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A Brief History of Fireworks

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In the 1970s, American Fireworks, a family-run pyrotechnics company in Hudson, Ohio, used a “home run box” to offer quick and easy fireworks displays for the Cleveland Indians (now the Cleveland Guardians) baseball games.

The red wooden crate had metal silos to store the rockets. Each switch on the control panel allowed the operator to set off a different firing sequence. This setup instantly triggered the display whenever a Cleveland batter hit a home run. Before computerized firing systems became common, panels like this represented the state of the art. But they did not eliminate human error. On 15 September 2015, the technician in charge of the Indians’ pyrotechnics accidentally set off the fireworks when the opposing team hit a home run. The embarrassed technician was caught on camera holding his head in his hands.

Two photos, one showing a rusted metal box with labeled buttons propped against a painted red wooden box, the other showing a person placing round cylinders into a tall rectangular box that\u2019s resting in bleachers. This home run box and control panel [left] were used to launch fireworks during Cleveland Indians games. The rockets were housed in metal silos within the box.Left: Jahna Auerbach/Science History Institute; Right: American Fireworks

The Early History of Fireworks

Fireworks are one of the many Song Dynasty inventions that migrated from China through the Middle East and into Europe by way of trade routes. Around 200 B.C.E, the Chinese invented small firecrackers by simply tossing pieces of bamboo into a fire. The air inside the bamboo would expand and crack the wood, and the pop supposedly scared away evil spirits. After the invention of gunpowder—a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate—about a thousand years later, some clever person thought to pack the powder into the bamboo tubes and ignite them, launching the first fireworks—and the first rockets—into the sky.

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Two illustrations of historic fireworks, one showing wheel-shaped fireworks on a pole and the other showing a dragon figure attached to a rocket on a rope strung between two buildings. John Bate’s popular 1634 book on fireworks described fire wheels [left] and a flying dragon [right], consisting of a dragon-shaped rocket that sped along a rope. SSPL/Getty Images

By the Renaissance, specialized schools for pyrotechnics had emerged across Italian city-states, and European craftsmen began creating large spectacles for royal occasions and religious celebrations. In 1634, John Bate published the four-volume series The Mysteries of Nature and Art, the second of which described how to create all manner of fireworks. Woodcut illustrations showed fire wheels (now called pinwheels or Catherine wheels), as well as the more ambitious flying dragon—a rocket shaped like a dragon that emitted sparks while speeding across a rope strung between two buildings.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, chemists and alchemists discovered new chemical compounds and isolated new elements that expanded the palette for fireworks. Adding barium nitrate produced green, for example, and strontium nitrate produced red. Chemists also mixed in metal particles to create sparkles.

The 1880s saw the introduction of the loud screech or whistle that precedes the exploding boom. Amédée Denisse, a graphic artist by trade and a fireworks hobbyist, discovered that a cardboard tube containing potassium picrate added that satisfying auditory effect to his fireworks display.

How Did Fireworks Become a 4th of July Tradition?

British colonists brought fireworks to the Americas. In 1608, Captain John Smith set them off to celebrate the founding of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States. More than a century and a half later, while the Continental Congress was meeting in Philadelphia in July 1776, future U.S. president John Adams speculated in a letter to his wife that Independence Day would be celebrated “with pomp and parade, with shews, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other.”

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Although Adams got the day wrong—he mistakenly thought the committee would complete the revisions to the Declaration of Independence by the 2nd of July—he was correct in foreseeing that Independence Day would be celebrated with lots and lots of fireworks. Just a year later, on 5 July 1777, the Pennsylvania Evening Post reported on the grand exhibition of fireworks the previous night, which began and concluded with 13 rockets representing the 13 colonies.

It’s safe to say that the United States is still obsessed with fireworks. According to the American Pyrotechnics Association, the country spends about US $3 billion on fireworks each year; it’s also the leading importer of fireworks. As the U.S. gears up to celebrate its 250th birthday this 4th of July, expect to see fireworks displays everywhere, from kids with sparklers running in backyards to ambitious professional displays for huge crowds.

Color photo of spectators watching an elaborate fireworks display against a city skyline. Modern fireworks displays like the Macy’s 4th of July celebration in New York City are computer choreographed and controlled. Roy Rochlin/Getty Images

Fireworks today are an engineering marvel. State-of-the-art displays are computer controlled with precise digital timing, often tied to musical accompaniment. Designers can spend weeks choreographing complicated patterns and assigning launch times, shell types, and colors. The completed script is uploaded to an electronic firing system, which consists of the control panel and hundreds or thousands of firing modules that connect to the rockets. It can take days to set up the launch site for a large-scale display that lasts just minutes.

For example, last year more than 60 licensed pyrotechnicians worked for 12 days to arrange more than 80,000 shells for the Macy’s 4th of July Fireworks in New York City. Each of the firework shells measured up to 25 centimeters in diameter and weighed more than 13 kilograms—a far cry from their bamboo ancestors. More than 120 kilometers of wire connected the bundles of explosives to twelve computers. All that for a 25-minute display.

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As much as I unabashedly love fireworks, they’re not for everyone and they do have a downside. The explosions can trigger PTSD for military veterans, and they can also upset animals. Every year, thousands of people are injured by mishandled or damaged fireworks. Known to set off wildfires, fireworks are often banned during droughts. Scientists who’ve studied the environmental impact of fireworks displays have noted their tendency to disperse airborne metallic particles and other harmful particulates.

Nighttime photo showing a young man's face displayed in the sky over a city. A drone light show over Busan, South Korea, shows a member of the K-pop band BTS.Hwawon Ceci Lee/Anadolu/Getty Images

Perhaps to counter those drawbacks, or maybe it’s just the next technological evolution in aerial display, companies are now offering drone light shows. Fleets of hundreds or thousands of LED-toting drones can be programmed to hover in the air and fly in formation, forming logos and other designs that are more stable than exploding fireworks.

These exquisitely choreographed light shows are truly impressive. And yet I relish the full sensory experience of fireworks, including the booms, the smoke, and the smell. So whether you’re celebrating your country’s birth, Guy Fawkes Day, Saint Sylvester’s Night, New Year’s, Diwali, or simply cheering a home run from your favorite team, I hope you get to enjoy this millennia-old technological marvel.

Part of a continuing series looking at historical artifacts that embrace the boundless potential of technology.

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An abridged version of this article appears in the July 2026 print issue as “Rooting for the Home Team.”

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Filing shows Amazon cut 57 tech jobs in Washington state in recent weeks

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Amazon’s headquarters buildings and the Spheres in Seattle’s Denny Triangle neighborhood in September 2024. (GeekWire Photo / Kurt Schlosser)

Amazon has cut a total of 57 jobs in Washington state across various teams, including roles at the director and senior manager levels, according to a filing made public Monday morning.

People impacted by the cuts include 16 software engineers as well as product managers and creative marketing employees working in Seattle and Bellevue offices. Nine remote employees, including investigation specialists and risk managers, were also let go.

Employees were notified of the layoffs throughout May and in early June, according to an Amazon filing with the Employment Security Department, released Monday under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act. The roles are scheduled to end in August.

“[W]e filed a WARN notice because a few businesses across the company made organizational changes that each impacted a small number of employees — in most cases fewer than five employees per business,” said Brad Glasser, an Amazon spokesperson, via email.

WARN notifications are triggered by state law when more than 50 Washington-based employees in total are laid off over a period of 30 days.

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“We don’t make decisions like this lightly, and we’re committed to supporting the employees who were impacted,” Glasser added.

It’s a sign of the broader belt-tightening across the tech industry. Microsoft separately cut more than 600 jobs in Washington state on Monday morning, part of global layoffs eliminating 4,800 roles across the Redmond company, primarily in sales, consulting and gaming.

The latest Amazon cuts follow layoffs of 2,198 Washington-based employees in February and 2,303 in October 2025. Globally, the company has eliminated roughly 30,000 positions in the past year, cumulatively amounting to the the largest workforce reduction in its history.

The multiple rounds of layoffs have hit wide-ranging positions and divisions, with software engineers the hardest hit. Corporate support, commercial functions, legal, tax, and ad sales positions have all seen cuts, as have Amazon’s core technology organization, gaming division and robotics unit.

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The previous larger cuts were part of an effort to “reduce layers, increase ownership, and remove bureaucracy,” according to a memo sent to employees and posted online earlier this year by Beth Galetti, senior vice president of people experience and technology.

Amazon’s corporate roles numbered around 50,000 in the Seattle area.

Tech giants nationwide have made round after round of job cuts in the past year as they pour billions into AI data center expansions and gain labor efficiencies through the use of artificial intelligence.

Amazon reported $181.5 billion in sales for the first quarter of this year, up 17% from a year earlier. Profits came in at $30.3 billion, boosted by gains tied to the value of its investment in Anthropic.

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Apple is warning when your AI prompts go to Google’s servers

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Image generation features found in Apple Creator Studio rely on Google Cloud servers, but users will be warned before prompts are sent to the third-party AI tool.

Apple Intelligence is powered by Apple Foundation Models found on your iPhone and in Apple’s Private Cloud Compute servers. Those are distinct features and models from the integrations that utilize third-party AI tools like Google Cloud and ChatGPT.

After updating to the latest Apple Creator Studio version, users are encountering a new pop-up, whether they are running iOS 26 or iOS 27. That pop-up warns that the user’s prompt will be sent to a Google Cloud server, but won’t be used for training.

The warning is similar to what would appear when user queries were being sent to ChatGPT in previous versions of Apple Intelligence.

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To be perfectly clear: This is not a part of Apple Intelligence or Apple Foundation Models.

Apple Foundation Models, not Google

There has already been some confusion around this new warning and Apple’s work with Google to implement Gemini technology in the new Apple Foundation Models. The Apple Foundation Models and resulting Apple Intelligence and Siri AI upgrades do not use any Google services, Google Search, Gemini Assistant, or Google frameworks.

The Apple Foundation Models on your device and in Apple’s Private Cloud Compute servers are Apple technology all the way down. Yes, the new models were built with Gemini Frontier models and servers at the foundation, but nothing Google remains in the shipping models.

Apple is working to bring its most powerful Apple Foundation Models to Google servers with Nvidia GPUs, but via Private Cloud Compute. Those Google servers Apple uses for Private Cloud Compute are fully Apple’s in operation, just like iCloud servers are when using AWS.

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When you go to generate a shape or image in Pages, Freeform, or any other Apple Creator Studio app that has these features, it is using Google Cloud. Users have the ability to accept the warning each time, or set it to always accept.

The only data being sent in these instances is the text you’ve typed in the prompt or image sent to edit. And even then, just like with OpenAI’s partnership, Google is unable to train on sent prompts or retain data from the interaction.

Computer screen showing a colorful abstract background and a gray popup window labeled Usage Status (Beta), displaying 3% used and a Learn More button

Third-party AI usage limits in Apple Creator Studio

The feature is wholly isolated to Apple Creator Studio, so if a user would prefer to avoid using Google Cloud, it is easy to do so. Although, those that do choose to use it can know that their data remains private for the interaction.

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Apple Creator Studio use of AI

Since Apple Creator Studio AI features rely on external AI tools, there are limitations to what can be done. Apple shares the percentage of AI usage in app settings, and that usage gets reset each month.

OpenAI provides ChatGPT for slide generation, and users can generate about 50 presentations with 8-10 slides each with their allotment. Google Cloud can generate 50 images or 250 shapes with its monthly allotment.

Apple doesn’t specify how many tokens a user has nor how many an event expends. It’s up to the user to keep queries short to minimize use, and to monitor usage manually.

The support document defining these features reiterates that zero data is used for training models.

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Flight Sim Tracking From Spatial Audio

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Flight sims are wonderful to play around with to get immersed in the position of a pilot. Racing sims can give you a thrill that can only be beaten by the real thing. However, most of this tech is on the more expensive side, so it would be great if you could use some of the hardware already found in your house. Many Sony headphones already have rotation and movement data built in for spatial audio, so why not start there?

[Nicholas Slattery] had this very idea and has produced an open-source application to connect your headphones straight to your sim. There’s a surprising amount of support built into many headsets that use a known protocol called the Android Head Tracker HID protocol. This allowed [Nicholas] to connect a family of Sony headphones straight into OpenTrack, which is often used with flight sims. The best part is you can still use the headphones as normal with a Bluetooth connection.

If you want to give this a try with your own rig, check out [Nicholas]’s GitHub here. While flight and driving sims might be expensive to put together, it’s never too hard to hack together something to lower that barrier! Whether it’s a flight sim force-feedback joystick or driving sim hand-breaks we got you!

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NYT Connections hints and answers for Tuesday, July 7 (game #1122)

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Looking for a different day?

A new NYT Connections puzzle appears at midnight each day for your time zone – which means that some people are always playing ‘today’s game’ while others are playing ‘yesterday’s’. If you’re looking for Monday’s puzzle instead then click here: NYT Connections hints and answers for Monday, July 6 (game #1121).

Good morning! Let’s play Connections, the NYT’s clever word game that challenges you to group answers in various categories. It can be tough, so read on if you need Connections hints.

What should you do once you’ve finished? Why, play some more word games of course. I’ve also got daily Strands hints and answers and Quordle hints and answers articles if you need help for those too, while Marc’s Wordle today page covers the original viral word game.

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NYT Strands hints and answers for Tuesday, July 7 (game #856)

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Looking for a different day?

A new NYT Strands puzzle appears at midnight each day for your time zone – which means that some people are always playing ‘today’s game’ while others are playing ‘yesterday’s’. If you’re looking for Monday’s puzzle instead then click here: NYT Strands hints and answers for Monday, July 6 (game #855).

Strands is the NYT’s latest word game after the likes of Wordle, Spelling Bee and Connections – and it’s great fun. It can be difficult, though, so read on for my Strands hints.

Want more word-based fun? Then check out my NYT Connections today and Quordle today pages for hints and answers for those games, and Marc’s Wordle today page for the original viral word game.

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You can now customize Siri’s pace and expressivity in the latest iOS 27 beta

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With the latest iOS 27 developer beta, Apple is giving testers an early look at one of the upcoming improvements to its AI-powered Siri: the ability to adjust how quickly and expressively the AI assistant speaks. In iOS 27 beta 3, out today, Apple has enabled the voice controls for “Pace” and “Expressivity” that were previously labeled as “Coming soon” in the first developer beta releases.

The update is part of Apple’s broader effort to make Siri feel more natural and personal, as it rebuilds the assistant around generative AI. Like ChatGPT and others offering voice AI assistants, letting users customize how the AI sounds is an important aspect in helping connect people with the new technology.

However, ChatGPT’s voice-customization options allow users to go even further, as the ability to adjust the AI’s warmth and enthusiasm was rolled out in December 2025, alongside options to configure the base style and tone. The latter lets users adjust OpenAI’s assistant to be more friendly, professional, candid, or quirky, among other styles. This is reflected not only in how ChatGPT speaks, but also in how it presents information to the user.

First introduced at Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC 26) in June, Siri’s voice controls let users personalize their Siri experience beyond just choosing a male- or female-sounding assistant. Now beta testers will be able to switch between a range of voices with different accents, and then use sliders to change how slowly or quickly Siri speaks and how much human-like emotion its voice conveys.

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As you make the adjustments, Siri will practice saying some common things, like “You have one new message,” so you can get a sense of how the different voices sound.

The AI version of Siri is deeply integrated across the updated version of iOS, where it will allow iPhone owners to start conversations by speaking, swiping down from the Dynamic Island at the top of the screen and typing, tapping on the phone’s side button, or even by using the brand-new stand-alone Siri app.

Other, more minor updates are also rolling out with iOS 27 beta 3, including an updated Reminders app icon. (We should note some people on X are also reporting losing access to the new Siri after updating, or seeing their phone again begin indexing their data — typically, the first step in optimizing Siri AI for search.)

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Utah’s AI prescription pilot alarms its medical board

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TL;DR

Utah has become the first US state to let an AI chatbot, Doctronic, renew prescriptions without a doctor, via a regulatory sandbox that waives licensing laws. The state’s medical licensing board, blindsided by the January launch, called in April for the pilot to be halted over safety risks, but the state refused. The case exposes a federal-state regulatory vacuum around AI in medicine.

Utah has quietly become the first US state to let an AI chatbot renew prescriptions without a doctor, according to the Associated Press. The programme, run by a company called Doctronic, launched in January and has set off a fierce medical debate.

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Residents can skip the doctor’s office and refill prescriptions online through the chatbot. It asks about their medication and history, checks a national pharmacy database, and either renews the script or escalates to a human doctor.

The launch was possible only through a “regulatory sandbox” that lets Utah officials waive laws for promising AI. State and federal rules otherwise restrict prescribing to licensed medical professionals.

“We have crossed a threshold in terms of giving something that is not human a medical license, whether or not we want to call it that,” the University of Pennsylvania’s Dr Eric Bressman told the AP. He and others say they are not opposed to AI prescribing, but want it held to standards as rigorous as those for human doctors.

The board that got left out

Utah’s medical licensing board says it only learned of the programme when the January launch made the news. In an April letter, 11 members called for the pilot to be halted, citing the risks of auto-renewing drugs with side effects or interactions.

“We were essentially told: ‘Yes this is going on. And no, you don’t have a say in it’,” said Dr Alan Smith, a family physician who chairs the board but spoke for himself.

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The state declined to suspend it, noting human doctors still review every refill in this first phase.

The programme is currently overseen by a five-member board of AI specialists, none of them doctors. Doctronic expects to move to fully automated refills soon.

Smith warns the risks are real, pointing out that Doctronic’s roughly 190 refillable medications include blood thinners, which turn dangerous if a patient develops internal bleeding. The American Medical Association has echoed the concern that “prescription renewals aren’t routine checkboxes”.

A regulatory vacuum by design

The case exposes a jurisdictional tangle, since medical technology is regulated federally while medical professionals are overseen by states. Doctronic frames its AI as part of state-regulated medical practice, though some experts argue it has crossed into FDA territory.

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The company would not say whether it has sought FDA permission. The agency told the AP it has authorised no AI chatbots but wants to encourage innovation, a hands-off posture that fits a broader loosening of oversight on AI health tools.

Critics see history rhyming, with Bressman comparing the moment to the haphazard medicine of the early 20th century, before boards and benchmarks existed. The template for licensing AI medical services in other states comes from the Cicero Institute, a pro-AI think tank founded by Palantir co-founder Joe Lonsdale.

The stakes are not abstract, as safety researchers have warned that medical chatbots can sound authoritative while dispensing dangerous advice. Others caution that removing humans from care can undermine the very outcomes it promises.

Rivals are scrambling to map those failure modes too. Meta went as far as posing as teenagers to test how competing chatbots handle sensitive topics.

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Doctronic plans peer-reviewed studies later this year, though its only published paper so far was written by its own scientists and not independently reviewed. As one Utah law professor put it, companies risk letting the technology race beyond the evidence, and betraying public trust in the process.

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Judge upholds Musk Twitter investor fraud verdict

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US District Judge Charles Breyer denied Elon Musk’s bid to overturn a March 2026 jury verdict finding he defrauded Twitter investors during his 2022 takeover, upholding the finding on his 13 May bot tweet while granting one narrow point on a 17 May tweet. Investors say damages could reach $2.6bn, and the judge also granted prejudgment interest.

A federal judge has refused to overturn a jury’s finding that Elon Musk defrauded Twitter investors during his $44bn takeover of the platform in 2022. US District Judge Charles Breyer denied Musk’s motion to set aside the verdict in most respects on Monday.

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A San Francisco jury ruled in March that two of Musk’s May 2022 tweets about the deal and Twitter’s spam bot numbers were materially false or misleading. Investors say the resulting losses could support damages of up to $2.6bn.

“Buyer’s remorse is not an exception to the securities laws,” Breyer wrote, adding that the laws are “in their essence, about trust”. The judge found substantial evidence that Musk’s 13 May tweet, claiming the deal was on hold pending bot data, was literally untrue.

Breyer cited testimony from one of Musk’s own bankers, who said the tweet surprised her and that Musk never actually put the deal on hold. A jury could infer Musk had a motive to escape the deal and used bots as a pretext, the judge wrote.

He did hand Musk one narrow win, agreeing there was too little evidence that a separate 17 May tweet caused investors a market loss. Musk’s lawyers did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

The bot pretext, four years on

The case traces back to Musk’s chaotic pursuit of Twitter, when he agreed to buy the company, then tried to walk away citing spam accounts. Twitter sued to force the deal through, and Musk ultimately closed at $54.20 a share before renaming the platform X.

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Investors sued in October 2022, arguing Musk deliberately talked the stock down to renegotiate or exit. The jury agreed he misled the market, though it rejected the broader claim that he ran a deliberate scheme.

Breyer also swatted down Musk’s more colourful arguments, including a claim that jurors mocked him by writing “$4.20” in blue ink on the verdict form. The number references cannabis, the judge noted, and the jury had actually cleared Musk on two claims.

Another legal front for a busy defendant

The ruling adds to a crowded docket for Musk, who recently settled a separate SEC case over his late disclosure of an initial Twitter stake for $1.5m. His “funding secured” Tesla saga first drew SEC fraud charges back in 2018.

He is also fighting Sam Altman in a high-stakes trial over OpenAI, all while steering the newly public SpaceX. The tweets that built his mythology keep generating legal bills.

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Prejudgment interest, which Breyer also granted, could push the final figure higher still. For a man now worth more than a trillion dollars, the sum is survivable, but the finding that he defrauded investors is harder to shrug off.

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Wikipedia Banned Its Co-Founder Because Its Rules Mostly Work, Actually

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from the here-to-build-an-encyclopedia dept

In Larry Sanger’s recent failed attempt to start a “WikiProject Intellectual Diversity”, he tried to recruit his followers to help him change Wikipedia’s rules around representation of viewpoints, religions, parties, and nationalities (a version of his earlier “Nine Theses”). The draft WikiProject was not itself a bannable offense, but his approach broke rules that were designed to foster fair discussions. Wikipedia’s rules really already support creation of balanced and robust articles about controversial topics – it just takes a huge amount of careful research, patience, and cooperation, and there’s no shortcut for that work.

In the first several months of Wikipedia, Sanger’s seriousness about its potential encouraged me to take up the challenge of helping write an encyclopedia that represents the sum of human knowledge. 25 years later, I remain an active editor dedicated to the Wikimedia movement for free and open knowledge, which is basically a fun and oddly serious hobby.

I edit a lot of moderately controversial articles that have glaring gaps in core principles of verifiability and neutral point of view. Many of Wikipedia’s most popular articles, like about politics and philosophy, are very informative and comprehensive, but second-tier articles don’t consistently get robust attention from editors. For example, I’ve recently repaired bias and disinformation in articles about AI regulation, LGBTQ rights in Nigeria, politicians in the Balkans, wealthy businessmen outside the US, influential religious organizations, and people accused of sexual harassment. I routinely fix articles that downplay negative information or present a controversial topic in a flattering way, in the style of Jeffrey Epstein’s ineffective project to get consultants to sanitize his article.

The good thing is that Wikipedia’s established rules already provide robust strategies to improve verifiability and balance in articles. Its principles expect editors to be cooperative and willing to cite a reliable source for nearly every sentence. You have to be up for changing your mind when somebody finds multiple reliable sources that disprove something you assumed, or at least up for slinking away to another article. To help counter bias and conflicts of interest, I apply elaborately layered guidance for evaluating and weighing sources – often citing academic journal articles and books, but not always, because the guidance recognizes that reliability is contextual. The “due weight” policy, part of the neutral point of view policy, pushes editors to search for more and better sources when something gets disputed, which results in a stronger article. I’ve learned that the best way to resolve a content dispute is to cite the best sources, reference the most relevant rules, present evidence calmly, and escalate one step at a time through the dispute resolution forums. Dispute resolution typically uses Wikipedia’s informal decision-making process, which reflects that Wikipedia is a decentralized asynchronous volunteer project, not an adjudicatory body. Wikipedia’s processes already work pretty well, they just take a lot of skill and patience, because collaboration is hard work.

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Sanger was banned for off-Wikipedia canvassing and for not being on Wikipedia to build an encyclopedia, but to be clear, trying to start WikiProject Intellectual Diversity was not in itself a bannable offense. Canvassing is against the rules specifically to protect public and open processes that support the development of balanced articles. The canvassing guidelines discourage editors from trying to rig decision-making processes by selectively inviting participants who will take their side. The rules favor public discussions on Wikipedia so that all editors have an equal opportunity to participate. And since all Wikipedia edits are publicly tracked, editors can analyze each other’s contributions to detect biases and conflicts of interest. External invitations both selectively invite participation and prevent editors from exercising oversight. Volunteer administrators routinely block or even ban editors for inappropriate canvassing because this behavior compromises efforts to build a balanced encyclopedia.

Sanger’s recent advocacy reminds me of the pattern that researcher and Wikipedia editor Molly White described in January 2025: “right-wing voices attacking Wikipedia as part of an intensifying campaign against free and open access information.” In October, the Washington Post described Sanger as “fueling the right’s campaign” against Wikipedia. Among other incidents last year, House Republicans demanded disclosure of editor information over coverage of the Israel-Palestine conflict. Sanger’s call to prohibit anonymity for the most dedicated volunteer administrators, one of his Nine Theses, is another one of his takes that would undermine intellectual freedom in the project, in line with the leaked Heritage Foundation plan to dox editors.

My work to counter gaps, bias, and spam in Wikipedia articles gives me proof every day that the project is imperfect. Every active editor has critiques of Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and the Wikimedia movement, and we debate issues and improvements at length. Wikipedia would benefit from additional contributors from any viewpoint or background who want to help build an encyclopedia. But improving Wikipedia requires intellectual honesty, cooperation, and willingness to apply established principles and rules even while critiquing them, not bad-faith publicity stunts.

Filed Under: canvassing, diversity, encyclopedia, larry sanger, wikipedia

Companies: wikimedia foundation, wikipedia

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Supreme Court Allows Texas To Require Age Verification For Mobile Apps

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The Supreme Court allowed Texas to enforce a law requiring app stores to verify users’ ages and obtain parental consent before minors can download apps. Tech industry groups argue the law broadly restricts young people’s access to digital speech, but the court let a 5th Circuit order stand without explanation or noted dissents. CNN notes that the Supreme Court’s decision “doesn’t resolve the case but rather will allow Texas to enforce the law while the litigation continues to play out.” From the report: “A minor child who downloads a software application from an app store agrees to contractual terms of service, including whether the child’s location will be tracked, whether the child’s privacy will be protected, whether information from the child’s phone can be sold by the developer, and whether the child waives the right to sue,” Texas told the Supreme Court in urging the court to allow its law to take effect.

But the Computer & Communications Industry Association, a trade group whose members include Apple and Google, said the law would effectively bar young people from accessing a wide range of content, “be it a book by Ernest Hemingway or J.K. Rowling, a Taylor Swift album, or a subscription to National Geographic.” Allowing the law to take effect, the group said, would have “profound consequences for the protection of digital speech.”

[…] In the new case, involving Texas’ age verification for apps, a federal district court blocked the law’s enforcement in December — days before it was set to take effect. But a three-judge panel of the conservative 5th US Circuit Court of Appeals put that decision on hold in early June, allowing the state to enforce it. By declining to take up the emergency appeal from the computer and student groups, the Supreme Court has left the 5th Circuit’s decision in place.

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