nothing, Except One Use Case

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Dr. Doom Calls Most Crypto Vaporware Backed by Nothing, Except One Use Case

Nouriel Roubini says the overwhelming majority of crypto projects are built on nothing, and that nearly two decades of blockchain development stemming from Bitcoin has produced exactly one legitimate use case.

Speaking on the BeInCrypto Expert Council podcast alongside Atlas Capital CEO Reza Bundy and Securitize founder Carlos Domingo, the economist known as “Dr. Doom” delivered a blunt post-mortem on the ICO era and the altcoin market as a whole.

A Massive Failure Rate With Fraud Baked In

Roubini’s accounting of the ICO boom left little to salvage. Of the 20,000 Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) ever launched, he said the damage runs far deeper than market losses alone.

“There have been 20,000 ICOs, 80% of them were scam in the first place… A lot of stuff is backed by nothing. It’s totally vaporware. It’s based just on faith.”

The math compounds from there. Of the remaining non-fraudulent projects, Roubini argues 70% lost all their value. Then, among the small fraction still standing, including most of the top 10 cryptocurrencies, they have shed 50 to 60% from their all-time highs.

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Indeed, Bitcoin dropped below $60,000 briefly on June 24, more than 50% down from its all-time high of $126,080.

His verdict: nearly everything built on-chain represents a speculative bet on faith rather than a claim on any real asset or utility. The history of ICO fraud bears this out, from pump-and-dump schemes at launch to projects that vanished entirely after raising funds.

Roubini has levelled similar criticism at the crypto space for years, including a 2019 face-off with Ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin in which he called the ecosystem overcentralized and riddled with manipulation. He also testified before the US Congress, calling blockchain the least useful technology in human history.

Stablecoins: One App Left Standing

Despite writing off the vast majority of the market, Roubini identified one product that genuinely works.

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“After almost 20 years of Bitcoin, what’s the big killer app in crypto? Stablecoins.”

His endorsement comes with a caveat. Stablecoins, he argues, are simply a digital wrapper around fiat currency and therefore carry the same debasement risks. They work as a payment rail, particularly for users in high-inflation economies, but they generate no real return and offer no hedge against the monetary risks that originally made crypto appealing.

That distinction, useful for payments but limited as a store of value, underpins his argument for tokenized real-world assets as the next step.

The podcast appearance marks a notable evolution for Roubini, who previously dismissed all crypto as fraud in public forums. His position now separates speculative tokens, which he still regards as backed by nothing, from tokenized assets with verifiable, real-world collateral.

If Roubini’s numbers hold, the altcoin market’s long-run track record amounts to a near-total loss across 20,000 projects, with stablecoins as the only durable output of the entire experiment.

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Kanga Wins MiCA License in Latvia to Expand Across EU

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Kanga Wins MiCA License in Latvia to Expand Across EU

Kanga, a crypto exchange founded in Poland, said it has obtained a Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) license in Latvia, allowing it to passport its services across the European Union.

The exchange’s operator, SIA AlphaRoute, received a Class 3 MiCA license from the Bank of Latvia after its Supervisory Committee approved the authorization, according to a Wednesday statement shared with Cointelegraph.

The license was granted on June 18 and authorizes the company to provide services, including crypto custody, trading and transfers, across the EU, said the exchange.

Kanga’s approval comes as Poland remains without MiCA implementation legislation ahead of the EU’s July 1 transitional deadline, with lawmakers still trying to break a deadlock following three presidential vetoes.

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Source: Kanga

Kanga’s path to EU-wide operations

Kanga began the pre-licensing process in Latvia in November 2025 after reviewing several jurisdictions, according to SIA AlphaRoute CEO Dominik Tomczyk.

“From the very beginning, we knew that we had to use the transitional period provided for under the MiCA regulation to prepare the organisation to operate within the new regulatory framework,” Tomczyk said.

Related: Binance withdraws Greece-filed MiCA application

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The company said it will provide customers with additional details about operational changes and service terms through its official communication channels.

Poland’s MiCA deadlock

President Nawrocki vetoed a government-backed crypto bill for a third time on June 11, saying successive versions failed to address his objections, including provisions he considered overly burdensome for crypto companies.

Members of the Poland 2050 party, part of Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s governing coalition, have since reportedly submitted a new proposal incorporating several changes requested by the president.

According to the bill’s sponsors, the proposal would reduce some fees, remove certain regulatory provisions and make the framework less restrictive for crypto companies. Poland 2050 reportedly called for the legislation to be fast-tracked through parliament.

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Poland’s crypto sector also faces heightened scrutiny following a fraud investigation into Zonda, the country’s largest crypto exchange, where prosecutors estimate customer losses exceed 350 million zlotys (about $92.7 million).

Magazine: Bitcoin decouples from tech stocks, Ether eyes ‘selling wave’: Market Moves

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MemeCore Token Drops Below $1 Billion Market Cap After 76% Crash

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MemeCore (M) Token Price Performance.

MemeCore’s M token shed 76% of its value on Thursday in a sudden selloff that handed traders no clear reason. 

The crash wiped billions from the token’s valuation and pushed its market capitalization below $1 billion. 

MemeCore Token Falls From $2.66 to $0.5 in One Session

According to BeInCrypto Markets data, the meme coin tumbled from $2.659 to an intraday low of $0.50 before paring some losses. M traded near $0.6858 at press time, down 76.38% on the day.

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MemeCore (M) Token Price Performance.
MemeCore (M) Token Price Performance. Source: BeInCrypto Markets

The token’s fully diluted valuation (FDV) fell to roughly $3.69 billion. Its market cap dropped to about $903 million, from around $3.5 billion before the slide.

Thursday’s decline left the token ranked 72nd by market capitalization. The wider crypto market slipped just 1.64% over the same window. M’s loss far outpaced that move. 

ZachXBT’s Warnings Resurface

Onchain investigator ZachXBT addressed the crash in a Telegram post, pointing to his past warnings about the meme coin.

“Myself, Mlm, & Wazz previously highlighted a number of red flags on X about MemeCore with inorganic supply concentration and deceptive practices by its team to boost user numbers,” he said.

ZachXBT cited Arkham data showing no onchain transfer above $50,000 on BNB Smart Chain (BSC) in more than two weeks. Dexscreener data indicated under $100,000 in total onchain liquidity there.

“The community needs answers from Binance & Bybit about why M was listed for perps and why Kraken & Bitget listed M spot as these highly manipulated tokens continue to give our industry a bad reputation and extract from retail,” the investigator added.

In April, ZachXBT publicly questioned Kraken’s decision to list M for spot trading. He asked how the token cleared the exchange’s due diligence.

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BeInCrypto has reached out to MemeCore and the exchanges for comment.

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Binance Seeks EU MiCA Approval Beyond Greece as Regulatory Path Expands

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Crypto Breaking News

Binance says it is withdrawing its application for Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) authorization in Greece and plans to seek approval in another EU member state, days ahead of the July 1 deadline for firms to become licensed or take steps to scale back their EU operations. The decision comes as the European regulator signals that crypto service providers lacking authorization after the transitional period ends must act immediately to wind down activity within the bloc.

In a statement on Wednesday, Binance said it would announce the new member state publicly once it is ready. Binance’s head of Europe and the United Kingdom, Gillian Lynch, told Reuters that the exchange is “not leaving Europe” and would pursue authorization elsewhere if the Greek process does not progress.

Key takeaways

  • Binance has withdrawn its MiCA authorization application with Greece’s Hellenic Capital Market Commission (HCMC), aiming to seek authorization in another EU member state.
  • The move occurs just before MiCA’s July 1 transitional cutoff, when ESMA expects unauthorized crypto service providers to begin winding down EU activities.
  • Binance warned that some users may be affected and that it will communicate with impacted accounts, while stating that user funds remain protected.
  • Licensing uncertainty may influence token issuers indirectly, as authorized exchanges increasingly gatekeep MiCA white-paper notifications and listing readiness.

MiCA authorization withdrawal and the new EU strategy

Binance’s stated objective is to remain compliant with EU requirements as the MiCA framework moves into its post-transitional enforcement phase. The exchange said it is taking the necessary steps before July 1 to comply with applicable obligations. It did not specify which member state it plans to approach next.

According to Reuters, Lynch said Binance contacted other regulators but submitted a formal application only in Greece. Binance reportedly held discussions with several authorities, including Ireland and Latvia, before focusing on Greece. Reuters also reported that some regulators expressed concerns related to Binance’s past money-laundering penalties, its international operating structure, and risk-related cultural factors.

For compliance teams and institutional stakeholders, the key point is that MiCA licensing is not a single, centralized EU process for market access. Authorization is assessed by national competent authorities and embedded in national supervisory relationships, which can lead to different outcomes across jurisdictions even within the same regulatory regime.

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Why the July 1 deadline is operationally material

MiCA’s transitional period ends on July 1. In a public statement on Tuesday, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) said that crypto service providers that remain unauthorized by the deadline must take “immediate” steps to wind down their EU activities. ESMA’s wording effectively creates a near-term compliance forcing function: firms must either secure authorization or implement drawdown and cessation measures for EU-facing operations.

Binance’s announcement therefore has immediate operational implications. The company did not provide additional detail beyond saying it expects some users could see changes. It said it will communicate directly with affected users and that its priority is to minimize disruption. It also reiterated that all user funds remain safe and secure.

However, unresolved questions remain for regulated counterparties and compliance monitors. Withdrawal of an application can create uncertainty about timelines and the scope of what activities remain permissible during the transition to a new authorization path. For institutions that rely on regulated on-ramps and exchange counterparties, this increases the importance of verifying current licensing status and conducting ongoing controls around service availability and permitted services in specific EU jurisdictions.

Potential effects for European market access

Even if MiCA licensing constraints do not necessarily eliminate EU demand, the regulatory transition can influence how euro-denominated trading access evolves. CryptoQuant analyst Maartunn told Cointelegraph that euro pairs account for about 1% of Binance’s global spot trading volume, indicating that a European licensing setback may have limited impact on overall business volume.

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Still, Binance remains a significant venue for euro trading. CryptoQuant data cited in the reporting suggested Binance handled roughly $100 million to $250 million in daily euro-pair volume in 2026, with occasional spikes of about $600 million. The same data placed Binance second in share of euro-denominated spot trading at an estimated 18.5%, behind Kraken’s estimated 43.3% share.

These figures matter for institutional monitoring because MiCA authorization affects not only retail access but also how regulated market participants evaluate venue risk. Where firms have counterparties spread across multiple exchanges, licensing uncertainty may change routing decisions, hedging practices, and settlement reliability—even without direct changes to token market fundamentals.

MiCA compliance as an ecosystem function for exchanges and token issuers

Binance’s licensing challenge may reverberate beyond trading venues. Authorized exchanges increasingly act as compliance gatekeepers for token issuers seeking MiCA-related documentation readiness, including work tied to white-paper notifications and listing processes.

In a LinkedIn post, Ryan King, creator of the EU Crypto Register, said he tracked at least 380 of 867 white-paper entries where notifications were made by third parties rather than the token issuers themselves. He reported that Kraken, LCX, OKX, and Bitstamp together accounted for 271 of those third-party notifications, representing about 31% of the total.

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King told Cointelegraph that this approach can be “symbiotic,” because exchanges employ MiCA-trained compliance teams, maintain regulator relationships, and have access to large law firms. He said exchanges increasingly request white papers during onboarding and may offer to prepare documentation, even for tokens covered by transitional arrangements. According to King, one exchange allegedly told a token project to “fill it in and we’ll handle the rest,” reflecting the practical role exchanges can play in operationalizing MiCA requirements.

For market participants, the compliance implication is that exchange authorization status can shape how quickly issuers can move from token planning to EU-ready documentation. When authorization trajectories shift or when a major exchange alters its EU operational posture, it may affect issuer workflows, legal review capacity, and timelines for token availability on EU-compliant venues.

Closing perspective

Binance’s withdrawal of its Greece application and intent to pursue authorization elsewhere set the stage for a rapidly developing compliance timeline as the July 1 MiCA cutoff approaches. What to watch next is whether Binance can secure a new authorization path in time and how ESMA’s “wind down” expectations translate into concrete permitted activity during the transition—particularly for EU customers, counterparties, and token issuers relying on exchange-led compliance processes.

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Ethereum price holds $1,600 as whales buy the dip

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Ethereum spot ETF net inflow, source: SoSoValue

Ethereum traded near $1,655 on June 25, according to crypto.news price data, after falling below $1,600 during the latest market selloff. 

Summary

  • Ethereum’s bounce remains fragile as ETF outflows and weak RSI keep buyers cautious near resistance.
  • New whale withdrawals show dip buying, but dormant sellers and liquidations add opposing pressure.
  • ETH needs a clean break above $1,800 before technical momentum can turn stronger again.

ETH was down about 0.93% over 24 hours and 4.63% over seven days, while trading volume stood near $15.42 billion.

The token moved between $1,557.87 and $1,677.86 during the session. Market value stood near $199.55 billion, keeping ETH in second place by market cap. The bounce has eased pressure, but ETH still trades below the recent recovery zone near $1,800.

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Ethereum’s daily chart still shows a wider downtrend from the $2,300 to $2,400 zone into the current $1,600 to $1,700 range. Bulls need a clean move above $1,800 before the structure improves.

Ethereum recently weakened near $1,670 as ETF outflows, weak RSI, and falling open interest kept traders cautious. That report placed $1,750 and $1,800 as near-term resistance zones, while $1,580 stayed in focus if sellers returned.

Ethereum ETF outflows weigh on demand

Spot Ethereum ETFs remain a pressure point for ETH price. SoSoValue data showed the products recorded $30.24 million in net outflows on June 24, marking a fifth straight day of withdrawals. Fidelity’s FETH led the day’s outflows with $15.6897 million leaving the fund.

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Ethereum spot ETF net inflow, source: SoSoValue
Ethereum spot ETF net inflow, source: SoSoValue

The latest ETF data followed a larger outflow session one day earlier. As crypto.news reported, U.S. spot ETH ETFs posted $82.351 million in net outflows on June 23. That flow pressure came as ETH failed to hold short-term resistance.

ETF flows show whether regulated demand is adding support or cutting exposure. When funds keep losing assets during a decline, spot buyers need to absorb more selling before recovery can form.

The flow data does not mean all institutional demand has disappeared. It shows that demand remains uneven. A return to steady ETF inflows would help sentiment, but ETH has not yet seen that confirmation.

Ethereum whale moves send mixed signals

Large wallet activity also shows a split market. Lookonchain said a newly created wallet withdrew 17,675 ETH, worth about $28.58 million, from Binance. The tracker described the move as a whale “buying the dip.”

At the same time, Onchain Lens said a dormant whale known as 0x096 sold 27,585 ETH for $44.84 million in USDS at an average price near $1,625. The wallet had been inactive for seven years and still locked in an estimated $39.1 million profit.

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Leverage also added stress. Onchain Lens said Machi was fully liquidated on a 25x ETH long position, losing $1.9 million, before opening another 25x long. His total losses had passed $35.4 million.

Such activity can make ETH moves sharper near key support. Whale buying may help the market, but dormant wallet sales and forced liquidations can reduce confidence. This leaves ETH caught between accumulation, profit-taking, and high-risk leverage.

Indicators keep $1,800 in focus

Technical indicators still show a weak recovery. RSI stood near 38.34, slightly below its moving average at 38.79. That reading sits below the neutral 50 level, so buyers have not regained clear control after the latest bounce.

The Aroon Oscillator stood at -64.29, pointing to continued bearish trend pressure. A negative reading means recent lows remain more dominant than recent highs. That supports the view that ETH is stabilizing, not reversing yet.

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Ethereum (ETH) price chart, source: crypto.news
Ethereum (ETH) price chart, source: crypto.news

The MACD picture looks slightly better, based on the provided chart context. The histogram has turned mildly positive, while the MACD line has moved above the signal line. However, both lines remain below zero, so the wider trend still needs confirmation.

CryptoQuant analyst CryptoOnchain described Ethereum as being in a defensive position near $1,600. The model reduced market exposure to 15%, but said the probability of a bullish shift had climbed to 45%. The analyst said stablecoin reserves and netflows on Binance had moved into neutral territory.

Analysts remain divided on the next move. CrediBULL Crypto said ETH/BTC is “still chilling at our HTF buy zone” and is waiting for a lower-timeframe base. Crypto Tony said ETH/USD may be forming a triangle, which could point to several weeks of consolidation.

For now, ETH needs stronger follow-through above $1,700 and then $1,800. A break above that zone, with RSI above 50 and an improving Aroon reading, would support a stronger recovery. Failure to reclaim those levels could keep ETH exposed to another test near $1,580.

Disclosure: This article does not represent investment advice. The content and materials featured on this page are for educational purposes only.

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House Democrats question SEC on rules for AI trading tools and crypto

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House Democrats question SEC on rules for AI trading tools and crypto

A group of Democratic members of the U.S. House of Representatives sent a letter to SEC Chair Paul Atkins on Tuesday seeking details about how the agency oversees AI-driven trading tools and whether current securities laws are sufficient to address the technology.

Summary

  • Democratic House lawmakers have asked the SEC to explain how it plans to regulate AI trading agents and whether additional legal authority is needed.
  • The lawmakers warned that AI powered trading tools could expand into cryptocurrencies, options, futures, and event contracts while operating with limited regulatory oversight.
  • The request comes as Coinbase and other companies continue to roll out AI agents capable of executing trades, managing portfolios, and making digital payments.

The letter, led by Bill Foster, the top Democrat on the House Financial Services Financial Institutions Subcommittee, and Brad Sherman, the top Democrat on the Capital Markets Subcommittee, warned that platforms offering AI trading agents to retail investors “raises serious questions for investor protection, broker-dealer responsibilities, market integrity, and the accountability of AI developers.”

Lawmakers said the technology could soon move beyond basic stock trading into more complex financial products. “While such trading may initially be limited in scope, there are indications that agentic trading could expand to a broad range of additional products, including options, cryptocurrency, event contracts, and futures,” the letter stated.

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Foster, Sherman, and the other signatories argued that many AI trading agents have “operated largely outside the securities regulatory framework,” despite making “consequential investment decisions on behalf of retail investors.”

The lawmakers also questioned the legal responsibility of brokers and AI developers, noting that disclosures accompanying many AI agents state that brokerage platforms cannot guarantee the accuracy or suitability of AI-generated recommendations and cannot fully control, monitor, or audit agent behavior. They wrote that such disclaimers “raise urgent questions about the regulatory treatment of agentic trading tools and create uncertainty regarding legal responsibility among brokers, AI developers and retail investors.”

The letter asks the SEC to provide written responses by July 31 on several issues, including what safeguards or analyses the agency has conducted on AI agents, when such systems should register with the regulator, how extensively the SEC has consulted with trading platforms, and whether Congress needs to grant the agency additional authority to address emerging risks.

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Representatives Stephen Lynch, Jim Himes, Sean Casten, Rashida Tlaib, Brittany Pettersen, and Sylvia Garcia also signed the letter.

AI agents gain ground across crypto and finance

The request comes as AI agents continue to expand into cryptocurrency trading and digital payments.

Earlier this month, Coinbase introduced Coinbase for Agents, a platform that allows large language models such as ChatGPT and Claude to access user-authorized Coinbase accounts. The system lets AI agents execute cryptocurrency trades, manage portfolios, monitor markets, rebalance holdings under predefined rules, and purchase digital services through Coinbase’s x402 machine payments protocol.

Coinbase also integrated Coinbase Advisor into the platform, describing it as an SEC and CFTC-registered financial adviser that can provide investment guidance within agent workflows. The company said support for stocks and prediction markets will follow in a later rollout.

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The commercial use of AI agents has also extended beyond trading. On the same day the lawmakers sent their letter, the American Arbitration Association and Integra Ledger introduced the Legal Context Protocol, an open standard designed to record transaction terms, consent, governing law, and dispute resolution information for autonomous AI transactions.

The organizations said the protocol addresses legal recordkeeping rather than payments and can work alongside existing machine payment systems, such as x402 and other digital identity tools. Founding contributors include Google, IBM, Circle, Hedera, Cardano, Aptos Foundation, Ava Labs, Stellar Development Foundation, Wayfair, and several other technology and blockchain organizations.

Integra Ledger CEO David Fisher said, “payment infrastructure is actively being built for AI agents,” while the legal framework has yet to catch up. He said the protocol answers questions about what parties agreed to, the terms governing a transaction, and how disputes should be resolved if they arise.

The increased adoption of AI agents across trading, payments, and commerce has prompted lawmakers to seek greater clarity on how existing securities regulations apply as autonomous software takes on more financial decision-making on behalf of retail users.

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Brutal Bitcoin Liquidation Cascade Imminent Below $59K, Warns Analyst

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Analyst ‘Reflection’ warned of a brutal Bitcoin liquidation cascade below $59,000, claiming over $1.6 billion in long leverage is stacked in one zone around $58,000 based on CoinGlass data.

“In all my years trading, I’ve never seen this much long-side liquidity stacked in one single zone,” they said on Wednesday.

That liquidation zone is not far away, as Bitcoin fell to $59,175 on Wednesday, matching its early June low.

Everyone will get liquidated

The analyst continued to warn that “Every influencer who screamed ‘the bottom is already in’ is about to get liquidated.” They attached a liquidity heatmap video that visually demonstrates dense long-side positions, framing the potential wipeout as a classic liquidity hunt that historically forms macro bottoms.

“When that liquidity gets taken, there’s nothing left to dump. That’s how every macro bottom has formed.”

Over the past 24 hours, around 178,000 traders were liquidated, with the total liquidations coming in at $984 million, according to CoinGlass. More than 80% of them were long positions.

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CryptoQuant analyst ‘Darkfost’ observed that yearly realized profits eventually fall below the level of realized losses in every bear market.

“It is precisely at that moment that capitulation reaches its bear market peak,” they said.

Currently, the annual average of realized profits remains above realized losses, at $305 billion versus $198 billion, suggesting that further losses are imminent in a final capitulation.

“The market suggests that capitulation could extend further, to the point where annual realized losses become dominant.”

Meanwhile, permabull ‘Sykodelic’ observed that Bitcoin has now reached only 46% of the supply in profit, which equals the 2022 bear market low. However, in this cycle, BTC reached this level after a 52% drop, compared to 2022, which was a 75% drop.

BTC Price Outlook

Bitcoin hit its lowest level for almost two years yesterday, just above $59,000. Asian trading on Thursday morning saw a minor recovery to reclaim $61,000, where it trades at the time of writing.

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The $60,000 level is key long-term resistance, with two-year lows around $54,000 being the next major leg down should the predicted liquidity cascade unfold.

Additionally, previous bear market bottoms have also seen a dip below the realized price, which is currently a little over $53,000.

The post Brutal Bitcoin Liquidation Cascade Imminent Below $59K, Warns Analyst appeared first on CryptoPotato.

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