Crypto World
How to Design Digital Health Products for Businesses that Add Value to Employees
by Gonzalo Wangüemert Villalba
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4 September 2025
Introduction The open-source AI ecosystem reached a turning point in August 2025 when Elon Musk’s company xAI released Grok 2.5 and, almost simultaneously, OpenAI launched two new models under the names GPT-OSS-20B and GPT-OSS-120B. While both announcements signalled a commitment to transparency and broader accessibility, the details of these releases highlight strikingly different approaches to what open AI should mean. This article explores the architecture, accessibility, performance benchmarks, regulatory compliance and wider industry impact of these three models. The aim is to clarify whether xAI’s Grok or OpenAI’s GPT-OSS family currently offers more value for developers, businesses and regulators in Europe and beyond. What Was Released Grok 2.5, described by xAI as a 270 billion parameter model, was made available through the release of its weights and tokenizer. These files amount to roughly half a terabyte and were published on Hugging Face. Yet the release lacks critical elements such as training code, detailed architectural notes or dataset documentation. Most importantly, Grok 2.5 comes with a bespoke licence drafted by xAI that has not yet been clearly scrutinised by legal or open-source communities. Analysts have noted that its terms could be revocable or carry restrictions that prevent the model from being considered genuinely open source. Elon Musk promised on social media that Grok 3 would be published in the same manner within six months, suggesting this is just the beginning of a broader strategy by xAI to join the open-source race. By contrast, OpenAI unveiled GPT-OSS-20B and GPT-OSS-120B on 5 August 2025 with a far more comprehensive package. The models were released under the widely recognised Apache 2.0 licence, which is permissive, business-friendly and in line with requirements of the European Union’s AI Act. OpenAI did not only share the weights but also architectural details, training methodology, evaluation benchmarks, code samples and usage guidelines. This represents one of the most transparent releases ever made by the company, which historically faced criticism for keeping its frontier models proprietary. Architectural Approach The architectural differences between these models reveal much about their intended use. Grok 2.5 is a dense transformer with all 270 billion parameters engaged in computation. Without detailed documentation, it is unclear how efficiently it handles scaling or what kinds of attention mechanisms are employed. Meanwhile, GPT-OSS-20B and GPT-OSS-120B make use of a Mixture-of-Experts design. In practice this means that although the models contain 21 and 117 billion parameters respectively, only a small subset of those parameters are activated for each token. GPT-OSS-20B activates 3.6 billion and GPT-OSS-120B activates just over 5 billion. This architecture leads to far greater efficiency, allowing the smaller of the two to run comfortably on devices with only 16 gigabytes of memory, including Snapdragon laptops and consumer-grade graphics cards. The larger model requires 80 gigabytes of GPU memory, placing it in the range of high-end professional hardware, yet still far more efficient than a dense model of similar size. This is a deliberate choice by OpenAI to ensure that open-weight models are not only theoretically available but practically usable. Documentation and Transparency The difference in documentation further separates the two releases. OpenAI’s GPT-OSS models include explanations of their sparse attention layers, grouped multi-query attention, and support for extended context lengths up to 128,000 tokens. These details allow independent researchers to understand, test and even modify the architecture. By contrast, Grok 2.5 offers little more than its weight files and tokenizer, making it effectively a black box. From a developer’s perspective this is crucial: having access to weights without knowing how the system was trained or structured limits reproducibility and hinders adaptation. Transparency also affects regulatory compliance and community trust, making OpenAI’s approach significantly more robust. Performance and Benchmarks Benchmark performance is another area where GPT-OSS models shine. According to OpenAI’s technical documentation and independent testing, GPT-OSS-120B rivals or exceeds the reasoning ability of the company’s o4-mini model, while GPT-OSS-20B achieves parity with the o3-mini. On benchmarks such as MMLU, Codeforces, HealthBench and the AIME mathematics tests from 2024 and 2025, the models perform strongly, especially considering their efficient architecture. GPT-OSS-20B in particular impressed researchers by outperforming much larger competitors such as Qwen3-32B on certain coding and reasoning tasks, despite using less energy and memory. Academic studies published on arXiv in August 2025 highlighted that the model achieved nearly 32 per cent higher throughput and more than 25 per cent lower energy consumption per 1,000 tokens than rival models. Interestingly, one paper noted that GPT-OSS-20B outperformed its larger sibling GPT-OSS-120B on some human evaluation benchmarks, suggesting that sparse scaling does not always correlate linearly with capability. In terms of safety and robustness, the GPT-OSS models again appear carefully designed. They perform comparably to o4-mini on jailbreak resistance and bias testing, though they display higher hallucination rates in simple factual question-answering tasks. This transparency allows researchers to target weaknesses directly, which is part of the value of an open-weight release. Grok 2.5, however, lacks publicly available benchmarks altogether. Without independent testing, its actual capabilities remain uncertain, leaving the community with only Musk’s promotional statements to go by. Regulatory Compliance Regulatory compliance is a particularly important issue for organisations in Europe under the EU AI Act. The legislation requires general-purpose AI models to be released under genuinely open licences, accompanied by detailed technical documentation, information on training and testing datasets, and usage reporting. For models that exceed systemic risk thresholds, such as those trained with more than 10²⁵ floating point operations, further obligations apply, including risk assessment and registration. Grok 2.5, by virtue of its vague licence and lack of documentation, appears non-compliant on several counts. Unless xAI publishes more details or adapts its licensing, European businesses may find it difficult or legally risky to adopt Grok in their workflows. GPT-OSS-20B and 120B, by contrast, seem carefully aligned with the requirements of the AI Act. Their Apache 2.0 licence is recognised under the Act, their documentation meets transparency demands, and OpenAI has signalled a commitment to provide usage reporting. From a regulatory standpoint, OpenAI’s releases are safer bets for integration within the UK and EU. Community Reception The reception from the AI community reflects these differences. Developers welcomed OpenAI’s move as a long-awaited recognition of the open-source movement, especially after years of criticism that the company had become overly protective of its models. Some users, however, expressed frustration with the mixture-of-experts design, reporting that it can lead to repetitive tool-calling behaviours and less engaging conversational output. Yet most acknowledged that for tasks requiring structured reasoning, coding or mathematical precision, the GPT-OSS family performs exceptionally well. Grok 2.5’s release was greeted with more scepticism. While some praised Musk for at least releasing weights, others argued that without a proper licence or documentation it was little more than a symbolic gesture designed to signal openness while avoiding true transparency. Strategic Implications The strategic motivations behind these releases are also worth considering. For xAI, releasing Grok 2.5 may be less about immediate usability and more about positioning in the competitive AI landscape, particularly against Chinese developers and American rivals. For OpenAI, the move appears to be a balancing act: maintaining leadership in proprietary frontier models like GPT-5 while offering credible open-weight alternatives that address regulatory scrutiny and community pressure. This dual strategy could prove effective, enabling the company to dominate both commercial and open-source markets. Conclusion Ultimately, the comparison between Grok 2.5 and GPT-OSS-20B and 120B is not merely technical but philosophical. xAI’s release demonstrates a willingness to participate in the open-source movement but stops short of true openness. OpenAI, on the other hand, has set a new standard for what open-weight releases should look like in 2025: efficient architectures, extensive documentation, clear licensing, strong benchmark performance and regulatory compliance. For European businesses and policymakers evaluating open-source AI options, GPT-OSS currently represents the more practical, compliant and capable choice. In conclusion, while both xAI and OpenAI contributed to the momentum of open-source AI in August 2025, the details reveal that not all openness is created equal. Grok 2.5 stands as an important symbolic release, but OpenAI’s GPT-OSS family sets the benchmark for practical usability, compliance with the EU AI Act, and genuine transparency.
SAN FRANCISCO, CA – Crypto isn’t just building faster payments rails. It may be building the financial system for non-humans.
As AI agents grow more autonomous, developers are already giving them crypto wallets, allowing software to hold assets, pay for services, trade tokens and even hire other agents. The technical pieces are falling into place. The legal ones are not.
At a recent panel at NEARCON 2026, Electric Capital’s Avichal Garg framed the moment as historically significant.
“What happens if there’s not a human behind it at all?” Garg asked. “It’s some piece of code that owns a wallet, executing code to make more money… How does liability work in that case? I actually don’t know.”
Crypto makes this possible in a way traditional finance cannot. Blockchains allow programmable money, instant settlement and global access. Pair that with AI agents capable of making decisions, and you get something new: software that can both think and transact.
Garg compared the shift to the creation of the limited liability corporation in the 19th century — a legal breakthrough that unlocked pooled capital and industrial-scale growth.
“The cost of participating in the economy has come down so far,” he said. “You’re talking about anybody in the world, with relatively little money, being able to create value.”
But enforcement remains unresolved.
“You can’t punish an AI,” Garg noted. “You can turn them off, but they don’t care.”
If autonomous agents begin trading, lending, hiring and scaling businesses onchain, lawmakers may face a foundational question: Who is liable when software with its own wallet acts independently?
Read more: Kraken’s co-CEO could trust AI with 100% of his crypto — Dragonfly’s Haseeb Qureshi isn’t convinced
BTC failed to hold key support levels, dragging the wider crypto market lower.
Cryptocurrency markets are under pressure again, with traders reacting to broader AI-linked fears, lingering macro uncertainty and signs of waning institutional demand. Today, Feb. 24, total crypto market capitalization slipped 2.5%, currently hovering around $2.27 trillion.
Bitcoin (BTC) slid from about $66,000 on Monday morning, Feb. 23, to near $63,700 at press time, marking a 3% daily decline. BTC’s weekly losses are around 6%.
Ethereum (ETH) tracked BTC’s move, falling 3% to $1,840, and down 5.4% on the week.
Among the rest of the top-10 assets, most are seeing mild to moderate losses today. XRP is down 1.7% to $1.35, BNB lost 3.6% to about $585, and Solana (SOL) declined 3% to $77.
Figure Heloc (FIGR_HELOC) was the only top-10 large-cap in the green this morning, up 1.5%.
Oversold
Alex Thorn, head of firmwide research at Galaxy Digital, noted in an X post today that BTC is approaching all-time oversold territory, with weekly RSI readings lower than any moment outside the deepest bear markets, citing November-December 2018 and mid-2022 as rare comparable periods.
Wintermute analysts highlighted in another X post today that Bitcoin has repeatedly failed to break through the $70,000 mark in the past two weeks, while ETH dipped below the psychologically important $1,900 mark.
“Multiple times over the past decade, growth scares have triggered rotations that ultimately reversed as risk appetite returned and the market found its way back to momentum,” the analysts noted.
They added that thin liquidity with derivatives signals a lack of directional conviction. Some selective interest in altcoins from high-net-worth investors briefly emerged mid-week but quickly faded.
Big Movers and Liquidations
Looking at the top-100 assets by market cap, PIPPIN gained the most, up 6.6% to $0.77 on the day, while Monero (XMR) rose 3.4% to $325.
On the downside, Bitcoin Cash (BCH) led losses at 11% to $475.40, followed by NEXO, down 5.5% to $0.80.
According to CoinGlass data, around 137,000 traders were liquidated over the past 24 hours, with total losses of $412.9 million, where BTC accounted for $156.3 million and ETH for $131.7 million, while other altcoins accounted for $22.1 million.
ETFs and Macro Conditions
Spot Bitcoin ETFs saw $203.8 million in outflows on Monday, bringing cumulative assets to $80.7 billion. Ethereum ETFs recorded $49.4 million in outflows, with total net assets now at $10.4 billion, per SoSoValue data.
Macro conditions still feel shaky. Shares of IBM plunged about 13% on Monday, Feb. 23 — the stock’s steepest drop in more than 25 years. The selloff came after Anthropic said its Claude Code tool can automate COBOL modernization, the old-school language that still rakes in serious revenue for IBM.
Adding to the nervous mood, analysts at Citrini Research warned in a Feb. 22 note that rapid AI adoption could displace large numbers of white‑collar jobs, squeeze consumer spending, and put pressure on both financial and tech sectors.
In comments to investors on Monday, JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon drew comparisons between current credit and risk dynamics and those seen in the run‑up to the 2008 financial crisis, fueling more caution among investors.
Editor’s note: The GCC region is moving quickly from experimenting with Generative AI to embedding it across core business functions. Deloitte’s newly released survey of tax, finance and legal leaders shows a clear acceleration in GenAI adoption, driven by a demand for smarter research, decision support and quality assurance. As regional companies navigate data privacy, governance and implementation roadmaps, this editorial note highlights momentum and the remaining gaps that organizations must address to translate ambition into measurable outcomes.
Key points
- GenAI adoption is accelerating across tax, finance and legal functions in the GCC.
- Non-adoption fell from 52% in 2024 to 29% in 2025, with participation rising 47% year over year.
- Priorities have shifted toward research and analysis (41%) and quality improvement (38%).
- Only 18% are piloting GenAI, 9% are scaling, and 10% have enterprise-wide AI strategies and governance in place; 63% remain in pre-implementation.
- Automation remains a major opportunity, with 53% prioritizing automation; emphasis on research and data analysis (41%).
Why this matters
GenAI adoption in the GCC signals a shift from experimentation to strategic capability across tax, finance and legal functions. The findings underscore the importance of governance, robust operating models and workforce readiness to translate momentum into measurable business value and trusted, scalable deployment across enterprises. With rising confidence in AI’s long-term potential, organizations must balance speed with quality, risk controls and responsible governance to sustain momentum.
What to watch next
- Move from pilots to enterprise-wide AI strategies and governance frameworks.
- Strengthen governance, operating models and adoption roadmaps.
- Invest in data quality and capability development for deeper analytics.
- Monitor automation opportunities and balance between speed and quality.
Disclosure: The content below is a press release provided by the company/PR representative. It is published for informational purposes.
GCC Leaders Accelerate GenAI Adoption in Tax, Finance and Legal Functions
A new Deloitte survey reveals rapid uptake across the region, alongside growing gaps in governance, strategy and implementation.
Dubai, UAE – 24 February, 2026: A new regional survey by Deloitte’s Tax & Legal business shows that organizations across the GCC are rapidly adopting Generative AI (GenAI) in tax, finance, and legal functions – but many are still struggling to move from experimentation to enterprise-wide impact.
Based on insights from senior tax and finance leaders across Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, and Kuwait, the survey shows rapid acceleration in GenAI adoption across the GCC. Non-adoption fell sharply from 52% in 2024 to 29% in 2025, while survey participation rose 47% year over year. The survey results indicate that GenAI has become a mainstream strategic priority for regional leadership teams.
While early adoption focused on basic productivity tasks such as email drafting, priorities have moved toward research and analysis (41%) and accuracy and quality improvement (38%). This reflects a transition from efficiency-led experimentation to more strategic value creation. At the same time, 93% of respondents expect AI to have a significant impact on their organizations, highlighting strong regional confidence in the technology’s long-term potential.
Yet despite this momentum, execution remains a key challenge. While 18% of organizations are actively piloting GenAI use cases, only 9% have begun scaling solutions, and just 10% report having enterprise-wide AI strategies and governance frameworks in place. More than 63% remain in pre-implementation stages, underscoring the need for clearer operating models, stronger governance, and structured adoption roadmaps to translate ambition into measurable outcomes.
Automation continues to be a major opportunity area, with 53% of respondents prioritizing automation, particularly in data validation and data reconciliation. However, leaders are increasingly emphasizing quality over speed, with research and data analysis accounting for 41% of current GenAI applications, signalling demand for deeper analytical support rather than simple task automation.
Implementation approaches vary widely across the region. While some organizations are adopting subscription-based or hybrid models, 38% say they are still exploring how to operationalize GenAI, reinforcing the need for advisory support to bridge strategy and execution.
Reflecting on the regional landscape, Muhammad Bahemia, Middle East Tax Leader at Deloitte, said: “The pace of Generative AI adoption across the GCC reflects a region that is both ambitious and pragmatic. Leaders clearly recognize the technology’s potential, but many are now confronting the harder question of how to scale it responsibly. Through our work across tax, finance, and legal functions, Deloitte is helping organizations translate innovation into disciplined execution; strengthening governance, building capabilities, and embedding AI in ways that deliver measurable value and enduring trust.”
Further commenting on the findings, Mohamed Serokh, Partner, at Deloitte Middle East, said: “What we’re seeing across the GCC is a clear shift from curiosity to action. Leaders recognize GenAI’s potential to fundamentally reshape tax, finance, and legal functions, particularly in research, analysis, and quality improvement. However, our survey also shows that many organizations are still navigating how to move from pilots to scalable impact. Success will depend on strong governance, capability development, and a disciplined approach to implementation.”
The survey concludes that while experimentation is widespread, the next phase for GCC organizations must focus on structured execution. Prioritizing high-impact use cases in research and tax analysis, strengthening governance frameworks, and investing in workforce readiness to support responsible, scaled adoption.
Explore the survey insights on this link.
© 2026 Deloitte & Touche (M.E.). All rights reserved.
In this press release references to “Deloitte” are references to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”) a UK private company limited by guarantee, and its network of member firms, each of which is a legally separate and independent entity. Please see deloitte.com/about for a detailed description of the legal structure of DTTL and its member firms. The information contained in this press release is correct at the time of going to press.
About Deloitte & Touche (M.E.) LLP
Deloitte & Touche (M.E.) LLP (“DME”) is the affiliate for the territories of the Middle East and Cyprus of Deloitte NSE LLP (“NSE”), a UK limited liability partnership and member firms of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee (“DTTL”).
DME is a leading professional services organization established in the Middle East region with uninterrupted presence since 1926. DME’s presence in the Middle East region is established through its affiliated independent legal entities, which are licensed to operate and to provide services under the applicable laws and regulations of the relevant country. DME’s affiliates and related entities cannot oblige each other and/or DME, and when providing services, each affiliate and related entity engages directly and independently with its own clients and shall only be liable for its own acts or omissions and not those of any other affiliate.
DME provides services throughout 26 offices in 14 countries with more than 7,000 partners, directors and staff.
About Deloitte
Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), its global network of member firms, and their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte organization”). DTTL (also referred to as “Deloitte Global”) and each of its member firms and related entities are legally separate and independent entities, which cannot obligate or bind each other in respect of third parties. DTTL and each DTTL member firms and related entity is liable only for its own acts and omissions, and not those of each other. DTTL, NSE and DME do not provide services to clients. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more.
Deloitte provides Audit & Assurance, Tax & Legal and Consulting and related services to nearly 90% of the Fortune Global 500® and thousands of private companies. Our professionals deliver measurable and lasting results that help reinforce public trust in capital markets, enable clients to transform and thrive, and lead the way toward a stronger economy, a more equitable society and a sustainable world. Building on its 175-plus year history, Deloitte spans more than 150 countries and territories. Learn how Deloitte’s approximately 457,000 people worldwide make an impact that matters at www.deloitte.com.
Noora Cheikh
Eminence, Media & Digital Marketing Leader
Deloitte & Touche (M.E.)
ncheikh@deloitte.com | www.deloitte.com
If approved, the governance proposal by Instadapp’s COO would establish a non-profit foundation to oversee the DeFi protocol’s code, frontend and trademarks.
Fluid DAO is considering a proposal to transfer all of the DeFi platform’s intellectual property into a Cayman Islands foundation, and to approve a $250,000 monthly grant to fund development and operations.
The proposal was submitted on Monday, Feb. 23, by DMH, the COO of Instadapp, the firm behind Fluid. It calls for the creation of the Fluid Foundation governed by DAO votes, a familiar corporate setup for crypto organizations.
Under the plan, “all Fluid Protocol smart contract code,” front-end interfaces, domains, trademarks and related assets would be transferred to the foundation. Once completed, the assets would “belong to the Foundation — not to any individual, company, or labs entity,” DMH wrote.
The foundation would have no owners and would operate through custodians and directors, according to the proposal. Its sole purpose would be to hold and steward the protocol’s intellectual property on behalf of the DAO.
“The Fluid team acts as custodians of the Foundation — not owners,” the proposal states, with FLUID token holders retaining “ultimate authority” through governance.
Control Stays with DAO
The proposal argues that a legal entity is needed as the protocol, which now has over $1 billion in total value locked (TVL), expands and engages with off-chain counterparties. A foundation structure would allow Fluid to meet “AML, KYC, banking, and regulatory requirements” without altering how token-based governance functions, the proposal argues.
Token holders would also retain the power to change foundation policy or shut it down entirely. The proposal says holders could “in an extreme case, dissolve the Foundation entirely through a governance vote.” DMH further elaborated in a response to a comment on the proposal:
“It is very important to understand that in the legal field, token holders and DAO have no rights; this is why we are creating a legal wrapper that can now have ownership rights over the protocol, and this foundation has no ownership.”
To fund the structure, the DAO is being asked to approve a $250,000 monthly grant, or about $3 million a year from its treasury, which is funded by protocol revenue. The budget would cover engineering, infrastructure, security, business development and general operational costs, according to DMH.
‘Foundation Bears the Legal Costs’
Fluid operates a decentralized lending and borrowing protocol, as well as a swap interface. According to data from DefiLlama, that combination has brought Fluid roughly $1.2 billion in TVL and generated about $1.1 million in revenue in January. In August, the platform saw a record high revenue of $1.52 million. Taking Fluid’s best revenue month yet, the grant would consume around 16% of that monthly revenue.
If approved, legal work to transfer the IP is expected to be completed by mid-2026, with Cayman Islands counsel handling the process. The team also plans to move ownership of all EVM deployments under direct DAO governance.
Some raised concerns about liability if the foundation were sued. In response, DMH said that “if the foundation gets sued, the foundation itself bears the legal costs and any liability.”
Over the past 24 hours, FLUID slid 6% from around $2 to $1.88, but has since recovered to $1.96.
The Defiant reached out to Instadapp for comments on the proposal, but hasn’t heard back by press time.
Late last year, a fee-related dispute between the two main entities behind Aave — Aave Labs and Aave DAO — turned into a broader debate on how crypto organizations should be structured.
Tom Lee, founder of Fundstrat and Chairman of ether (ETH) treasury company Bitmine Immersion Technologies, has lost more on ETH using other people’s money than the $8 billion worth of losses suffered by FTX customers.
With 4,422,659 ETH purchased at an average $3,850 apiece, Lee’s company raised capital to buy the asset at over $2,000 more per coin than today’s price.
As a result, he’s lost $8.8 billion of his company’s assets.
At time of writing, ETH is trading at $1,843, down 60% over the past six months alone. Unfortunately, Bitmine Immersion has been buying tons of ETH over that bearish period — increasing losses for its investors at an alarming rate.
Over the past six months, as ETH was declining 60%, Bitmine Immersion bought an extra 2,708,760 ETH.
Those progressively disastrous additions increased the company’s losses from $4.8 billion to $8.8 billion.
Read more: Even Ethereum treasury companies are selling ETH to pay off debt
Bitmine Immersion lost $8.8 billion by buying ETH
It’s not particularly remarkable for digital asset treasury (DAT) companies to have declined in value.
The Wall Street fad, which peaked in early summer 2025, was to overpay for leverage in the hope that the mania would increase to even more exuberant heights, or that the company could convince bond investors or other capital allocators to offer it even more leverage.
In the distant future, all DATs focused on the ultimately limited supply of bitcoin (BTC) or ETH as another reason to invest in these leveraged acquisition strategies, even though their efforts to corner the market usually fizzled within single digit percentages of the outstanding supply of those assets.
What started as modest premiums of a few percentage points quickly ballooned into stock debuts rallying to 23x the value of their crypto holdings.
That once-23x overvalued stock, like many similar treasury stocks, fell 98% by November from its May peak, and is now down over 99%.
Bitmine Immersion is down 88% from its July 2025 high. It’s lost over $600 million on its ETH holdings in the past week.
Within five months of its June 3, 2025 peak, Lee’s company had shed 80% of its stock value. By February 5 of this year, Lee’s ETH treasury had lost $8 billion for investors, and that loss extended to as much as $9 billion intraday this morning.
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Coinbase has opened stock and exchange-traded fund trading to all US users, allowing customers to buy and sell equities alongside crypto within the same app on a 24/5 basis. The rollout includes commission-free trading, fractional shares, and instant funding with USD or USDC.
According to a company post on Tuesday, thousands of stocks are available to trade 24 hours a day, five days a week, with approximately 6,000 securities currently supported and plans to expand that number in the coming weeks.
Coinbase said it aims to introduce stock perpetual futures for non-US users through Coinbase Bermuda Ltd., subject to regulatory approval, and said it intends to offer tokenized equities in the future.
Today’s announcement comes on the heels of Coinbase expanding its prediction markets offering to all 50 US states last month through a partnership with Kalshi, allowing users to trade contracts tied to real-world events across sports, politics and culture.
Brian Armstrong, CEO of Coinbase, posted the news today on X, writing “The everything exchange is growing.”
Related: WisdomTree gets SEC approval for round-the-clock trading of tokenized MMF
Tokenized equities gain traction from crypto platforms to Wall Street
Tokenized equities, blockchain-based representations of traditional shares, have emerged as a major theme in crypto over the past year.
In June, more than 60 tokenized stocks became available on crypto exchanges Kraken and Bybit, as well as on Solana-based DeFi platforms. The rollout, led by Backed Finance through its xStocks product, gave users blockchain-based exposure to major companies including Apple, Amazon, Tesla, Nvidia, Meta, Coinbase and Robinhood.
In October, fintech Robinhood expanded its own tokenization program on the Arbitrum blockchain, adding 80 new stock tokens and bringing its total to 493 tokenized assets.
While crypto-native and fintech platforms have led recent rollouts, interest in tokenized equities now extends to some of the world’s largest exchanges.
In September, Nasdaq filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seeking approval to list tokenized equities, and in November, the exchange’s head of digital assets strategy, Matt Savarese, told CNBC that securing SEC approval to list tokenized versions of exchange-listed stocks is a top priority for the company.
In January, the New York Stock Exchange and its parent company, Intercontinental Exchange, announced plans to develop a platform for trading tokenized stocks and ETFs. The proposed system would support 24/7 trading and instant settlement by combining NYSE’s Pillar matching engine with blockchain-based post-trade infrastructure.
Coinbase also today announced a partnership with Yahoo Finance to enable users to move from researching an asset on Yahoo Finance to executing a trade on Coinbase with one click. Yahoo Finance will incorporate real-time information from Coinbase for asset discovery and tracking.
The US-based exchange said Coinbase One members can earn rewards on USDC (USDC) balances used for trading, and Yahoo Finance users will be offered a one-month trial of Coinbase One Basic as part of the partnership.
Magazine: Is China hoarding gold so yuan becomes global reserve instead of USD?
Binance is demanding that the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) remove an article about the crypto exchange firing investigators who discovered $1 billion worth of crypto being sent to Iran-linked wallets.
Binance CEO Richard Teng shared a letter addressed to the WSJ’s Editor-in-Chief, Emma Tucker, and Dow Jones Vice President, Jason Conti, on X today that accuses the WSJ of publishing “defamatory claims” in Monday’s article.
It claims that the article contains “false information” which “should be corrected immediately,” and that any defamatory imputations should be retracted.
Binance says it wants the WSJ to take down the article until the requested corrections are made.
The letter doesn’t explicitly suggest Binance will pursue legal action, but says it must update the piece, “thus potentially avoiding the need for any further action.”
Read more: Is Binance sending cease-and-desist letters?
Binance claims that its client, which remains nameless, “reasonably, cooperatively, and promptly” responded to a series of questions put forward by a WSJ journalist.
However, it claims the piece “fails to reflect” their responses and “falsely asserts to readers that Binance engaged in illegal conduct by breaching Iranian sanctions.”
“While you solicited our client’s position, your failure to reflect our client’s responses is inconsistent with your ethical obligations to ‘remain fair, accurate and impartial’, and suggests an agenda already set, which does not amount to responsible journalism,” Binance claimed.
WSJ says Binance sleuths found sanction-breaking transactions
The WSJ published the article yesterday with the headline “Binance Fired Staff Who Flagged $1 Billion Moving to Sanctioned Iran Entities.”
It claimed that, based on company documents and unnamed sources familiar with Binance, the investigators were fired after uncovering a suspicious account owned by the Hong Kong company Blessed Trust.
The firm converts fiat currency into crypto, and the investigators found it had sent more than $1 billion worth of tether (USDT) to a series of wallets, known as “Entity A.”
US law enforcement claims Entity A is a shadow banking network run by Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps that allows Chinese companies to pay for Iran’s oil.
The account raised numerous internal alerts of suspicious activity throughout 2025. By the time the investigation was raised to Binance’s top execs, the lead investigator and the head of sanctions and counterterrorist financing investigations were suspended, and fired weeks later.
Read more: US hits Iran’s ‘shadow banking’ network in Hong Kong, UAE
A Binance spokesperson told the WSJ that the investigators weren’t fired for raising compliance concerns, but instead left “based on individual circumstances.”
They added that the investigation continued after their departure and that the accounts in question were removed from Binance.
US President Donald Trump pardoned Changpeng Zhao, the former CEO of the company, weeks before the crypto exchange fired the investigators.
All this took place during a period of intense geopolitical tension between the US and Iran. Iran is subject to global sanctions and, as such, is reliant on cryptocurrencies such as USDT to bypass these restrictions.
Iran is now facing a US armada on its doorstep as Trump continues to build his country’s military presence in an attempt to pressure Iran into dropping its nuclear program.
Binance founding member ‘friend’ of Blessed Trust representative
The WSJ also reported that Blessed Trust enjoyed close ties with one of Binance’s founding members, Jukai He, otherwise known as “Rock.”
Screenshots revealed that Rock had some form of friendship with one of Blessed’s representatives. The investigation also found that Binance employees, and a device within Rock’s team, were logging into the Blessed Binance account.
Binance representatives told the WSJ that Rock has no supervisory or operational role within Blessed Trust, and that no Binance employees had logged into the Blessed Trust account.
It said, “Any suggestion that Blessed Trust was operated, directed, or controlled by Binance is false,” and added that the WSJ’s claims are based on “incorrect investigation records.”
Protos has reached out to the WSJ for comment on Binance’s article demands and will update this piece should we hear anything back.
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The Terraform Labs bankruptcy estate has sued quantitative trading giant Jane Street, alleging the firm used non-public information to profit as the TerraUSD stablecoin collapsed in May 2022, according to a docket filed yesterday with the New York Southern District Court.
In a report about the lawsuit by the Wall Street Journal, Terraform Labs’ court-appointed administrator, Todd Snyder, stated that Jane Street “abused market relationships” to short the ecosystem during its death spiral, mirroring similar allegations made against Jump Trading late last year.
The estate seeks to recover funds for creditors who lost billions during the $40 billion wipeout of the Terra ecosystem.
Key Takeaways
- The lawsuit alleges Jane Street exploited private liquidity data to profit from the TerraUSD depeg before the public was aware.
- Terraform’s estate claims the trading firm netted millions by front-running a critical $150 million liquidity withdrawal from Curve.
- Jane Street has dismissed the suit as a “desperate” attempt to extract money from legitimate market activities.
Estate Targets “Privileged Access” in Crash Recovery
The lawsuit centers on specific maneuvers executed in May 2022, just as the algorithmic stablecoin UST began to lose its peg to the US dollar.
Terraform Labs’ court-appointed plan administrator, Todd Snyder, alleges that Jane Street capitalized on vulnerabilities in Terra’s mint-and-burn mechanism via manipulative trades.
“Jane Street abused market relationships to rig the market in its favor during one of the most consequential events in crypto history,” Snyder claimed in his statement to WSJ.
The estate argues that these trades were not merely shrewd market moves but were predicated on non-public information regarding Terraform’s internal liquidity management.
The legal action is part of a broader recovery effort following the firm’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing, which listed assets and liabilities between $100 million and $500 million, a fraction of the market value destroyed during the collapse.
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Inside the Curve Pool Incident
The complaint reportedly highlights a pivotal sequence of events involving the Curve3pool, a critical liquidity venue for stablecoins.
According to the filing, Terraform Labs executed an unannounced withdrawal of $150 million from the pool to adjust liquidity. Less than 10 minutes later, a wallet allegedly linked to Jane Street withdrew $85 million.
The estate argues this timing indicates Jane Street possessed “advance insight” into Terraform’s operations, using that data to position itself ahead of the resulting market panic.
This mirrors the scrutiny placed on liquidity shifts in current markets, where traders obsessively monitor order books and Polymarket odds for a Bitcoin price drop to detect institutional positioning before price action hits.
Jane Street firmly denies the allegations.
Implications for DeFi and Stablecoin Regulation
If the court finds merit in the “misappropriation theory” applied to DeFi protocols, it could redefine the legal obligations of market makers in the crypto sector.
The suit suggests that “privileged access” in decentralized finance is a legal liability, not just a competitive edge.
This legal battle arrives as the regulatory environment for stablecoins intensifies. While the 2022 collapse serves as a cautionary tale, modern stablecoins drive $1 trillion in T-bill demand, creating a different set of systemic risks and incentives.
Regulators are currently scrutinizing how private trading firms interact with issuer protocols.
The outcome could also accelerate legislative frameworks. As odds spike for stablecoin talks regarding the Clarity Act, lawmakers may cite these allegations to demand stricter separation between protocol issuers and market makers.
What Comes Next
The case now moves to the discovery phase in Delaware, where Jane Street will be required to produce communications regarding its 2022 trading strategies.
This follows a similar $4 billion lawsuit filed by Terraform Labs against Jump Trading in December, which accused the firm of materially contributing to the Terra ecosystem’s instability.
Major Update in Terraform Labs Bankruptcy: Plan Administrator Files Lawsuit Against Jump Trading! — Z3r0w
On Dec 18, 2025, a bombshell complaint was dropped in Illinois federal court (Case 1:25-cv-15414) targeting Jump Trading, its ex-Crypto president Kanav Kariya, and even Do Kwon… pic.twitter.com/3uhmVNBCzF
Traders (@_Z3r0wTraders) February 18, 2026
It looks like Terraform is entering a protracted battle on at least two different fronts that could peel back the curtain on high-frequency trading strategies during crypto market crises.
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The post Terraform Estate Sues Jane Street Over Trades Tied to 2022 Crypto Collapse appeared first on Cryptonews.
Bitwise Investments has acquired institutional staking provider Chorus One, offering clients access to more than 30 proof-of-stake networks.
Bitwise Investments has announced the acquisition of Chorus One, a leading provider of institutional staking services, marking an expansion in Bitwise’s staking capabilities and onchain offerings.
With more $15 billion in assets under management (AUM), Bitwise is known for its crypto index funds and has been broadening its offerings through its Bitwise Onchain Solutions (BOS) division. The acquisition of Chorus One, renowned for its cross-chain staking infrastructure, significantly boosts BOS’ capabilities in the staking domain. The move enhances Bitwise’s reach across over 30 proof-of-stake networks, according to a press release from Bitwise.
Chorus One’s expertise in providing staking services to institutions complements Bitwise’s existing offerings, allowing for a seamless integration that is set to enhance the overall service quality.
The institutional staking market has been experiencing rapid growth, with more institutions looking to participate in proof-of-stake networks. This trend is driven by the dual benefits of yield generation and contribution to network security, which are increasingly attractive to institutional investors seeking diversified returns.
“For our thousands of clients who hold spot crypto assets, staking is one of the most compelling growth opportunities. I’m thrilled about this acquisition and grateful to the Chorus One team for the trust placed in us. Chorus One is best-in-class across technology and research, with an eight-year track record of doing things the right way.” said Bitwise CEO Hunter Horsely.
This article was generated with the assistance of AI workflows.
Shares dropped after Citrini Research published a thought experiment, but the Kobeissi Letter argues the outlook may be too pessimistic.
Shares of major credit card companies fell on Monday, Feb. 23, after a thought experiment report from Citrini Research raised concerns about how artificial intelligence (AI) could change the payments industry – however, a separate note from The Kobeissi Letter pushed back, saying the disruption risks are overstated.
According to market data shared by Bearly AI in a post on X, Visa dropped about 4.4%, Mastercard fell 6.3%, American Express slid 7.9%, and Capital One declined roughly 8% on Feb. 23 after Citrini’s note was published on Feb. 22.
Notably, by Tuesday afternoon, shares were mostly steady or slightly higher. Visa was around $306, flat on the day, while Mastercard traded near $497, up about 0.5%. American Express was also little changed at $321, and Capital One rose about 4% to around $197.
The situation underscores how quickly viral narratives can move markets and how sensitive both stocks and crypto are to FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt). It also shows investors are still unsure how much AI will disrupt the industry.
AI Agent Payments
Citrini Research described a scenario in which AI programs make purchases on their own and seek the cheapest way to send money. In that case, stablecoins could replace credit cards for some transactions.
“What follows is a scenario, not a prediction,” the note emphasized. “This isn’t bear porn or AI doomer fan-fiction. The sole intent of this piece is modeling a scenario that’s been relatively underexplored.”
Meanwhile, in a separate note published last night, The Kobeissi Letter said the negative view assumes demand will not change. It argued that when technology makes things cheaper, people usually spend more. Lower-cost AI services could give consumers more buying power and help new businesses start.
“The doomsday scenario went viral because it captured something visceral,” The Kobeissi Letter note reads. “It framed AI not as a productivity tool, but as a macroeconomic destabilizer capable of triggering a negative feedback loop: layoffs lead to weaker consumption, weaker consumption leads to more automation, and automation accelerates layoffs.”
The memo said AI could also have a positive impact. While some companies may face pressure, lower costs could improve productivity and support economic growth over time. “AI amplifies outcomes. It can amplify fragility if institutions fail to adapt, and it can also amplify prosperity if productivity outpaces disruption,” the note reads.
The back-and-forth comes amid declines in some software and tech stocks following major AI announcements. For instance, shares of IBM plummeted about 13% on Monday, the stock’s steepest drop in more than 25 years.
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