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Code is functional First Amendment free speech, regulation

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Crypto Breaking News

In a policy briefing published this week, the crypto policy group Coin Center argues that software code used to design, publish, and maintain crypto systems constitutes protected speech under the First Amendment, and should not be readily conscripted into regulatory oversight as if it were a traditional financial intermediary. The authors—Executive Director Peter Van Valkenburgh and Director of Research Lizandro Pieper—frame code publication as an act of expression, akin to publishing a book or a culinary recipe, rather than as the actions of a financial services provider.

According to Coin Center, extending pre-registration or licensing requirements to speech activity would undermine constitutional protections and distort the historical rationale for financial oversight. They emphasize that developers are speakers and inventors, not fiduciaries or middlemen, and that treating code as regulated conduct risks a prior restraint that is almost always unconstitutional. The briefing seeks to provide a framework for courts and regulators to distinguish between protected software publication and a developer’s professional conduct in the ecosystem.

They also note that there have been high-profile convictions of crypto developers based on how software is used, including cases tied to Tornado Cash, which underscore the legal tensions around liability for code and its uses. The discussion situates these prosecutions within a broader quest to separate speech from regulated activity in a rapidly evolving technology space.

Key takeaways

  • Publication and maintenance of crypto software is argued to be First Amendment–protected speech, not inherently a regulated financial service.
  • Regulatory oversight should target conduct only when developers actively control user assets, execute transactions for users, or make decisions on users’ behalf.
  • There is ongoing doctrinal tension among courts regarding whether software constitutes speech or conduct; a clear framework is needed to preserve free-speech protections in software publication.
  • Precedents such as Lowe v. SEC are cited to support the notion that publishers who do not hold assets or act on behalf of clients may be shielded from regulation as speech, highlighting risks of overreach in enforcement against developers.
  • Policy implications span enforcement tactics, licensing regimes, cross-border divergences, and the balance between innovation and consumer protection in crypto markets.

Legal framing: software as speech and the conduct boundary

The authors contend that the First Amendment shields those who publish and maintain code, framing software as a medium of expression rather than a support service that facilitates financial transactions. They argue that treating software publication as regulated conduct would undermine a long-standing constitutional logic that protects speech, regardless of the potential real-world effects of the code when used by others. The briefing emphasizes that the “speakers and inventors” behind crypto software are distinct from intermediaries who custody assets or execute user-directed actions, and that extending licensing requirements to routine publication would amount to an unwarranted prior restraint on speech.

Central to the paper is a call to resist a “functional code theory” that some courts have used to blur the line between speech and conduct. By referencing established jurisprudence, the authors seek to remind courts that the mere execution of code—particularly when published with no asset custody or user-directed action—should not automatically be treated as regulated activity. The framework aims to clarify when regulatory oversight is appropriate and when constitutional protections apply, thereby reducing legal ambiguity for developers and their ecosystems.

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Enforcement considerations for developers and institutions

From a regulatory perspective, the briefing highlights a practical concern: if regulators compel pre-registration or licensing for all software publications, the gatekeeping effect could chill innovation and hamper developer collaboration. For institutions such as exchanges, banks, and other market participants, the delineation between speech and conduct has direct compliance implications. The authors argue that the correct approach is to focus on concrete, user-facing conduct—such as asset custody, automated asset transfers, or decisions made or controlled by developers on behalf of users—rather than on the act of writing, publishing, and maintaining software itself.

The discussion also touches on enforcement realities in the United States, where some prosecutions have leveraged traditional money-services or money-transmitter statutes to address crypto software usage. In this context, the paper argues that liability should hinge on connections to asset custody and transactional control, not on the mere availability of code. This distinction matters for developers seeking to avoid mischaracterization as financial intermediaries and for compliance teams that must assess risk without stifling legitimate software innovation.

Coin Center points to the broader regulatory environment as a backdrop for these arguments. The push for tailored frameworks that reflect constitutional protections, rather than broad, asset-centric licensing, has implications for how agencies coordinate cross-border oversight and how industry participants structure KYC and AML programs. The aim is to preserve the ability to publish and steward open-source software while maintaining accountable pathways for consumer and market protection where appropriate.

Case landscape and precedent shaping risk

The briefing places its analysis within a real-world backdrop of recent prosecutions that have involved developers whose work enabled or facilitated certain financial activities. Notably, high-profile cases connected to Tornado Cash have spurred ongoing legal debates about intent, liability, and the role of developers in the use of their code. In related developments, authorities have pursued cases against individuals associated with other privacy-focused or non-custodial projects on charges related to unregistered money transmission and related offenses. In several instances, defendants and their counsel have argued that their actions constituted speech or publication rather than regulated service provision, invoking established constitutional principles in defense of their work.

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In this context, the Coin Center briefing draws an explicit line: while developers should not be immunized from accountability for illegal activity they knowingly facilitate, liability should not be expanded to cover publication of software itself. The 1985 Lowe v. SEC decision is cited as a benchmark, in which the Supreme Court suggested that a publisher who does not hold assets on behalf of a client and does not act in the client’s stead is protected by free speech. The implication for current enforcement is clear: doctrines that would treat code publication as professional or administrative conduct warrant careful scrutiny to avoid overreach into speech protection.

The broader policy takeaway is that software developers cannot reasonably be treated as scapegoats for illicit activity, nor should their work be criminalized for outcomes driven by user behavior. The briefing argues that the legal framework should reflect the reality that crypto software often operates as an expression of ideas and as a tool for decentralized coordination, rather than as a regulated service in itself. This stance has meaningful implications for licensing debates, regulatory oversight, and the development of compliance programs across the industry.

Regulatory precedent and notable cases shaping risk

Looking ahead, observers should watch how courts apply the conduct-vs-speech distinction in crypto-related litigation, particularly where developers publish code that enables asset transfers or transaction scripting. The current discourse emphasizes that the constitutional protections surrounding speech should guide how regulators approach code publication, while ensuring that enforcement targets genuine custodial or transactional intermediaries. The evolving case law and regulatory discourse will influence policy design across jurisdictions, including any interactions with comprehensive regulatory regimes like MiCA in the European Union and analogous frameworks in the United States and beyond.

As enforcement and policy evolve, the central question remains: how can regulators protect consumers and markets without diminishing the freedoms that underpin open, collaborative software development? The Coin Center analysis suggests that a principled application of First Amendment doctrine—grounded in the distinction between speech and conduct—offers a path to reconcile innovation with public-interest safeguards.

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What to watch next: ongoing court decisions, forthcoming regulatory guidance, and cross-border policy developments that define the permissible contours of crypto software publication versus regulated financial activity. The balance struck in these debates will shape both the legal risk environment for developers and the compliance posture of institutions engaging with decentralized technologies.

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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AUD/USD and NZD/USD Flash Early Signs of Bullish Recovery

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AUD/USD and NZD/USD Flash Early Signs of Bullish Recovery

AUD/USD is attempting a fresh increase from 0.7115. NZD/USD is consolidating and could aim for a move above 0.5930 in the short term.

Important Takeaways for AUD/USD and NZD/USD Analysis Today

• The Aussie Dollar remained supported above 0.7100 and recovered losses against the US Dollar.
• There is a rising channel forming with resistance at 0.7200 on the hourly chart of AUD/USD at FXOpen.
• NZD/USD is consolidating gains above 0.5900 and 0.5890.
• There is a bullish trend line forming with support at 0.5890 on the hourly chart of NZD/USD at FXOpen.

AUD/USD Technical Analysis

On the hourly chart of AUD/USD at FXOpen, the pair formed a base above 0.7100. The Aussie Dollar started a decent increase above 0.7150 against the US Dollar to enter a short-term positive zone.

The bulls even pushed the pair above the 50% Fib retracement level of the downward move from the 0.7221 swing high to the 0.7114 low and the 50-hour simple moving average. The AUD/USD chart indicates that the pair could struggle to clear the 61.8% Fib retracement at 0.7180.

The first major hurdle for the bulls could be 0.7200. There is also a rising channel forming with resistance at 0.7200. An upside break above 0.7200 might send the pair further higher. The next major target might be 0.7220.

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Any more gains could clear the path for a move toward 0.7300. If there is no close above 0.7200, the pair might start a fresh decline. Immediate bid zone could be near 0.7165 and the 50-hour simple moving average.

The next area of interest is 0.7155. If there is a downside break below 0.7155, the pair could extend its decline toward 0.7115. Any more losses might signal a move toward 0.7080.

NZD/USD Technical Analysis

On the hourly chart of NZD/USD on FXOpen, the pair also followed AUD/USD. The New Zealand Dollar failed to stay above 0.5920 and corrected gains against the US Dollar.

The pair dipped below 0.5900 and the 50-hour simple moving average. A low was formed at 0.5848, and the pair is now attempting to recover losses. There was a move above the 50% Fib retracement level of the downward move from the 0.5928 swing high to the 0.5848 low.

Besides, there is a bullish trend line forming with support at 0.5890. The NZD/USD chart suggests that the RSI is above 50, signaling a short-term positive bias. On the upside, the pair is facing resistance near 0.5920.

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The next major hurdle for buyers could be near 0.5930. A clear move above 0.5930 might even push the pair toward 0.5950. Any more gains might clear the path for a move toward the 0.6000 pivot zone in the coming sessions.

On the downside, there is support forming near 0.5890 and the 50-hour simple moving average. If there is a downside break below 0.5890, the pair might slide toward 0.5850. Any more losses could lead NZD/USD into a bearish zone to 0.5820.

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Bitcoin price breaks above $76K ahead of potential U.S.-Iran deal

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Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dogecoin, and new utility protocols

Bitcoin price reclaimed the $76,000 mark on Tuesday as investors await confirmation of a potential peace deal between the U.S. and Iran.

Summary

  • Bitcoin reclaimed $76K after dipping below $74K, rising 2% to an intraday high of $76,483 as investors bought the recent pullback.
  • Price action remained tied to U.S.-Iran tensions, with markets awaiting clarity on a potential peace deal ahead of a Wednesday deadline.
  • Analysts warn BTC could target $80K on a deal, while prolonged conflict risks a drop below the $75K psychological support level.

According to data from crypto.news, Bitcoin (BTC) price rose 2% to an intraday high of $76,483 on Tuesday before stabilizing around $76,150 at press time.

Bitcoin edged higher today as investors bought the dip in its price below $74,000 on Monday after reports emerged that Iran may not be attending the emergency peace summit with the U.S. in Islamabad, as the U.S. continues to place its naval blockade on Iranian traffic moving through the Strait of Hormuz.

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On Monday, tensions between the two nations escalated after the U.S. intercepted and seized an Iranian ship carrying military supplies, following which Iran retaliated with its own targeted missile strikes against regional naval assets.

As such, diplomatic efforts to end the US-Israel war on Iran remain uncertain, with Tehran saying it will not negotiate on a deal with the U.S. under its terms or under a constant military threat.

While U.S. President Donald Trump has called for a final negotiation deadline by Tuesday, he extended the timeline to Wednesday evening Washington time for further diplomatic deliberations.

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Despite his repeated claims that Iran is ready to sign on a deal, sources from within Tehran have suggested otherwise, with officials stating they will agree only if a deal is made under specific conditions set by Iran.

Earlier, Iran had asked for several concessions, including billions in reparations for wartime damages to the nation’s infrastructure and the right to continue its uranium enrichment for peaceful energy purposes. However, the U.S. has firmly opposed Iran possessing any form of nuclear power, with Trump noting that such capabilities are a non-negotiable red line.

Trump has indicated that there may not be a further extension of the deadline after tomorrow if Iran fails to cooperate fully with the proposed terms.

The ongoing conflict has left the Strait of Hormuz blocked for over ten days, effectively cutting short global energy supplies, with economists warning that a continued stalemate could lead to a global recession.

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Despite no concrete signs of whether Iran would go with the U.S. proposal, Bitcoin price has benefited from dropping crude oil prices today. Notably, WTI crude oil fell back to $86 while Brent crude prices retracted to under $95. Meanwhile, the bellwether cryptocurrency has also benefited from a potential investor capital rotation from gold, which has fallen significantly today.

For many traders, the outlook for Bitcoin price is largely tied to how successfully the deal will play out tomorrow. If a potential deal is reached, Bitcoin bulls could target a rally toward $80,000 in the coming days.

On the contrary, if Iran continues to resist diplomatic terms, BTC could drop below the $75,000 major psychological support. This could further erode investor confidence and trigger a potential mass liquidation event across the broader crypto market.

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Disclosure: This article does not represent investment advice. The content and materials featured on this page are for educational purposes only.

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$360,000,000 XRP bought by whales in one week, is a rally coming?

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XRP Price Glitch Sends XRP to $126 on CNBC Broadcast

Ripple’s native token has returned to focus after crypto analyst Ali Martinez, known as Ali Charts on X, said whales accumulated 360 million XRP over the past week. 

Summary

  • XRP whales accumulated 360 million tokens in one week as price held near resistance levels.
  • Ali Charts flagged a bullish setup, with $1.55 now the key breakout level.
  • wXRP on Solana and WhatsApp trading added fresh attention to XRP’s recent momentum story.

The large buying activity came as XRP traded at $1.44, with a 24-hour trading volume of $2.67 billion. The token was up 1.59% over 24 hours and 4.98% over seven days (according to CoinGecko data).

The whale accumulation has added to market attention around XRP’s next move. Traders are now watching whether strong buying from larger holders can help support another push higher after recent gains slowed near resistance.

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Technical signals point to a possible breakout

As we previously reported, Ali Charts said ”$XRP consolidates in a symmetrical triangle, pointing to a potential 35% move.” That pattern has kept XRP in a tight range as traders wait for a breakout in either direction. The comment has added to speculation over whether XRP could be preparing for a larger price swing.

The analyst also said on April 18 that ”$XRP: SuperTrend flips bullish!” He added that the daily chart showed its first bullish flip since Jan. 17. According to the post, the key level remains $1.55. 

Meanwhile, open interest in XRP futures climbed to $2.61 billion, with gains reported across CME and Binance. At the same time, short liquidations rose between April 15 and April 16 after XRP moved above $1.40. That activity showed rising trader interest as price pushed into a higher range.

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Support is now seen around $1.37 to $1.38. If XRP holds that zone, traders may look for another test of $1.50. If buyers clear that resistance, $1.65 could become the next level in view.

Broader developments add to market activity

Part of XRP’s recent move has also been linked to Ripple’s work with Kyobo Life Insurance on tokenized government bonds in South Korea. That development added a fresh use case narrative as interest around tokenization continued to grow.

The launch of wrapped XRP on Solana also brought new attention to the asset. Through Hex Trust and LayerZero, users can now access wXRP in new trading flows, including an AI-powered interface on WhatsApp that lets users buy and trade through text commands.

Together with the rise in the Crypto Fear and Greed Index to 62, these factors have added more momentum to the current XRP discussion, though price still needs to break key resistance before a stronger rally can be confirmed.

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Disclosure: This article does not represent investment advice. The content and materials featured on this page are for educational purposes only.

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Alibaba introduces Qwen 3.6-Max-Preview as its most advanced AI model yet

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Anthropic revenue just hit a $30 billion run rate

Alibaba has rolled out a preview of its most advanced AI model yet, stepping up its push into the top tier of global AI development.

Summary

  • Alibaba launched Qwen 3.6 Max Preview, its most advanced AI model, with top rankings across multiple coding and agent benchmarks.
  • The model is offered as a proprietary hosted system, marking a move away from the company’s earlier open access approach.

According to an X post from Alibaba’s Qwen team, the new model, Qwen 3.6-Max-Preview, has taken the lead across several key benchmarks, particularly in coding and agent-based tasks. Internal testing placed it ahead on SWE-bench Pro for real-world software work, Terminal-Bench 2.0 for command-line execution, and SkillsBench for general problem-solving, alongside strong results in tool use and web interaction benchmarks.

Performance gains extend beyond coding. SuperGPQA scores rose by 2.3%, pointing to stronger reasoning ability, while QwenChineseBench improved by 5.3%, underlining better performance in Chinese language tasks. Instruction-following capability also ranked at the top in ToolcallFormatIFBench, where the model outperformed competing systems, including Claude.

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The release is now live through Qwen Studio and Alibaba Cloud’s Model Studio API under the identifier qwen3.6-max-preview. Developers can integrate it without major changes, as the API supports both OpenAI and Anthropic formats.

Alibaba’s latest move signals a noticeable change in direction. Earlier versions of Qwen built momentum through open-source access, helping the model family gain widespread adoption. Max-Preview, however, is a hosted proprietary system with no open weights.

Lower-tier models remain open source, but the flagship tier is now positioned as a paid, controlled offering. The shift comes just days after Alibaba open-sourced Qwen 3.6-35B-A3B, a model designed to run efficiently by activating only 3 billion of its 35 billion parameters during inference, cutting compute costs while maintaining output quality.

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Combined, the Qwen 3.6 lineup now spans multiple use cases. Max-Preview sits at the top for high-end workloads, while the Plus variant targets balanced tasks, Flash focuses on speed, and 35B-A3B supports local deployments.

A new feature introduced with Max-Preview, called preserve_thinking, allows the model to carry reasoning traces across multiple interactions. Alibaba recommends it for agent-driven workflows where maintaining context across long sessions is important.

Alibaba described the release as an ongoing project, noting the model is still under active development and likely to improve in future updates. Qwen 3.6-Max-Preview currently supports a 256k token context window and is limited to text input, with no image capabilities at launch.

Industry transition toward monetization

Alibaba recently shut down the free tier of Qwen Code, while MiniMax updated its open-source license to restrict commercial use without approval. Both actions point to a gradual move away from free access models that initially drove adoption.

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Qwen’s growth has been notable. The model family overtook Meta’s Llama as the most widely deployed self-hosted system, with much of that traction built during its open-access phase. At the same time, Chinese open models expanded their share of global usage from 1.2% in late 2024 to around 30% by the end of 2025.

Max-Preview now sits at the center of Alibaba’s effort to compete directly with leading frontier models from OpenAI and Anthropic.

Independent analysis from Artificial Analysis ranks the model as the second-best performer behind Muse Spark, placing it well above the average for reasoning models in its pricing category.

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Ethereum Price Prediction: Singapore Largest Bank Launches Gold on ETH

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Singapore's largest banks just handed Ethereum an institutional vote of confidence, and our price prediction model pops bullish.

One of Singapore’s largest banks just handed Ethereum a significant institutional vote of confidence. OCBC has launched GOLDX, a tokenized physical gold fund on Ethereum, a move that will reshape how Asian institutional capital flows into public blockchain infrastructure. Following this, our Ethereum price prediction model pops with the most bullish in months.

OCBC, in partnership with its asset management arm Lion Global Investors and digital asset exchange DigiFT, issued GOLDX, targeting institutional investors, hedge funds, and asset managers, with the underlying fund carrying roughly $525 million in assets under management as of April 16. Investors can subscribe using stablecoins or fiat, with tokens delivered directly to blockchain wallets.

“We believe digital assets will play an increasingly important role in financial services,” said Kenneth Lai, OCBC’s head of global markets.

The broader tokenized real-world asset market now sits at over $29 billion on public blockchains, up more than 10% in the last 30 days, and grinding higher since it has been available.

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Singapore's largest banks just handed Ethereum an institutional vote of confidence, and our price prediction model pops bullish.
RWA Data, Defillama

This institutional momentum is building against a technically uncertain backdrop for ETH — and institutional inflows across crypto are accelerating sector-wide. The price setup deserves a closer look.

Discover: The best pre-launch token sales

Ethereum Price Prediction:$3,000 Soon with Singapore’s GOLDX Catalyst?

ETH has shed 2.11% over the past seven days, slipping from $2,450 to current levels, a psychological level that’s now flipped to resistance. The price is caught in a consolidation band that has been tightened.

The 200-day SMA rises to $2,642 sitting well above spot, confirming ETH remains in a recovery phase. Forecast models suggest a maximum 2026 upside of around $3,050, implying about 20% from current levels under normal conditions.

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Singapore's largest banks just handed Ethereum an institutional vote of confidence, and our price prediction model pops bullish.
ETH USD, TradingView

However, if OCBC’s GOLDX launch catalyzes fresh institutional demand on-chain, ETH might and could reclaim the $2,640 200-day SMA and test the resistance. Tom Lee’s TOKEN 2049 target of $22,000 remains a longer-duration thesis requiring BTC to hit $250,000 first.

The OCBC news is real and material, but ETH’s price history shows institutional announcements don’t always translate to immediate spot moves. For now, we wait.

Discover: The best crypto to diversify your portfolio with

LiquidChain Combines ETH, SOL, and Bitcoin

ETH’s 20% projected upside to $3,062 is real, but at a $280 billion market cap, the asymmetry is limited. That’s the structural reality of buying blue-chip crypto in consolidation. For traders willing to accept higher risk in exchange for earlier positioning, the calculus looks different at the infrastructure layer.

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LiquidChain is an L3 infrastructure project with a proposition built directly around the OCBC moment: it fuses Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana liquidity into a single execution environment. The GOLDX launch, running on both ETH and Solana simultaneously, underscores the cross-chain complexity that LiquidChain’s Unified Liquidity Layer is designed to collapse.

Its Deploy-Once Architecture means developers access all three ecosystems without redeployment, with Single-Step Execution and Verifiable Settlement rounding out the stack.

The presale is currently priced at $0.01451, with $690,005.61 raised to date. As with any early-stage presale, capital is at risk and token liquidity is not guaranteed at launch.

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Research LiquidChain before the current pricing tier closes.

The post Ethereum Price Prediction: Singapore Largest Bank Launches Gold on ETH appeared first on Cryptonews.

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The AI Agent Economy Has an Identity Bottleneck: Blockchain Rails Could Solve It

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From NASA to Crypto: The Unlikely Journey of Benjamin Cowen

Artificial intelligence agents are becoming economic actors at a pace that outstrips the infrastructure around them, according to a16z crypto. In a recent post, the firm argued that the real bottleneck in the agent economy is no longer intelligence, but identity. 

Today’s agents can execute tasks and move money, yet they still lack standardized ways to prove their identity, demonstrate what they’re authorized to do, and more. That missing layer, the firm suggests, is where blockchains can come in.

From KYC to KYA: a16z Makes the Case for Onchain Identity for AI Agents

In a recent blog post, a16z noted that non-human agents already outnumber human employees by roughly 100 to 1 in financial services. Yet the agents remain “effectively unbanked.”

“They can interact with financial systems, but not in ways that are portable, verifiable, or trusted by default. They lack standardized ways to prove their permissions, operate independently across platforms, or bear liability for the actions they take,” the authors wrote.

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​​The missing piece, according to the post, is a shared identity layer for agents. This could essentially be an SSL equivalent that would standardize how they coordinate across platforms.

Today’s approaches, it noted, remain fragmented. According to a16z crypto, 

“While there are prominent attempts to solve this today, those approaches are fragmented: vertically integrated, fiat-first stacks on one side; crypto-native, open standards (like x402 and emerging agent identity proposals) on the other; and extensions of developer frameworks like MCP (model context protocol) that attempt to bridge application-layer identity. There is still no broadly adopted, interoperable way for one agent to prove to another who it represents, what it’s allowed to do, and how it gets paid.” 

The post outlined a key fix called “Know Your Agent” (KYA). The concept borrows from Know Your Customer (KYC). It calls for cryptographically signed credentials that link each agent to its principal, permissions, constraints, and reputation.

The firm added that blockchains can serve as a neutral coordination layer for agents. They offer portable identities, programmable wallets, and verifiable attestations that resolve across chat apps, APIs, and marketplaces. Without a common standard, a16z warns, merchants will keep blocking agents at the firewall.

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a16z also identified four additional gaps beyond identity: centralized control over AI governance, payment rails ill-suited to agent-to-agent commerce, the rising cost of verifying machine decisions at scale, and diminished user oversight as agents take on more autonomous workflows. 

It argued that blockchain-based tools, onchain governance, programmable stablecoin payments, cryptographic audit trails, and smart-contract-enforced permissions, can close these gaps and support a more trustworthy agent economy.

The post The AI Agent Economy Has an Identity Bottleneck: Blockchain Rails Could Solve It appeared first on BeInCrypto.

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JPMorgan expands $1.5 trillion economic security splurge into Europe

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JPMorgan expands $1.5 trillion economic security splurge into Europe

JPMorgan Chase will extend a $1.5 trillion investment program designed to bolster U.S. economic resilience across Europe, the Wall Street giant said on Tuesday.

The 10-year Security and Resiliency Initiative (SRI) was launched in the U.S. last October with the aim of facilitating, financing and investing in industries deemed critical to American economic security and resilience.

It was announced in November that the U.K. would be brought into the plan, which is focused on several key areas, including supply chains and manufacturing, defense and aerospace, energy independence, healthcare, and strategic technologies like AI.

Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan Chase, said in a statement Tuesday that the U.S. and Europe have for too long relied on “unpredictable sources for things like critical minerals that are essential to collective security and prosperity.”

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“Now, it is in our best interest to address these challenges together — because our security, freedom and economic growth depend on it,” he said.

The SRI’s key pillars are divided into around 30 subsectors, ranging from shipbuilding to spacecraft, nuclear energy, cybersecurity and the production of high-speed projectiles.

European aerospace and defense has seen an investment boom in recent years, with regional leaders and the NATO military alliance committing to ramping up spending on security.

The pledges are widely expected to boost European firms’ bottom lines, with regionally headquartered companies already reporting record order backlogs and huge upswings in income over the past year.

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In 2025, the Stoxx Europe Aerospace and Defense index — home to the continent’s biggest defense companies, including Airbus, Rolls-Royce and Rheinmetall — surged 56.5%, with some regional defense players more than doubling in value.

So far this year, the index has gained 4.3%.

Chuka Umunna, a former British member of parliament who will be leading JPMorgan’s SRI initiative in the U.K., told CNBC’s “Squawk Box Europe” on Tuesday that the bank’s strength is “built on the strength of the U.S.”

“The strength of the U.S. has three pillars to it: military might, economic prowess and the strength of its alliances,” he said. “And one thing that has become very clear is that the U.S. and the West have become too reliant on unreliable and unpredictable supply chains and sources for those things that are critical to its national economic security and resilience.”

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Umunna said in Europe, there will be five key countries that the SRI will focus on — the U.K., France, Germany, Poland and Italy. But, he added, all EU and NATO member states will be included in the strategy.

In his 2026 letter to JPMorgan Chase shareholders, sent earlier this month, Dimon said the U.S. had allowed itself to become too dependent on unreliable sources for materials essential to national security, such as critical minerals, semiconductors and advanced manufacturing output.

“This is us putting our money where our mouth is, so to speak,” Umunna said of the bank’s SRI plan. “Unless you start to invest and seek to develop our capabilities here in the West in these particular markets, we’re going to continue to have the exposure we have.”

He pointed to energy, where the U.K. imports more than 40% of its energy needs, and semiconductors, where Umunna said the West was too reliant on East Asian economies for procurement.

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“These are all things we are going to need to scale up and build capacity in,” he told CNBC. “We’re delivering this through the usual global banking products that we would use, but where you’ve got an SRI-aligned company, we will seek to lean in more. For example, from a credit point of view, you will potentially see JPMorgan doing smaller size deals, if they are in this space, than you would otherwise expect.”

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A dozen banks want a euro stablecoin. Fireblocks is making it happen

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A dozen banks want a euro stablecoin. Fireblocks is making it happen

EMBARGO: APRIL 21, 2026 @ 9:00 AM BST (UK)

Cryptocurrency custody firm Fireblocks is handling the issuance and distribution of a euro-denominated stablecoin, backed by a group of twelve European banks, known as the Qivalis consortium.

The euro-backed token, scheduled for release in the second half of 2026, is regulated by the Dutch Central Bank through Amsterdam-based Qivalis and is compliant with the EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR).

The Qivalis consortium is made up of: Banca Sella, BBVA, BNP Paribas, CaixaBank, Danske Bank, DekaBank, DZ BANK, ING, KBC, Raiffeisen Bank International, SEB, and UniCredit.

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Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies with values pegged to an external reference such as the dollar, euro and other fiat currencies. The stablecoin market hit $305 billion in January 2026, but 99% of that volume remains dollar-denominated, with euro-pegged assets representing just $650 million.

The Qivalis consortium aims to challenge this dollar dominance with a regulated, MiCAR-compliant offering, according to a press release on Tuesday. The euro is the second-most traded currency in the world, accounting for a daily average volume of nearly $1.1 trillion.

“Qivalis demonstrates how major financial institutions can work together to plan a compliant euro-backed stablecoins at scale – with production-ready infrastructure that will meet MiCAR requirements, handle institutional volumes, and integrate seamlessly with existing banking systems,” said Michael Shaulov, Co-Founder and CEO of Fireblocks.

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Fake Police Raid Scam Forces Victim to Send $1M in Bitcoin

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Fake Police Raid Scam Forces Victim to Send $1M in Bitcoin

Key takeaways

  • Crypto security is expanding beyond digital threats, with criminals increasingly targeting individuals directly through physical coercion rather than trying to exploit blockchain vulnerabilities or hack wallets.

  • The French case illustrates how attackers used a fake police raid and violence to force a Bitcoin transfer worth $1 million, bypassing encryption entirely by compelling the victim to authorize the transaction.

  • Wrench attacks are rising, with criminals using threats or force instead of technical exploits. This highlights how human vulnerability can override even the most secure cryptographic systems.

  • Impersonating authority figures such as police is highly effective because it combines fear, urgency and social conditioning, making victims more likely to comply without questioning the situation.

Digital defenses are no longer the only front line in crypto security. While phishing and exchange hacks have long been major threats, a growing number of thefts now bypass code entirely and target crypto holders directly.

A recent case in France highlights this shift. Attackers posing as police staged a “raid” and physically coerced a couple into transferring nearly $1 million in Bitcoin (BTC). This was not a failure of software, but a high-stakes robbery carried out through physical force.

When the victim, not the wallet, becomes the target

The incident occurred in Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt, a town near Paris, where a couple in their late 50s was allegedly assaulted inside their residence.

Here is the chronology of the incident:

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  • Three individuals disguised as police officers gained entry to the home.

  • The couple was threatened at knifepoint.

  • The husband was forced to send Bitcoin to the attackers.

  • Both victims sustained injuries, and the husband was physically restrained and tied up.

  • The assailants fled the scene in a vehicle.

French authorities are currently investigating the matter, with charges including armed robbery and organized criminal conspiracy.

What distinguishes this case is not only the use of violence, but the specific strategy employed.

Rather than attempting to crack encryption, the perpetrators bypassed it entirely by coercing the owner into authorizing the transfer.

Why impersonating police officers is so effective

Posing as law enforcement officials is often effective because it taps into several psychological triggers:

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  • Authority: People are socially conditioned to obey police directives.

  • Urgency: The appearance of an official raid creates the impression that immediate compliance is necessary.

  • Fear: Any resistance can seem as though it may lead to criminal consequences.

When criminals present themselves as police, victims often fail to question:

  • The reason for their presence.

  • The legitimacy of their demands.

  • The authenticity of the entire situation.

Under stress, the impulse to obey tends to overpower the instinct to verify or question what is happening.

In crypto, this risk is even greater because a single approved transaction can move significant funds in seconds.

Did you know? The term “wrench attack” became popular in the crypto space after an online comic joked that threatening someone physically is easier than breaking encryption. It reflects a real-world shift in which attackers bypass complex systems by targeting people rather than technology.

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From simulated police raid to coerced Bitcoin transfer

Unlike conventional robberies that target cash, jewelry or other tangible items, this assault specifically targeted digital cryptocurrency holdings.

The attackers’ objective was straightforward: force the victim to carry out an immediate crypto transfer.

This form of theft can be difficult to contain for several reasons: 

  • Stolen funds can be transferred anywhere in the world within minutes.

  • Blockchain transactions are generally irreversible.

  • Once transferred, funds can be moved quickly, which can make tracing and recovery more difficult.

When the victim retains direct control over their wallet, criminals do not need to steal hardware or break through security. They only need to force the victim to approve and send the transaction personally.

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Understanding wrench attacks in the cryptocurrency space

It is often far easier to threaten a person with a wrench than to try to crack their encryption.

Rather than attempting to hack a wallet, perpetrators may use:

  • Threats

  • Physical violence

  • Other forms of coercion

These methods are used to force victims to reveal private keys or authorize the transfer of funds. Such attacks bypass even the strongest technical protections.

No matter how strong the encryption is, human vulnerability can make that security irrelevant.

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Did you know? Some high-net-worth crypto holders now use “decoy wallets” with small balances. In a coercive situation, they can reveal these wallets instead of their main holdings, adding an extra layer of psychological and financial protection.

Why these attacks are becoming more frequent

Several underlying factors are driving this increase:

  • Growth in self-custody: A rising number of users now hold their own private keys and manage their assets directly, making them more immediate and accessible targets.

  • Visibility of high-value targets: Many cryptocurrency investors, company founders and executives maintain public profiles that make their wealth and identity relatively easy to identify.

  • Advances in cybersecurity: As digital wallet security improves and remote hacking becomes more difficult, criminals are increasingly turning to the softer target, the human user.

  • Instant global liquidity: Cryptocurrency enables near-instant transfers of value anywhere in the world without banks or intermediaries acting as gatekeepers.

In 2025 alone, documented cases of verified wrench attacks reportedly rose sharply, increasing 75% from 2024. Europe, and France in particular, stood out as a growing hotspot for such incidents. Financial losses reached $40.9 million in 2025, marking a 44% annual increase. While kidnapping remained the primary threat vector, physical assaults surged by 250%.

Why France has experienced a surge

France has recently recorded multiple high-profile violent crimes linked to cryptocurrency:

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  • Kidnappings carried out to extort cryptocurrency ransoms.

  • Home invasions specifically targeting high-profile figures in the crypto industry.

  • Coordinated operations by organized criminal groups aimed at stealing digital assets.

These recurring incidents point to a shift in criminal behavior:

  • More deliberate efforts to identify individuals who hold cryptocurrency.

  • Increased surveillance of their physical locations and daily routines.

  • A growing preference for direct physical targeting over purely digital methods.

As cryptocurrency adoption continues to expand, public awareness of who owns it is also growing. Unfortunately, the physical risks associated with that visibility are rising as well.

Why criminals increasingly choose coercion over hacking

Crypto security has become increasingly strong. Hardware wallets, multisignature setups and cold storage solutions make remote hacking far more difficult.

Coercion, however, changes the equation.

Even the strongest technical protections may fail if a victim is coerced into unlocking their hardware device, revealing their credentials or authorizing a transaction.

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Coercive attacks bypass cryptographic defenses entirely, target points of human access and exploit natural human reactions.

For perpetrators, this approach is often faster and more reliable than trying to break through technical defenses.

Why Bitcoin remains particularly exposed in duress situations

Bitcoin’s core architecture gives it considerable strength, but it also creates significant vulnerability when the owner is under coercion.

Its key features include:

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  • The ability to transfer value immediately

  • The absence of any central entity capable of reversing transactions

  • Permissionless, worldwide accessibility

In a situation where the holder is forced to transfer funds, these traits can result in:

  • Assets being moved almost instantly

  • Virtually no realistic chance of recovery

  • Attackers rapidly moving funds across multiple addresses

The same qualities that give Bitcoin its independence and value also make stolen funds extremely difficult to recover once they are transferred under duress.

Did you know? Private security firms have started offering specialized protection services for crypto investors, including travel risk assessments, home security audits and digital footprint reduction strategies aimed at preventing targeted attacks.

How French authorities are responding

French law enforcement agencies are actively investigating the incident, with specialized organized crime units leading the effort.

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Potential criminal charges under review include:

Although authorities are increasing enforcement in response to such incidents, these cases continue to present serious challenges because of:

  • The rapid cross-border movement of stolen assets

  • The pseudonymous and irreversible nature of cryptocurrency transactions

  • The involvement of organized and professional criminal groups

Key security takeaways for cryptocurrency owners

This incident underscores a major shift in the nature of cryptocurrency security threats.

Protecting technical systems alone is no longer enough. Safeguarding wallets, private keys and physical devices must now be paired with strong personal security measures.

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Essential protective steps include:

  • Never publicly reveal or discuss the extent of your cryptocurrency holdings.

  • Keep your real-world identity separate from your wallet addresses and ownership.

  • Use multisignature wallets so that no single individual or compromised key can authorize transfers.

  • Distribute signing authority and key control across different geographic locations or trusted parties.

Cointelegraph maintains full editorial independence. Guides are produced without influence from advertisers, partners or commercial relationships. Content published in Guides does not constitute financial, legal or investment advice. Readers should conduct their own research and consult qualified professionals where appropriate.

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Singapore’s OCBC Debuts Tokenized Gold Fund on Ethereum and Solana

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Crypto Breaking News

Singapore’s OCBC has rolled out GOLDX, a tokenized on-chain fund that provides exposure to the LionGlobal Singapore Physical Gold Fund. The token, issued on Ethereum and Solana, targets institutional investors, hedge funds and asset managers, and can be bought with stablecoins or fiat. After subscription, the fund’s shares are delivered directly to investors’ blockchain wallets. OCBC describes the move as a milestone in its blockchain-focused strategy and a step toward bridging traditional finance with decentralized finance.

Industry data tracked by rwa.xyz shows tokenized real-world assets on public blockchains reaching a value of more than $29 billion, having risen more than 10% in the past 30 days. The broader trend underscores growing interest in on-chain access to traditional assets such as gold, real estate, and commodities.

Key takeaways

  • The GOLDX token provides on-chain exposure to the LionGlobal Singapore Physical Gold Fund and is issued on Ethereum and Solana, signaling a multi-chain approach to tokenized assets for institutions.
  • Investors can acquire GOLDX using stablecoins or fiat, with on-chain delivery of the tokenized fund’s exposure to their wallets after subscription.
  • OCBC notes the underlying fund had about US$525 million (S$669 million) in assets under management as of April 16, according to the bank’s disclosures, highlighting the scale of the tokenized fund itself.
  • OCBC’s broader footprint includes total assets estimated at about US$526 billion as of December 2025, reflecting the bank’s ongoing experimentation with blockchain-enabled financial products since its 2023 tokenized equity-linked note for accredited investors.
  • Tokenized real-world assets on public blockchains are valued at over US$29 billion, up more than 10% in the last month, according to rwa.xyz, signaling sustained demand for on-chain access to traditional assets.

GOLDX: On-chain exposure to a physical gold fund

The GOLDX token is tied to the LionGlobal Singapore Physical Gold Fund, which OCBC says launched in December and has attracted institutional interest as a way to gain on-chain exposure to physical gold without the friction of traditional custody arrangements. The underlying fund’s on-chain representation is designed to appeal to Web3 ecosystem participants and high-net-worth individuals who operate within blockchain and crypto markets, according to OCBC.

OCBC’s asset management arm collaborated with Lion Global Investors and digital-asset exchange DigiFT to bring GOLDX to market. The token’s utility lies in enabling institutions to access a tangible gold reserve via a blockchain-native instrument, while settlement and ownership records run on-chain. Kenneth Lai, head of global markets at OCBC, framed the move as part of a broader corporate strategy to integrate digital assets into mainstream financial services. He said, “We believe digital assets will play an increasingly important role in financial services and our focus is on bridging traditional finance with the emerging world of decentralized finance.”

As a sign of the fund’s scale, the LionGlobal Singapore Physical Gold Fund reportedly held around US$525 million in assets as of April 16, with OCBC citing an asset base of roughly US$526 billion for the bank group as a whole in its December 2025 disclosures. The GOLDX rollout follows OCBC’s earlier experiments with tokenized investment products, including a 2023 tokenized equity-linked note issued to accredited investors, showcasing a continuing push into tokenized finance.

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A broader trend: tokenized assets expanding on public blockchains

The emergence of GOLDX sits within a wider market dynamic where tokenized real-world assets are increasingly being represented on public networks. rwa.xyz tracks the sector and notes the total value of tokenized assets on public blockchains has surpassed $29 billion, with gains of more than 10% over a 30-day window. For traditional banks and asset managers, this trend offers a pathway to new liquidity channels and broader investor access, albeit with ongoing questions about custody, settlement reliability, and regulatory alignment.

OCBC’s approach with GOLDX reflects a deliberate strategy to blend regulated, traditional assets with blockchain-enabled delivery and settlement. By tying a token to a regulated gold fund and enabling on-chain trading and settlement, OCBC signals a willingness to experiment with tokenized structures that could scale if liquidity and custody arrangements meet institutional standards. The bank’s leadership has repeatedly emphasized the potential for digital assets to complement conventional finance, rather than replace it, as part of a gradual, standards-driven evolution of the sector.

For investors and builders, the GOLDX launch highlights a practical pathway for on-chain access to regulated, physical assets. It also underscores the importance of cross-chain compatibility, given the token’s presence on both Ethereum and Solana, two ecosystems with distinct liquidity profiles and security models. If GOLDX and similar instruments can demonstrate robust on-chain settlement, low friction, and clear regulatory guardrails, they could become a template for broader institutional adoption of tokenized funds in Southeast Asia and beyond.

As the market monitors this development, questions remain about scale, long-term liquidity, and how regulatory regimes will shape tokenized product design. Observers will be watching for updates on the GOLDX program, potential expansions to other asset classes, and how OCBC continues to balance its traditional banking operations with a growing portfolio of blockchain-based offerings.

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Looking ahead, the pace of adoption will hinge on how well tokenized funds deliver transparent on-chain custody, reliable settlement, and standardized disclosures that satisfy institutional due diligence. Regulatory clarity—particularly around tokenized securities and on-chain fund structures—will play a decisive role in shaping the trajectory of OCBC’s blockchain initiatives and the broader market for tokenized real-world assets.

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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