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How a quantum computer can be used to actually steal your bitcoin in ‘9 minutes’

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(CoinDesk)

Part 1 of this series explained what quantum computers actually are. Not just faster versions of regular computers, but a fundamentally different kind of machine that exploits the weird rules of physics that only apply at the scale of atoms and particles.

But knowing how a quantum computer works does not tell you how it can be used to steal bitcoin by a bad actor. That requires understanding what it is actually attacking, how bitcoin’s security is built, and exactly where the weakness sits.

This piece starts with bitcoin’s encryption and works through to the nine-minute window it takes to break it, as identified by Google’s recent quantum computing paper.

The one-way map

Bitcoin uses a system called elliptic curve cryptography to prove who owns what. Every wallet has two keys. A private key, which is a secret number, 256 digits long in binary, roughly as long as this sentence. A public key is derived from the private key by performing a mathematical operation on the specific curve called “secp256k1.”

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Think of it as a one-way map. Start at a known location on the curve that everyone agrees on, called the generator point G (as shown in the chart below). Take a private number of steps in a pattern defined by the curve’s math. The number of steps is your private key. Where you end up on the curve is your public key (point K in the chart). Anyone can verify that you ended up at that specific location. Nobody can figure out how many steps you took to get there.

Technically, this is written as K = k × G, where k is your private key and K is your public key. The “multiplication” is not regular multiplication but a geometric operation where you repeatedly add a point to itself along the curve. The result lands on a seemingly random spot that only your specific number k would produce.

(CoinDesk)

The crucial property is that going forward is easy and going backward is, for classical computers, effectively impossible. If you know k and G, calculating K takes milliseconds. If you know K and G and want to figure out k, you are solving what mathematicians call the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem.

It is estimated that the best-known classical algorithms for a 256-bit curve would take longer than the age of the universe.

This one-way trapdoor is the entire security model. Your private key proves you own your coins. Your public key is safe to share because no classical computer can reverse the math. When you send bitcoin, your wallet uses the private key to create a digital signature, a mathematical proof that you know the secret number without revealing it.

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Shor’s algorithm opens the door both ways

In 1994, a mathematician named Peter Shor discovered a quantum algorithm that breaks the trapdoor.

Shor’s algorithm solves the discrete logarithm problem efficiently. The same math that would take a classical computer longer than the universe has existed, Shor’s algorithm handles in what mathematicians call polynomial time, meaning the difficulty grows slowly as numbers get bigger rather than explosively.

The intuition for how it works comes back to the three quantum properties from Part 1 of this series.

The algorithm needs to find your private key k, given your public key K and the generator point G. It converts this into a problem of finding the period of a function. Think of a function that takes a number as input and returns a point on the elliptic curve.

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As you feed it sequential numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, the outputs eventually repeat in a cycle. The length of that cycle is called the period, and once you know how often the function repeats, the math of the discrete logarithm problem unravels in a single step. The private key falls out almost immediately.

Finding this period of a function is exactly what quantum computers are built for. The algorithm puts its input register into a superposition (or, in quantum mechanics, a particle exists in multiple locations simultaneously), representing all possible values simultaneously. It applies the function to all of them at once.

Then it applies a quantum operation called the Fourier transform, which causes the number of wrong answers to cancel out while the correct answers are reinforced.

When you measure the result, the period appears. From this period, ordinary math recovers k. That is your private key, and therefore your coins.

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(CoinDesk)

The attack uses all three quantum tricks from the first piece. Superposition evaluates the function on every possible input at once. Entanglement links the input and output so the results stay correlated. ‘Interference’ filters the noise until only the answer remains.

Why bitcoin still works today

Shor’s algorithm has been known for more than 30 years. The reason bitcoin still exists is that running it requires a quantum computer with a large enough number of stable qubits to maintain coherence through the entire calculation.

Building that machine has been beyond reach, but the question has always been how large is “large enough.”

Previous estimates said millions of physical qubits. Google’s paper, in early April by its Quantum AI division with contributions from Ethereum Foundation researcher Justin Drake and Stanford cryptographer Dan Boneh, reduced that to fewer than 500,000.

Or a roughly 20-fold reduction from prior estimates.

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The team designed two quantum circuits that implement Shor’s algorithm against bitcoin’s specific elliptic curve. One uses approximately 1,200 logical qubits and 90 million Toffoli gates. The other uses approximately 1,450 logical qubits and 70 million Toffoli gates.

A Toffoli gate is a type of gate that acts on three qubits: two control qubits, which affect the state of a third, target qubit. Imagine this as three light switches (qubits) and a special lightbulb (the target) that only turns on if two specific switches are flipped on at the same time.

Because qubits lose their quantum state constantly, as Part 1 explained, you need hundreds of redundant qubits checking each other’s work to maintain a single reliable logical qubit. Most of a quantum computer exists just to catch the machine’s own mistakes before they ruin the calculation. The roughly 400-to-1 ratio between physical and logical qubits reflects how much of the machine exists as self-babysitting infrastructure.

The nine-minute window

Google’s paper did not just reduce qubit counts. It introduced a practical attack scenario that changes how to think about the threat.

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The parts of Shor’s algorithm that depend only on the elliptic curve’s fixed parameters, which are publicly known and identical for every bitcoin wallet, can be precomputed. The quantum computer sits in a primed state, already halfway through the calculation, waiting.

The moment a target public key appears, whether broadcast in a transaction to the network’s mempool or already exposed on the blockchain from a previous transaction, the machine only needs to finish the second half.

Google estimates that the second half takes about nine minutes.

Bitcoin’s average block confirmation time is 10 minutes. That means if a user broadcasts a transaction and their public key is visible in the mempool, a quantum attacker has roughly nine minutes to derive a private key and submit a competing transaction that redirects funds.

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The math gives the attacker a roughly 41% chance of finishing before your original transaction confirms.

That is the mempool attack. It is alarming but it requires a quantum computer that does not exist yet.

The bigger concern, however, is the 6.9 million bitcoin (roughly one-third of total supply) sitting in wallets where the public key has already been permanently exposed on the blockchain. Those coins are vulnerable to an “at-rest” attack that requires no race against the clock. The attacker can take as long as needed.

(CoinDesk)

A quantum computer running Shor’s algorithm can turn a bitcoin public key into the private key that controls the coins. For coins transacted since Taproot (a privacy upgrade on Bitcoin that went live in November 2021), the public key is already visible. For coins in older addresses, the public key is hidden until you spend, at which point you have roughly nine minutes before the attacker catches up.

What this means in practice, which 6.9 million bitcoin are already exposed, what Taproot changed, and how fast the hardware is closing the gap, is the subject of the next and final piece in this series.

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Vitalik Buterin Warns Users After eth.limo DNS Hijack

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Vitalik Buterin Warns Users After eth.limo DNS Hijack

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin warned users on April 18 to stop visiting any eth.limo URLs after the popular ENS gateway suffered a DNS registrar attack.

The eth.limo team confirmed the compromise minutes later, stating its domain had been hijacked and that it was working with all involved parties to fix the problem.

What Happened to eth.limo

Eth.limo is a free, open-source gateway that lets users access Ethereum Name Service (ENS) content through standard web browsers. It translates ENS names into HTTPS URLs, allowing anyone to visit decentralized websites without running an IPFS node.

The attacker gained control of eth.limo’s account at its domain registrar. This gave them the ability to redirect all traffic on the wildcard *.eth.limo domain, potentially exposing visitors to phishing pages or malware.

Buterin shared a direct IPFS link to his personal blog as a safe alternative and asked users to wait for an all-clear from the eth.limo team before resuming normal access.

“The kind people at @eth_limo have warned me that there has been an attack on their DNS registrar. So please do not visit vitalik.eth.limo or other eth.limo pages until they confirm that things are back to normal,” wrote Buterin.

Decentralization’s Centralized Weak Spot

The incident highlights a recurring vulnerability in Web3 infrastructure. While ENS records and IPFS content remain decentralized and were not compromised, the DNS layer that connects them to traditional browsers still depends on centralized registrars.

Similar attacks have previously targeted DeFi protocols like Cream Finance and Aerodrome, both through registrar-level compromises.

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Crypto phishing losses exceeded $4 billion in 2025, with frontend hijacks becoming an increasingly common attack vector.

No user fund losses have been confirmed so far. The eth.limo team has not yet issued an all-clear, and users should continue avoiding all *.eth.limo URLs until further notice.

The post Vitalik Buterin Warns Users After eth.limo DNS Hijack appeared first on BeInCrypto.

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SEC Charges Donald Basile in $16M Fraud Case Involving ‘Insured’ Token

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Crypto Breaking News

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed a civil complaint in the Eastern District of New York accusing crypto executive Donald Basile and two entities he controlled of raising about $16 million from investors through a scheme tied to a purportedly insured crypto token, Bitcoin Latinum. The regulator says Basile conducted the offering through Monsoon Blockchain Corp. and GIBF GP Inc. during 2021, using Simple Agreements for Future Tokens that promised future delivery of the token.

Regulators allege that hundreds of investors were told Bitcoin Latinum was insured and asset-backed. The complaint, supported by reporting from The Wall Street Journal, asserts no insurance carrier ever provided coverage or any proof of the claimed backing. The SEC has moved to unwind the transactions and hold Basile accountable for what it calls false representations about the asset and its security backing. According to The Wall Street Journal.

The case arrives amid ongoing questions about crypto enforcement priorities in a landscape where regulators have signaled a shift in approach. Cointelegraph notes that actions like this stand out as relatively few enforcement efforts under the Trump-era regulatory posture, which some observers described as more crypto-friendly compared with earlier administrations. The SEC has framed its current stance as a move away from “regulation by enforcement” toward targeting fraud, market manipulation and serious abuses of trust, even as it pursues specific securities-related allegations in the crypto space.

Key takeaways

  • The SEC alleges Donald Basile and two affiliated entities raised about $16 million through SAFTs tied to Bitcoin Latinum, with the tokens promised to be delivered in the future.
  • Investors were told the asset was insured and backed, but regulators say no insurance coverage or credible backing proof was ever provided.
  • Funds reportedly flowed to personal use, including real estate purchases, credit-card payments and the acquisition of a $160,000 horse, according to the SEC’s allegations.
  • The agency is seeking permanent injunctions, disgorgement with interest, civil penalties and an officer-and-director ban for Basile, while Bitcoin Latinum’s own site currently returns a 404 error.

Allegations and the mechanics of the offering

The SEC’s complaint details a scheme in which Basile, working through Monsoon Blockchain Corp. and GIBF GP Inc., marketed Bitcoin Latinum as a protected asset available through SAFTs. The agreements purported to secure future delivery of the token to investors who contributed capital in the belief that their investment would be backed by insurance and real-world value. The complaint implies that the core premise—that an insurer provided coverage or verifiable backing—was never realized, according to The Wall Street Journal’s reporting on the filings.

From 2021’s March to December window, the actions allegedly misrepresented the token’s risk profile and protection to investors. The SEC’s filing seeks to unwind the arrangements and recover alleged ill-gotten gains with interest, alongside civil penalties. The agency also seeks to bar Basile from participation in future securities offerings, underscoring its broader objective of deterring misrepresentation in crypto fundraising activities.

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Regulatory posture and the broader backdrop

The SEC’s broader enforcement narrative has been evolving. In a week when the agency criticized past crypto cases for not delivering direct investor benefits, officials highlighted the importance of meaningful protections rather than simply expanding enforcement volume. Since fiscal 2022, the SEC has reported bringing 95 actions and collecting about $2.3 billion in penalties for “book-and-record” violations, even as it acknowledged that several cases involving crypto registration and dealer definitions did not clearly demonstrate investor harm.

Under Chair Paul Atkins, appointed in 2025, the SEC has signaled a reorientation toward prioritizing fraud, market manipulation and trust abuses over broad, volume-based enforcement. While the Bitcoin Latinum case is not framed as a back-to-basics reset, it sits within a climate in which the agency asserts it is focusing resources on cases with demonstrable harms to investors and systemic risk, rather than pursuing actions solely to expand case counts.

The status of Bitcoin Latinum itself adds another layer to the story. The project’s official site has since returned a 404 error, complicating attempts to verify project details or investor claims in real time. This confluence of regulatory action and an unclear project footprint underscores the attention regulators are paying to token projects that market themselves as insured or asset-backed, and the importance for investors to demand verifiable backing and regulatory clarity before participating in token offerings.

For readers watching the sector, the Basile case signals a continued emphasis on disclosure, truth-in-advertising and the risk of misrepresentation in crypto fundraising. It also highlights the tension between innovation in tokenized instruments and the safeguards required to protect retail investors, particularly in structures that resemble securities while operating in a largely decentralized, global market. The evolving stance toward enforcement, investor protection and the meaning of “insurance” or “backing” in crypto assets will likely shape the regulatory dialogue in the months ahead.

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What remains uncertain is how aggressively the SEC will pursue similar claims involving SAFT-like structures and whether more details about Bitcoin Latinum’s purported insurer, if any existed, will surface through the litigation process. Investors and builders will be watching for how the court addresses disgorgement calculations, potential penalties, and any implications for future token offerings that blend securities-like promises with decentralized technology.

As the case progresses, market participants will be keenly watching for interim rulings on injunctive relief and any early signals about how the court may interpret the line between investment contracts and digital assets marketed as insured or asset-backed. The next chapter will likely test how regulators differentiate genuine investor protections from overbroad or misapplied securities theories in a rapidly evolving crypto landscape.

Readers should stay tuned for updates on the legal proceedings and any related statements from the SEC about its enforcement priorities, as well as for any new information regarding Bitcoin Latinum’s status, project disclosures, and potential investor recourse.

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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Bitcoin Price Prediction: Hormuz, Iran War, Oil Price, Metals, and Stocks vs Crypto

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Bitcoin price briefly cracked $78,000 yesterday, a level untouched since early February, before pulling back and stabilizing. What's next?

Bitcoin price briefly cracked $78,000 yesterday, a level untouched since early February, before pulling back and stabilizing. The catalyst is a two-week U.S.-Iran ceasefire that collapsed crude prices and triggered $427 million in short liquidations, compressing the Strait of Hormuz risk premium that had been suffocating risk assets for months.

Crypto-linked equities outran Bitcoin itself in the recovery. Coinbase, Robinhood, and Strategy each surged at least 25% through Friday’s close, while BTC posted just under 7% gains over the same five trading days. It’s strong in isolation, modest by comparison.

Citi analyst Alex Saunders flagged the dynamic explicitly: “Crypto-equity correlations have strengthened following a recent dip,” with stocks are now pulling crypto up with them.

Meanwhile, Tether resumed BTC accumulation, blockchain data from Arkham Intelligence confirms 951 BTC moved to a wallet labeled “Tether: BTC Reserve,” adding a quiet but significant buy.

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Discover: The best pre-launch token sales

Can Bitcoin Price Break $80,000 Before Ceasefire Expiration?

Having already reclaimed the 50-day EMA during the ceasefire-driven relief rally, Bitcoin trading volume spiked on the short squeeze, with $6 billion in leveraged shorts remaining clustered between $72,200 and $73,500, with peak density around $72,500. That zone has already been breached; those liquidations fueled the current leg.

The technical setup now pits $75,000–$80,000 resistance against $62,000 support at the bottom of the two-month consolidation range.

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Bitcoin price briefly cracked $78,000 yesterday, a level untouched since early February, before pulling back and stabilizing. What's next?
BTC USD, TradingView

If the ceasefire holds, Fed rate-cut expectations could firm up on lower oil/inflation data, and spot demand then can push BTC through $80,000. Forecast models average $78,600 with a ceiling near $82,500.

Whale data adds a nuanced wrinkle. For only the second time in 2026, wallets holding more than 10,000 BTC recorded net inflows, suggesting organic accumulation. Some analysts, including Canary Capital’s Steve McClurg, argue 2026 is still the “bear leg” of Bitcoin’s four-year cycle, which historically a period of 60–80% drawdowns from peaks.

Discover: The best crypto to diversify your portfolio with

Bitcoin Hyper Targets Early-Mover Upside as BTC Waits for Confirmation

Bitcoin at $76,000 is recovery territory, not discovery territory. From the current market cap, a 2x requires roughly $3 trillion in new capital. That math is why some traders running the numbers are rotating a portion of exposure earlier on the risk curve, specifically toward infrastructure plays being built on top of Bitcoin itself.

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Bitcoin Hyper ($HYPER) is positioning as the first Bitcoin Layer 2 with Solana Virtual Machine (SVM) integration, combining Bitcoin’s security with smart contract execution that the project claims outpaces Solana on latency.

The pitch targets Bitcoin’s three structural weaknesses: slow transactions, high fees, and zero programmability. The presale has raised $32 million at a current token price of $0.0136, with staking active at a high APY for early participants.

Features include a Decentralized Canonical Bridge for BTC transfers and low-cost, high-speed transaction execution designed to unlock DeFi on the Bitcoin network.

Research Bitcoin Hyper here.

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The post Bitcoin Price Prediction: Hormuz, Iran War, Oil Price, Metals, and Stocks vs Crypto appeared first on Cryptonews.

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Spot Bitcoin ETFs Attract $1B in Weekly Inflows as Risk Appetite Returns

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Spot Bitcoin ETFs Attract $1B in Weekly Inflows as Risk Appetite Returns

Spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs) recorded nearly $1 billion in net inflows over the past week, marking their strongest performance in more than three months as market sentiment shifts toward risk assets.

Data from SoSoValue shows that spot Bitcoin (BTC) ETFs attracted $996 muillion in total net inflows last week, the highest weekly intake since early January, when inflows reached about $1.4 billion.

Friday saw $663.9 million in inflows, the strongest single-day performance of the week. Earlier gains included $411.5 million on Tuesday and $186 million on Wednesday, followed by a more modest $26 million on Thursday. The period began with a $291 million outflow on Monday.

Spot Bitcoin ETFs see nearly $1 billion in weekly gains. Source: SoSoValue

Total net assets across spot Bitcoin ETFs climbed above $101 billion by Friday, alongside a sharp increase in trading activity, with daily volumes nearing $4.8 billion.

Related: Morgan Stanley’s Bitcoin fund overtakes WisdomTree after 6 trading days

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Markets price in de-escalation

According to analysts at Bitunix, markets are increasingly pricing in how geopolitical tensions evolve rather than whether they persist. Signs of de-escalation, particularly around US–Iran relations, have reduced extreme risk scenarios, weakening demand for traditional safe havens like the US dollar, they said.

The analysts added that the Federal Reserve is still taking a cautious approach, and expectations for rate cuts remain limited. At the same time, concerns about US debt demand and high long-term yields are starting to weaken confidence in traditional “risk-free” assets. This has contributed to additional pressure on the dollar, further supporting flows into alternative assets, including Bitcoin.

“In crypto market structure, BTC is currently in a classic liquidity redistribution phase,” they wrote, adding that Bitcoin continues to trade in a defined range, with resistance above $75,000 and support forming near $72,000. “Liquidation heatmaps suggest the market is building a new equilibrium range rather than extending a directional trend,” they said.

Related: Three things Bitcoin must do to hold highs above $76K: Analysts

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Bitcoin surges as Strait of Hormuz reopens

On Friday, Iran’s foreign minister announced that the Strait of Hormuz has been reopened to commercial shipping for the duration of the current ceasefire, a move quickly confirmed by US President Donald Trump. The decision eased immediate fears of supply disruption in one of the world’s most critical oil transit routes, triggering swift reactions across global markets.

Bitcoin surged above $77,000 following the news, while Brent crude fell roughly 10% to around $85 per barrel.

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