Crypto World
Jack Dorsey’s Block joins x402 with Lightning support
Block has joined the x402 Foundation and contributed Bitcoin Lightning support to the open payment protocol used by AI agents, web services and applications.
Summary
- Block has contributed Bitcoin Lightning support to x402 after joining the Linux Foundation-governed payment group.
- x402 uses HTTP 402 responses so AI agents can pay automatically for APIs and services.
- A September 23 repository commit added exact Lightning support using the lnbtc network identifier specification.
- The x402 Foundation reported 75.41 million transactions and $24.24 million volume during thirty recent days.
- Block plans continued Lightning contributions while bringing its payments experience into x402 Foundation working groups.
Block’s September 24 announcement states that the company has brought Lightning payments into x402 as part of its work on agentic commerce. The payment company said Lightning fits transactions that require low costs, fast settlement and repeated small payments.
The technical addition was already visible in x402’s public development repository. A September 23 commit records “exact Lightning on lnbtc,” providing an independent public record of the Lightning specification entering the project immediately before Block disclosed its participation.
Block brings Bitcoin Lightning into x402 payments
Created by Coinbase, x402 uses the HTTP 402 “Payment Required” response to let software request and settle payments during an ordinary web interaction. A server can return payment instructions when an AI agent requests a paid API, dataset or other digital service. The agent pays and retries the request with proof of payment.
Block’s contribution introduces Bitcoin Lightning as another payment option inside that framework. The company said Lightning was designed for “instant, low-cost, high-volume payments,” though Block did not publish transaction volumes, merchant deployments or AI-agent usage figures specifically tied to its Lightning implementation.
Steve Lee, head of Block’s Bitcoin development initiative Spiral, made a forward-looking case for the technology. He said agents “will make billions of small payments,” adding that such activity would need payment rails designed for frequent, inexpensive transactions. The statement represents Block’s expectation for agentic commerce, not measured current Lightning demand.
The x402 protocol itself already carries substantial activity from existing payment methods. Its official site currently reports 75.41 million transactions, $24.24 million in volume, 94,060 buyers and 22,000 sellers during the previous 30 days. The figures cover x402 as a whole and should not be interpreted as Bitcoin Lightning statistics.
x402 moves beyond its stablecoin-heavy payment base
Stablecoins have supplied much of x402’s payment activity to date. As crypto.news reported in its coverage of stablecoin use across agent-payment activity, Circle said USDC accounted for 99.3% of x402 payment volume measured during its second quarter. Circle’s figure applied specifically to x402 activity in its data, not every AI-agent payment system.
Lightning gives developers an option that settles in Bitcoin instead of a dollar-linked token. Block described its contribution as an effort to expand the available non-card payment methods supported by an open standard. Erik Reppel, x402’s creator and a member of its Technical Steering Committee, said the protocol was designed so different networks could be added without tying the standard to one payment rail.
Recent integrations show how developers have been adding network choices to x402. Crypto.news reported this week that AI-agent payment support through x402 reached Cardano’s software stack, with an initial TypeScript release and a facilitator tested on the network’s pre-production environment. Mainnet use had not yet been demonstrated in that implementation.
Other deployments are further into production. In related coverage, crypto.news reported that autonomous payment infrastructure on Casper mainnet uses an x402 facilitator to let AI agents purchase online services through HTTP-based payments.
The XRP Ledger has generated another source of activity. As crypto.news reported, agentic payment activity on XRP Ledger passed one million x402 transactions by July, while Ripple-backed t54.ai introduced tools and directories for AI projects using the network.
Block joins a Linux Foundation-governed payment standard
Coinbase originally developed x402 before contributing it to the Linux Foundation. The Linux Foundation announced the x402 Foundation in April as a neutral body intended to oversee development of the payment standard outside the control of one vendor.
The Foundation became operational in July with 40 organizations. Its official announcement listed Amazon Web Services, Google, Coinbase, Mastercard, Visa, Stripe, Circle, Ripple, Shopify and Solana Foundation among its premier members, with other blockchain and infrastructure companies participating at different membership levels.
Microsoft requires a more precise description. The Linux Foundation’s April launch notice listed Microsoft among organizations expressing “initial intent and support” for the Foundation, but Microsoft was not included in the named 40-member operational roster published in July. The current x402 membership page does not expose member names as searchable text, so the available official material does not support describing Microsoft as a confirmed current member without qualification.
Under the Foundation model, x402 remains network and currency agnostic. The protocol puts payment instructions inside normal HTTP requests, allowing different settlement systems to plug into a common interaction between a client and server. Its official documentation says merchants can accept several networks or schemes through the same payment middleware.
Block ties x402 to its existing agentic commerce work
The x402 membership extends work Block has already pursued around autonomous software. Block said it has contributed goose, its open-source AI agent, helped establish the Agentic AI Foundation and participated in the Universal Commerce Protocol initiative.
Google describes Universal Commerce Protocol, or UCP, as an open-source standard connecting consumer-facing AI systems with merchant infrastructure. Its framework covers processes such as product discovery and checkout while allowing businesses to expose payment choices to software agents.
x402 serves a different layer. Its focus is the payment request and settlement interaction over HTTP, including cases where an autonomous application purchases a single API call or other digital resource without using a conventional checkout flow. Block said open payment rails could let sellers interact with buyers’ agents without creating a separate integration for every agent platform.
AWS has already connected x402 to commercial AI infrastructure. As crypto.news previously reported, Amazon Bedrock AgentCore’s autonomous payment integration added Coinbase x402 infrastructure for USDC transactions, allowing compatible agents to pay for services while operating inside enterprise spending and compliance controls.
The Graph has implemented the standard at the service level as well. Crypto.news reported that pay-per-request access to blockchain data lets developers and AI agents purchase individual Graph Gateway queries using x402 instead of maintaining a conventional subscription or prepaid API account.
Block has not announced a timetable for integrating Lightning-based x402 payments directly into Square, Cash App, Bitkey or its other consumer products. Its September 24 roadmap says the company will keep contributing to Lightning support, participate in x402 Foundation working groups and continue developing agentic-commerce tools that use the standard.
Crypto World
Buy the Coin or the Crypto Treasury Stock? DWF Ventures Has a Verdict
Only 4 of the top 20 crypto treasury stocks trade above the value of their holdings, DWF Ventures found.
The firm also found that most top treasuries have trailed the tokens they hold since inception. These digital asset treasuries (DATs) are listed companies built around buying and holding crypto.
Why Crypto Treasury Stocks Lost Their Shine
Market-value-to-net-asset-value (mNAV) compares a DAT’s market capitalization with the value of its crypto holdings. A reading below 1 means the shares trade at a discount to those holdings.
DWF’s September 24 report puts Bit Digital at the top with 1.49x, using data as of September 21. Strive, Hyperliquid Strategies and BitMine follow at 1.21x, 1.17x and 1.02x.
Strategy, the largest corporate Bitcoin (BTC) holder, sits at 0.97x on DWF’s count. SovereignAI ranks last at 0.22x. DWF noted that these mNAV figures exclude debt and preferred stock.
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The report blames these discounts on a shrinking access premium. Institutions once paid extra for DAT shares because regulated funds struggled to own crypto directly.
That door has since opened, as institutions can now use exchange-traded funds (ETFs), regulated private funds and custody services.
“However, as SEC proposed to quicken the listing process by over 75% for ETFs, the access premium has reduced significantly over the years. Institutional buyers have a lot more assets to choose from for ETFs, regulated private funds and custodian infrastructure allowing for direct deployment – which was not possible before,” the report read.
A Catch-Up Trade With a 3-Month Shelf Life
Since inception, DWF found investors were mostly better off holding the token. The few DATs that beat their assets did so by margins too thin for the risk.
Shorter windows look different, with shares outrunning tokens by 15% to 40% since July. Over that span, mNAV ratios rose from lows of 0.5x to 0.8x to between 0.7x and 1.0x.
Hyperliquid Strategies (PURR), which holds Hyperliquid (HYPE), gained 31% more than HYPE. Zcash (ZEC) treasury Cypherpunk Technologies (CYPH) beat its token by 38%. Tokens per share barely moved, so DWF read the rally as sentiment. Beyond 3 months, however, the token stayed the better bet.
Going forward, DWF expects boards and capital structures to increasingly shape how DATs are valued. It pointed to Strategy, which ranks debt holders first and carries steady preferred dividend obligations.
Those payments could force Bitcoin sales that dilute shareholders, the report warned. Once confidence cracks, DWF said, Strategy’s mNAV could enter a downward spiral.
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The post Buy the Coin or the Crypto Treasury Stock? DWF Ventures Has a Verdict appeared first on BeInCrypto.
Crypto World
Tether says EQIBank exposure below 0.034% after U.S. seizure
Tether has confirmed that it holds assets at offshore banking partner EQIBank, while saying the exposure represents less than 0.034% of group assets as the bank contests a major U.S. seizure.
Summary
- Tether says assets held at EQIBank represent less than 0.034% of the group’s total assets.
- U.S. prosecutors seek forfeiture of roughly $84.2 million seized from Capstone-linked accounts and cryptocurrency holdings.
- EQIBank says approximately $89 million seized by U.S. authorities represents around 80% of monetary holdings.
- A federal judge denied EQIBank’s property-return motion after prosecutors filed a separate civil forfeiture complaint.
- Tether’s June attestation reported $187.75 billion in assets and a $4.11 billion excess reserve buffer.
The Information reported that Dominica-licensed EQIBank had provided banking services to Tether, including processing wire transfers connected with purchases and redemptions of USDT. Tether confirmed the relationship in a written response and said it did not know about the conduct U.S. prosecutors have alleged against payment provider Capstone Ltd.
“Tether had no knowledge of the conduct by Capstone alleged by the Department of Justice,” a Tether spokesperson told The Information. The company said assets held at EQIBank were limited to “less than 0.034% of the assets of the group.” Tether did not disclose the exact dollar amount.
Tether says its EQIBank exposure remains limited
Applying Tether’s 0.034% ceiling to its latest published quarterly asset total provides only an upper-bound reference, not a disclosed deposit balance. Tether reported $187.75 billion in assets at June 30, meaning 0.034% of that figure equals roughly $63.8 million. Tether’s actual EQIBank exposure could be lower.
The June reserve report placed liabilities at around $183.64 billion and excess reserves at $4.11 billion. USDT issuance stood near $184.6 billion at quarter-end. Tether said its reserves remained concentrated in short-duration and liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury-related holdings and repurchase agreements.
As crypto.news previously reported in its coverage of Tether’s second-quarter reserve position, the company generated roughly $1.5 billion in second-quarter operating profit while its excess reserve balance ended June at $4.11 billion. The reported buffer had fallen from $8.23 billion at the end of the first quarter.
The EQIBank issue therefore concerns one banking counterparty inside Tether’s asset base. Tether has not published a breakdown showing its total deposits across offshore banks, and the 0.034% statement applies specifically to assets held at EQIBank. No verified disclosure reviewed for this report establishes that other Tether banking relationships face the same seizure or liquidity issue.
U.S. forfeiture case targets about $84.2 million
Court documents provide a more precise picture of the assets U.S. prosecutors are seeking to forfeit. A September 14 federal court order lists approximately $79.11 million seized from a Wells Fargo Securities account held in Capstone’s name.
The same filing lists another $1.86 million from a Wells Fargo Bank account and approximately $2.06 million from a JPMorgan Chase account. Prosecutors named another 1.12 million USDT from one cryptocurrency address and 54,578.45 USDT from a second address. Combined at their dollar peg, the listed property totals roughly $84.2 million.
EQIBank has described its claimed loss differently. The bank says U.S. authorities seized approximately $89 million belonging to it through Capstone and that the amount represents around 80% of its monetary holdings. EQIBank has warned in court filings that losing access to the funds could place it at risk of liquidation.
The difference between the bank’s roughly $89 million claim and the government’s approximately $84.2 million forfeiture property should not be treated as an inconsistency that has already been resolved. EQIBank’s property claim and the government’s current forfeiture complaint use different figures and arise from separate filings.
EQIBank failed to recover funds through its first motion
EQIBank began its federal challenge on June 29 by seeking the return of property under Rule 41(g) in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California. The government later filed a separate civil forfeiture complaint on July 15 involving the Capstone accounts and cryptocurrency.
During a July 16 hearing, District Judge Dale A. Drozd denied EQIBank’s return-of-property motion for lack of equitable jurisdiction after the government filed the civil forfeiture proceeding. The docket does not show that the judge decided whether EQIBank ultimately owns the seized funds or whether prosecutors are entitled to keep them.
The litigation remains active. On September 16, Judge Drozd ordered the original EQIBank matter and the government’s forfeiture action assigned to the same district and magistrate judges because the cases are related. The court expressly stated that the reassignment did not consolidate them.
A separate September 14 order requires the government to publish notice of the forfeiture action for 30 consecutive days on the federal forfeiture website. Anyone asserting an interest in the property must follow the claim procedure set out under Supplemental Rule G, after which responses to the complaint can proceed.
EQIBank maintains that it is an innocent owner of the money. In court papers quoted by The Information, the bank said “EQIBank is not a rogue bank” and said the government had not identified it as a target of the investigation. U.S. prosecutors have not adopted EQIBank’s characterization, and the forfeiture litigation has not reached a final judgment.
Tether’s latest audit provides separate reserve context
Tether completed its first full independent financial statement audit in August, covering the year ended December 31, 2025. KPMG U.S. issued an unqualified opinion on the audited financial statements, according to Tether’s August 13 announcement.
Tether said the 2025 audited statements showed reserves exceeding liabilities tied to issued tokens by $6.814 billion at year-end. KPMG examined transactions, asset ownership, valuations, counterparties, internal systems and supporting documentation, while physically inspecting Tether’s gold holdings.
As crypto.news reported in its coverage of Tether’s first full KPMG audit, the audit covered the company’s full 2025 financial statements and differed from quarterly reserve attestations that measure assets and liabilities at a specific date.
The KPMG opinion predates the June 2026 quarter-end figures and does not determine how much money Tether currently holds at EQIBank. Tether’s latest public statement on the bank gives only the percentage ceiling, while the federal proceeding concerns funds held through Capstone accounts at Wells Fargo and JPMorgan Chase.
The next procedural steps sit in the Eastern District of California forfeiture case. The September publication order gives parties claiming an interest in the seized property up to 60 days after the first day of publication to file claims, followed by a 21-day period to answer the government’s complaint or seek relief under Rule 12.
Crypto World
Crypto platform Bitget suspects North Korea is responsible for $352 million hack
Crypto exchange Bitget suspects North Korean hackers may be behind a security breach that affected about $351.6 million in digital assets, citing preliminary evidence from an ongoing investigation.
Bitget CEO Gracy Chen said investigators identified internet protocol addresses linked to VPN services previously used by a North Korean hacking group. The pattern of the attack also resembled earlier operations attributed to the country, she said in a livestream on X earlier today.
Chen said the specific intrusion method used to enter Bitget’s systems remain under technical investigation.
Bitget detected unauthorized transfers from some wallets Thursday afternoon stateside, involving 19 transfers from parts of its hot and warm wallet infrastructure, while cold wallets remained secure, according to Chen.
Affected assets included ether, XRP, USDT, USDC, Avalanche and BNB across the Ethereum, XRP Ledger, Avalanche, BNB Smart Chain and Arbitrum networks. Earlier on-chain estimates put the outflows at about $183 million, but Bitget said those analyses had not captured activity across all affected blockchains.
The exchange’s security team found that the attacker breached a critical backend wallet system, used it to spoof transfer information and triggered Bitget’s authorization-signing process. Chen said that the breach had been contained, preventing further unauthorized outflows.
“Private key compromise has been ruled out,” she said.
Withdrawals remain suspended while technical teams repair and reinforce the affected systems, though deposits and trading continue normally.
While Chen declined to commit to a firm timetable, she said withdrawals could return within hours or days, but “shouldn’t take weeks,” in a broadcast on X a few hours after the attack.
The company maintains that customer balances are accurate and that the loss is fully covered by its User Protection Fund, which holds more than $464 million.
Bybit CEO Ben Zhou said his team was standing by to assist Bitget, which supported Bybit following its $1.5 billion hack in February 2025. Bybit is updating its LazarusBounty platform to help trace the stolen funds, Zhou added.
Crypto World
KelpDAO sues LayerZero over $292M rsETH exploit
KelpDAO has sued LayerZero and co-founder Bryan Pellegrino in British Columbia over the April 18 exploit that drained 116,500 rsETH worth approximately $292 million.
Summary
- KelpDAO filed a British Columbia lawsuit against LayerZero and CEO Bryan Pellegrino over April’s exploit.
- The April attack drained 116,500 rsETH worth approximately $292 million from KelpDAO’s LayerZero bridge infrastructure.
- KelpDAO alleges LayerZero failed to disclose technology risks and secure infrastructure later compromised by attackers.
- LayerZero says KelpDAO’s one-of-one verifier configuration created the single failure point enabling forged cross-chain messages.
- Pellegrino called the lawsuit meritless and said he will defend himself and LayerZero in Vancouver.
KelpDAO said on September 24 that Evercrest Technologies Inc., the legal entity behind Kelp, filed the action to address what it describes as failures connected to LayerZero’s infrastructure. Kelp’s current terms identify Evercrest Technologies Inc. as the company providing the Kelp application.
The complaint, according to KelpDAO’s public account, alleges that LayerZero failed to disclose weaknesses and risks in its technology and failed to stop attackers from penetrating security infrastructure used by its verifier. No court has ruled on those allegations.
Pellegrino disputes the case. He called the claims “meritless” and said he would defend himself and LayerZero in Vancouver. Current reporting confirms the civil claim names both LayerZero and Pellegrino personally.
KelpDAO says LayerZero approved its bridge setup
KelpDAO’s case centers partly on the configuration of the rsETH bridge. The protocol says LayerZero had reviewed and approved its deployment and configuration in writing before the April exploit, contradicting LayerZero’s later argument that Kelp created a dangerous single-verifier setup.
LayerZero has given a different account. In its April incident statement, the company said Kelp used a 1-of-1 Decentralized Verifier Network, or DVN, leaving no separate verifier capable of rejecting a false cross-chain message. LayerZero said it had previously recommended verifier diversification and described the configuration as a single point of failure.
Kelp pushed back days after the attack. As crypto.news reported in its coverage of the dispute over LayerZero’s default configuration, Kelp said its bridge followed LayerZero’s documented defaults and relied on LayerZero-operated infrastructure. LayerZero maintained that Kelp had manually moved to the 1-of-1 configuration.
Pellegrino later said Kelp originally used multi-DVN or DeadDVN defaults before changing the rsETH deployment. Kelp has disputed LayerZero’s description of the discussions and now says its lawsuit will rely on written records showing LayerZero reviewed the setup.
LayerZero’s own infrastructure was compromised
The parties disagree over responsibility, but LayerZero’s final incident report confirms that attackers penetrated infrastructure operated by LayerZero Labs before the rsETH bridge released the funds.
LayerZero published its detailed report in May, saying the intrusion began on March 6 when an attacker socially engineered a LayerZero developer and obtained session credentials. The attacker then entered LayerZero’s RPC cloud environment and altered internal RPC nodes used by the LayerZero Labs DVN.
During the April 18 attack, the compromised nodes supplied false blockchain information while attackers launched a denial-of-service attack against external RPC providers. LayerZero’s DVN then signed a forged message because its available information indicated that the message was valid.
Kelp’s Ethereum bridge subsequently released 116,500 rsETH even though no corresponding burn had occurred on the source chain. Chainalysis described the event as an attack on off-chain verification infrastructure, not a smart contract vulnerability in Kelp’s rsETH token contract.
A second attempt sought another 40,000 rsETH, then worth roughly $95 million to $100 million, but Kelp had paused its contracts before the forged packet could execute. The pause occurred roughly 46 minutes after the successful drain.
As crypto.news reported in its LayerZero incident report coverage, LayerZero responded by ending support for 1-of-1 DVN configurations and moving affected applications toward multi-verifier setups. The company said its updated security model requires more independent verification paths.
Lawsuit follows months of competing blame
KelpDAO’s newly filed action turns a public technical dispute into a civil court case. Kelp says LayerZero and Pellegrino spent months placing responsibility on Kelp after infrastructure controlled by LayerZero was compromised.
LayerZero has maintained that the attacker could not have stolen the rsETH if Kelp had required multiple independent DVNs. Its May report said a hardened configuration requiring separate verifiers to agree would have stopped one compromised verifier from authorizing the forged message.
Security researchers have documented both parts of the failure. Blockaid found that LayerZero’s sole DVN authenticated the false cross-chain message and that the absence of a second verifier allowed it to reach Kelp’s Ethereum adapter.
Chainalysis reached a similar technical finding while focusing on the compromised infrastructure. Its investigation found attackers manipulated LayerZero-operated RPC nodes feeding the DVN and forced the verifier to rely on those nodes by disrupting external providers.
LayerZero and several researchers have attributed the attack to North Korea-linked TraderTraitor, associated with the Lazarus Group. LayerZero’s final report said Mandiant, CrowdStrike and independent researchers reached that attribution.
As crypto.news reported in its coverage of the Lazarus attribution, the finding came from LayerZero’s investigation and associated security work. The lawsuit concerns responsibility between Kelp and LayerZero for the conditions that allowed the exploit; the attribution does not resolve that civil dispute.
Kelp has moved rsETH away from LayerZero
Kelp began changing its bridge infrastructure while recovery work continued. In May, it announced a migration of rsETH cross-chain transfers from LayerZero’s OFT framework to Chainlink CCIP.
Crypto.news reported that Kelp moved rsETH toward Chainlink CCIP as the disagreement with LayerZero continued. Pellegrino disputed Kelp’s account of the original bridge configuration during that migration process.
By May 25, Kelp said it had transferred the final 20,373.72 rsETH tranche needed for its operational recovery plan. Minting, redemptions and rewards had resumed, while bridging services reopened after earlier asset transfers restored backing to the affected structure.
The recovery involved other DeFi platforms because the attacker had used stolen rsETH as collateral. Aave, Kelp and other participants organized a recovery process after the theft created losses in lending markets. As crypto.news previously reported, Kelp committed 2,000 ETH to the rsETH recovery effort as part of that process.
The civil case now moves into British Columbia’s court process. Under the province’s Supreme Court Civil Rules, a defendant generally has 21 days to respond after service in Canada, 35 days after service in the U.S., or 49 days when served elsewhere, unless the court orders another deadline. Pellegrino has publicly said he intends to contest the action in Vancouver.
Crypto World
Bitcoin privacy proposal avoids soft fork with ZK proofs
Researchers at Alloc Init have proposed, in a September 24 paper, private Bitcoin transfers using zero-knowledge proofs without requiring a soft fork.
Summary
- Shielded Bitcoin would hide senders, receivers and amounts without changing Bitcoin’s consensus rules or code.
- Indexers would verify zero-knowledge proofs and nullifiers while Bitcoin only publishes and orders transaction data.
- Researchers say the published design still leaves Bitcoin deposits and withdrawals for a forthcoming paper.
- Misha Komarov estimates shielded transfers could cost roughly four times ordinary Bitcoin transaction fees initially.
- Critics question early anonymity and quantum resistance, while researchers acknowledge privacy depends heavily on usage.
Alloc Init’s researchers Clara Shikhelman, Mikhail Komarov and Aleksei Moskvin published Shielded Bitcoin as a metaprotocol that uses Bitcoin to publish and order encrypted transaction data. Bitcoin nodes would not need to understand or enforce the privacy system’s rules.
Called Shielded Bitcoin, the proposed system borrows core ideas from Zcash, including encrypted notes, nullifiers and zero-knowledge proofs. It would conceal shielded senders, receivers, transferred amounts and links to earlier notes while leaving Bitcoin’s existing consensus rules unchanged.
The proposal remains research, not deployed Bitcoin software. Alloc Init has not announced a mainnet launch date, while a separate mechanism for moving BTC into and out of the shielded system remains under development. Founder Misha Komarov described the underlying technique as experimental during an interview published September 24.
Shielded Bitcoin moves privacy checks outside consensus
Under the proposed architecture, Bitcoin would function as what the researchers describe as a neutral publication and ordering layer. A shielded transaction would place encrypted notes, nullifiers and a zero-knowledge proof into data carried by an ordinary Bitcoin transaction.
Separate programs called indexers would read the data in Bitcoin’s established transaction order. An indexer would verify the zero-knowledge proof, check whether each nullifier had appeared before and update its view of the shielded system when the transaction passes those checks. Invalid shielded data could still enter the Bitcoin blockchain because Bitcoin itself would not enforce the metaprotocol. The indexer would simply reject it from Shielded Bitcoin’s state.
A sender would consume encrypted notes representing previously received value and create new notes for recipients. The proof would establish that the sender controls valid notes, has not created value from nothing and has balanced transaction inputs and outputs without exposing the underlying amounts or notes.
As crypto.news explained in its recent guide to zero-knowledge proofs, ZK systems can prove that a computation followed specified rules without revealing the private information used in that computation. Shielded Bitcoin applies that model to Bitcoin transfers, while its indexers handle verification outside Bitcoin consensus.
A dishonest indexer could provide stale information, omit transfers or delay wallet updates, the researchers said. Such an indexer would not gain control of a user’s spending key. Users could switch indexers or independently replay the shielded transaction history from Bitcoin.
How the Zcash-style design hides transaction links
Shielded Bitcoin closely follows the note model used by Zcash. Nullifiers identify when a note has been spent without publicly revealing which encrypted note produced the nullifier, allowing an indexer to reject double spending while keeping the transaction link hidden.
Komarov characterized the concept more simply in his September interview: “It’s basically Zcash.” He said users would place bitcoin into a private pool, receive encrypted notes and later spend, split or use those notes when withdrawing. Alloc Init intends to connect that system to Bitcoin through its PIPEs research.
Privacy would not make every part of the activity invisible. Public observers could still see when a Shielded Bitcoin transaction occurred, its timing, transaction fee, data size, number of notes consumed and created, and the Bitcoin transaction carrying the encrypted information. A recognizable Bitcoin wallet used to publish those transactions could reveal further information about the publisher.
The researchers provide separate read-only keys for viewing incoming or outgoing activity. Users could disclose selected transaction information to an accountant or counterparty without surrendering spending authority, though Alloc Init cautions that sharing a complete viewing key would reveal everything covered by that key.
In related coverage, crypto.news reported this week on expanding demand for privacy-focused crypto systems. The report cited ZecStats data showing 4.91 million ZEC in Zcash shielded pools, representing 29% of issued supply at the time.
Anonymity and quantum resistance remain contested
The proposal has drawn questions over how much privacy a new shielded pool could provide at launch. Developer Vadim Zavodil argued that Zcash already has years of shielded activity behind its anonymity set, while a new Bitcoin metaprotocol would begin with few participants.
“Privacy is a function of the crowd,” Zavodil wrote, arguing that an early Shielded Bitcoin user could have very few comparable transactions to blend into. His criticism focuses on practical anonymity from user behavior and pool size, not whether the cryptographic proof itself conceals its private inputs.
Alloc Init’s own explanation acknowledges the same general limitation. A large quantity of bitcoin entering a shielded system does not by itself create a strong anonymity set if only a few actors generate most notes or if individual wallets follow recognizable deposit, withdrawal or timing patterns.
Research on Zcash has documented similar behavioral problems. A peer-reviewed 2018 study found that transaction patterns could shrink the effective anonymity set even when the underlying shielded cryptography remained intact. The study examined an older Zcash implementation and predates several later upgrades.
Post-quantum researcher Pierre-Luc Dallaire-Demers raised a separate cryptographic concern. He described the construction as interesting but “not quantum resistant at all.” In a follow-up, he said he was examining what a fully post-quantum version could require if Bitcoin eventually adopts post-quantum signatures.
Komarov has given a more conditional account. His interview with Unchained said the shielded pool’s eventual route to quantum resistance would depend partly on Bitcoin’s own signature system. Alloc Init has not presented Shielded Bitcoin as a finished post-quantum implementation.
Zerocash co-author and StarkWare CEO Eli Ben-Sasson responded more favorably to the project’s direction, while noting that he had not yet reviewed the full paper. His support therefore represented an initial reaction, not a technical endorsement of the construction.
Shielded Bitcoin still needs its Bitcoin entry and exit system
A major unfinished component is the movement of actual BTC into and out of the shielded metaprotocol. Alloc Init’s September 24 explanation says the current paper specifies shielded transfers after value is inside the system, while a forthcoming paper will describe peg-ins and peg-outs using PIPEs.
PIPEs relies on witness encryption to make access to a Bitcoin signing key conditional on proof that specified rules were followed. Komarov explained to the Bitcoin Development Mailing List in February that PIPEs v2 could emulate certain covenant and zero-knowledge verification functions without requiring a Bitcoin soft fork.
The cryptographic machinery remains computationally heavy. Komarov’s February disclosure put a PIPEs v2 ciphertext at roughly 330 TB of storage, while stating that researchers knew a route that could eventually reduce the figure toward 100 GB. The smaller target had not been achieved in that publication.
Shielded transfers would consume more Bitcoin block space as well. Komarov told Unchained that an encrypted shielded payload would run around 700 virtual bytes, compared with roughly 100 to 200 virtual bytes for a typical Bitcoin transaction. He estimated the resulting miner fee could be approximately four times higher.
No launch date has been set. Komarov said the team is gathering technical feedback while continuing work on the experimental construction, including open attempts to find faults in the design and work with witness-encryption researcher Sanjam Garg.
The next publicly scheduled presentation is set for September 28, 2026. The Bitcoin Treasuries Conference agenda lists Alloc Init researcher Clara Shikhelman for a five-minute session titled “Shielded Bitcoin: Private Transfers on Bitcoin L1” in New York.
Crypto World
Researchers Explore Zcash-Style Private Bitcoin Transfers Without Soft Fork
Alloc Init researchers have outlined a new approach they say could bring Zcash-style shielded transfers to Bitcoin without requiring a soft fork of the base protocol. The proposal, titled Shielded Bitcoin, aims to hide transaction amounts, senders, receivers, and linkages to previously spent funds by relying on encrypted “notes” and zero-knowledge proofs.
Published on Thursday by Clara Shikhelman, Mikhail Komarov, and Aleksei Moskvin, the design is intended to use Bitcoin as a kind of settlement and ordering layer—while separate software handles verification and state reconstruction for the privacy system. The result is a privacy overlay that, in theory, avoids asking miners or the wider network to enforce new rules.
Key takeaways
- Shielded Bitcoin proposes private transfers on top of Bitcoin without a soft fork by treating Bitcoin as an “ordering layer” rather than enforcing privacy rules at consensus.
- The system mirrors core Zcash components—encrypted notes, nullifiers to prevent double-spending, and zero-knowledge proofs for transaction validity.
- Privacy quality would depend on how quickly a meaningful anonymity set forms; critics argue early deposits may provide limited crowd-mixing.
- Commentators also raised open questions about cryptographic robustness and the practicality of the scheme.
How the proposal avoids a soft fork
In traditional privacy upgrades, hiding transaction details often requires changes that the network enforces. Shielded Bitcoin instead reframes the problem: rather than embedding privacy checks into Bitcoin’s mining and validation rules, the researchers propose using Bitcoin as “a neutral publication and ordering layer.”
Under this model, indexers—separate software components—would verify zero-knowledge proofs, confirm that the underlying funds have not been double-spent, and then reconstruct the evolving state of the shielded system. The encrypted notes and proofs would be published using Bitcoin transactions, but the privacy logic would be validated externally.
The paper’s key architectural point is that shielded validity does not have to be enforced by consensus for users to benefit from a private transfer—at least within the constraints of what other parties (wallets, relayers, and indexers) choose to accept and verify.
Why the Zcash-style design matters
The proposal explicitly draws from Zcash’s architecture. According to the paper, Shielded Bitcoin would use:
- Encrypted notes to conceal who owns funds and how much value is being moved.
- Public nullifiers that mark notes as spent, preventing double-spending without revealing note contents.
- Zero-knowledge proofs that demonstrate transaction validity while keeping sensitive details hidden.
However, Shielded Bitcoin differs from Zcash in one fundamental way: it is not presented as a separate shielded blockchain with its own consensus mechanism. Instead, it aims to plug a Zcash-like privacy system into Bitcoin’s existing infrastructure, using encrypted transaction artifacts and proof verification performed by external components.
For Bitcoin users and developers, the practical implication is clear: a privacy layer that can be deployed without consensus changes could lower the friction associated with privacy tooling. It also shifts the engineering burden toward wallets and verification infrastructure rather than requiring network-wide upgrades.
Early privacy may be weaker than Zcash’s anonymity set
Developer Vadim Zavodil was among the most pointed critics. Posting on X, Zavodil argued that a large share of the privacy “stack” already exists in Zcash and questioned how much privacy a newly launched shielded system could deliver immediately.
“Privacy is a function of the crowd. Zcash has a real shielded pool built over years of use. A brand new metaprotocol starts at zero, so your first private transfer hides in a crowd of one.”
In response, the Shielded Bitcoin researchers acknowledged the same concern. In a companion explanation published alongside the proposal on Notion, they said that large deposits do not automatically translate into a large anonymity set. They also warned that observers might still be able to infer relationships between transfers if a small number of actors create most notes or if wallets produce distinctive behavior.
This tension highlights a common theme for privacy systems: cryptographic soundness does not automatically guarantee anonymity. Shielded designs often depend on how users actually use them—how many participants join, how uniformly transactions behave, and whether patterns can be linked over time.
Questions extend beyond privacy: post-quantum concerns and intent
Another line of critique came from Pierre-Luc Dallaire-Demers, founder of post-quantum cryptography firm Pauli Group. He said the construction was “not quantum resistant at all,” framing the proposal as interesting while still leaving cryptographic assumptions in question.
Dallaire-Demers later indicated he was exploring what a fully post-quantum version could look like, contingent on Bitcoin eventually adopting a post-quantum signature scheme.
Supporters, meanwhile, emphasized the broader goal of bringing privacy to Bitcoin. Eli Ben-Sasson, a Zerocash co-author and CEO of StarkWare, responded more positively to the announcement. Although he said he had not yet read the full paper, Ben-Sasson argued that the intent behind Zerocash—preceding Zcash—was to bring privacy to Bitcoin. He said he would like to see the vision of privacy and scalability through zero-knowledge proofs materialize on Bitcoin’s base layer.
Taken together, these reactions underscore that Shielded Bitcoin is not being debated only on whether it “works” on paper. It’s also being evaluated on longer-term assumptions—particularly around anonymity set formation and the resilience of the cryptography to future threats.
As the proposal circulates among developers, investors and builders will likely watch for two practical follow-ups: whether any wallet or indexer implementation demonstrates credible usability and whether the system’s privacy properties improve as more independent users participate and diversify their behavior.
Crypto World
30-Year Mortgage Rate Hits 7.45%. What Does It Mean for Crypto?
The average 30-year fixed US mortgage rate jumped 19 basis points to 7.45% on Thursday. Mortgage News Daily recorded the move in its daily survey of brokers and lenders.
The jump tracks a broader selloff in US government bonds. For crypto markets, the Treasury yield at the center of that selloff carries the clearer signal.
Treasuries Drag the 30-Year Mortgage Rate Higher
The 30-year rate had sunk as low as 5.99% in late February, according to CNBC. It began rising once the Iran war started, then accelerated after the Federal Reserve (Fed) raised rates in September.
Mortgage News Daily Chief Operating Officer Matthew Graham traced the climb since September 10 to three drivers. He pointed to Fed commentary, higher oil prices, and stronger economic data.
However, Graham could not find a clear catalyst for Thursday afternoon’s bond selloff.
“No obvious catalyst. Explanations require concocting narratives and then defending them. There’s no objective, irrefutable way to connect the dots today. Sellers decided to sell… a lot,” he said.
That selloff matters because mortgage rates tend to track longer-dated Treasury yields. The 10-year yield closed at 5.18% on Thursday, up from 4.96% on Tuesday, according to the Treasury.
The Kobeissi Letter blamed inflation for the bond rout. It cited Brent crude above $105 a barrel and record diesel prices. It also noted consumers expect inflation near 4.6% over the next year.
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Crypto Pays the Price of Higher Yields
For crypto, the key link runs through those yields. When government debt pays more, holding Bitcoin (BTC) carries a higher opportunity cost.
That pressure showed on Wednesday. Bitcoin fell below $84,000 after strong US business activity data pushed the 10-year yield past 5%.
By Friday, BTC traded at $84,590, posting a modest gain over the past 24 hours, BeInCrypto Markets data shows. Altcoins moved faster in the rebound. Solana (SOL) gained 2.2%, and XRP (XRP) added 3.4% over the same period.
This leaves an open question. Can crypto buyers keep absorbing pressure from a Treasury market paying more than 5%?
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The post 30-Year Mortgage Rate Hits 7.45%. What Does It Mean for Crypto? appeared first on BeInCrypto.
Crypto World
Australia PM Warns UN Over AI After OpenAI Breach

Anthony Albanese said governments must help shape AI’s development, after revealing earlier that an OpenAI agent accessed non-public files on an Australian Medicare data portal.
Crypto World
Ondo Finance denies sale talks after founder’s death
Ondo Finance has denied a report based on three anonymous sources that the tokenization company was offered to prospective buyers after founder Nathan Allman died on May 25, 2026.
Summary
- Ondo Finance denied seeking buyers after anonymous sources reported sale outreach following Nathan Allman’s death.
- Three sources said Ondo Finance was offered to prospective buyers after Allman died in May.
- Delaware court records show Kathleen Allman’s control case against Ondo Finance remains active since July.
- Ian De Bode remains acting CEO while court order limits major corporate changes during litigation.
- Ondo launched institutional share conversions this week, showing product operations continue during the governance dispute.
CoinDesk reported that outreach to prospective buyers took place sometime after Allman’s death, citing three people familiar with the matter. Two sources placed the outreach after May 25, but the report said it could not establish who initiated the effort or what valuation may have been discussed.
Ondo rejected the account. A company spokesperson called reports of a possible sale “wholly untrue” and said nobody at the company had sought buyers or authorized another party to do so. Allman’s estate declined to comment to CoinDesk.
Ondo Finance rejects reported buyer outreach
The disputed sale account comes as control of Ondo remains before courts following Allman’s unexpected death at age 32. He died without a will while holding a controlling stake in Ondo Finance, leaving questions over who could exercise the voting rights attached to his shares.
After probate proceedings in Hawaii, Allman’s parents, Kathleen and Lawrence Allman, became heirs to his estate. Kathleen later received authority as personal representative and asserted that the estate’s voting rights allowed her to reconstitute Ondo’s board. De Bode disputed the estate’s attempt to remove him. The competing claims eventually reached the Delaware Court of Chancery.
The Delaware judiciary’s public CourtConnect docket shows Kathleen C. Allman v. Ondo Finance Inc., Case No. 2026-0978, was filed on July 24. The docket currently lists the civil case as active before Chancellor Kathaleen McCormick and shows no scheduled case events on the public page.
CoinDesk reported that the present court arrangement allows De Bode to oversee ordinary business while restricting major changes until the corporate-control dispute is resolved. One anonymous source said the litigation had likely stopped any possible sale process, but that assessment has not been confirmed by Ondo or Allman’s estate.
Court fight centers on who controls Ondo
Kathleen Allman’s Delaware complaint disputes De Bode’s authority after Nathan’s death. The estate alleges De Bode began presenting himself as CEO without valid board approval and later took steps to establish control while the estate’s voting rights were still passing through probate. De Bode has rejected those allegations as meritless.
At the time of Nathan Allman’s death, court filings described him as Ondo’s controlling shareholder and sole director, with another board seat vacant. Kathleen was appointed personal representative of the estate in Hawaii on June 26 and later used shareholder consents to appoint directors and attempt to remove De Bode, according to reporting on the complaint.
The estate has challenged a compensation arrangement that it says was prepared for De Bode following Allman’s death. Court-related reporting places the disputed package at roughly $11 million, including salary, a signing payment, restricted token units and equity awards. The amounts remain allegations in the litigation and have not been established as wrongdoing by a final court ruling.
De Bode remains Ondo’s public-facing leader. The company’s current leadership page lists him as “Acting CEO and President,” while Allman is listed as founder.
Estate dispute has expanded into Hawaii
A separate proceeding has developed around Kathleen Allman’s control of her share of the estate. Allman’s half-sister, Dr. Lani Clinton, and Ondo investor David Chen petitioned a Hawaii court for a limited conservatorship covering that interest.
The petition contains allegations about Kathleen’s ability to manage financial affairs, which her lawyers have denied. Kathleen has argued that the filing is connected to the fight over Ondo and has rejected its allegations as baseless. No final ruling establishing the contested claims was identified in the latest records reviewed.
The estate holds more than corporate voting rights. Court-related reports describe it as containing a large allocation of ONDO tokens, including tokens already unlocked and others scheduled to unlock during the next three years. The exact size of the estate’s controlling equity position is redacted from public versions of the corporate filings.
No public filing reviewed establishes that Kathleen, De Bode, the Ondo board or the estate formally retained an investment bank to sell the company. CoinDesk said it could not identify who initiated the reported outreach or determine a proposed sale price. Ondo has not disclosed a valuation in its publicly announced equity rounds.
Ondo operations continue while the case remains active
Ondo’s public product activity has continued during the court fight. On September 21, the company announced a new institutional route allowing approved firms to convert underlying shares directly into Ondo Stocks through Alpaca’s Instant Tokenization Network. The conversion service is live on Ethereum and BNB Chain.
As crypto.news reported in its coverage of Ondo’s new institutional share-conversion route, institutions need active Ondo and Alpaca accounts and approval before using the service. RWA.xyz data cited in that report tracked $3.63 billion in Ondo distributed assets across 441 products as of September 22.
The company has continued expanding tokenized equities during 2026. In related coverage, crypto.news reported that Ondo brought tokenized U.S. stocks to Hyperliquid’s HyperEVM, while Ondo Global Markets had reached nearly $18 billion in cumulative trading volume at that point.
Ondo had been pursuing acquisitions before the report that somebody tried to sell the company. Crypto.news reported in July that Ondo was exploring an acquisition worth up to $500 million in wealth technology or adjacent financial businesses. No formal adviser or specific acquisition target had been disclosed at the time.
Ondo’s official funding history shows a $20 million Series A in 2022 led by Founders Fund and Pantera Capital, with Coinbase Ventures, Tiger Global, GoldenTree, Wintermute, Flow Traders and others participating. The company had previously raised $4 million in its 2021 equity round.
Most recently, Ondo’s September 21 institutional conversion launch said approved firms can transfer existing shares from an Alpaca account into Ondo’s Alpaca account before corresponding Ondo Stocks tokens are issued onchain. Redemptions reverse the process, returning underlying shares to the institution’s Alpaca account.
Crypto World
Bitget’s $352 million hack happened via spoofed transfers, not private keys, CEO Gray Chen says
She described the breach as the digital version of slipping forged withdrawal slips through a bank’s own teller window. The vault keys never left the building. Someone got into the office that prepares the slips, created paperwork that looked official, and sent it through the same approval window the bank uses every day. To the system doing the approving, it looked like a normal payout.
The outflow, however, has been stopped, Chen confirmed.
“Loss containment is confirmed. No further unauthorized transfers are possible. The specific method of system intrusion remains under active investigation. A full technical report will follow once confirmed,” she said.
The breach
The breach surfaced when Bitget’s systems flagged unauthorized transfers from some exchange hot wallets at 18:31 UTC on Sept. 24. A hot wallet stays connected to the internet so funds can move quickly. For an exchange, it is a temporary liquidity hub, analogous to an online cash drawer that handles instant trades, deposits, and withdrawals.
Chen said the hack also reached the warm-wallet layer. That is a semi-connected buffer between the automated hot wallets and fully offline cold storage. It tops up the hot wallet when balances run low and pulls excess deposits off the internet so too much capital is not left exposed.
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