Bitcoin DeFi platforms on Rootstock simplify staking, rBTC rewards, and DeFi access for mainstream users.

Bitcoin DeFi is no longer reserved for technical experts. Platforms built on Rootstock make it simple to stake RIF, earn rBTC rewards, and participate in decentralized finance backed by Bitcoin’s consensus security, no specialized knowledge required.

Why Bitcoin DeFi has been so hard

Less than 1% of all BTC is deployed in decentralized finance, despite Bitcoin being the most widely held cryptocurrency. The reason is friction: specialized wallets, multi-chain bridging, unfamiliar gas tokens, and confusing interfaces. A BTCFi survey reported that 36% of respondents avoid BTCFi entirely due to lack of trust.

That’s changing fast. BTCFi total value locked grew roughly 20x from about $307 million in January 2024 to approximately $6.5 billion by mid-2025 (figures vary by methodology), driven by EVM-compatible Bitcoin sidechains like Rootstock that bring familiar tools to Bitcoin’s security.

How Rootstock and RootstockCollective remove the barriers

Rootstock is Bitcoin’s longest-running sidechain, operating since 2018 with 100% uptime. It inherits consensus security from Bitcoin via merged mining (participation reported in the 60–80%+ range of Bitcoin’s hashpower) while offering full EVM compatibility. The native token rBTC is pegged 1:1 to Bitcoin via the PowPeg bridge, a federated peg design. Transactions confirm within one to two blocks, fees are far lower than Ethereum’s (reduced ~60% after network upgrades), and the ecosystem includes 150+ partner applications with familiar names like Uniswap (via Oku), SushiSwap, and LayerBank.

RootstockCollective is the first DAO built for Bitcoin builders on this foundation. It’s where users can stake RIF tokens AND directly fund builders, combining rewards with real ecosystem impact. Key features that simplify onboarding:

With an approximately 20% average Annual Backer Incentive (varies by period), over 3.7 BTC,1.4 million RIF and $20k USDRIF paid out in Collective Rewards, and 35 million+ RIF staked, the reward mechanics are transparent and proven. Governance happens on-chain via the RootstockCollective dApp, so that funds can be seen exactly where they go.

Start earning in six steps

Step 1: Set Up a Wallet. Install MetaMask (or Rabby, SafePal, etc.) and add the Rootstock network by visiting the Get RIF page and clicking “Add RIF to wallet.” It configures everything automatically. Coming soon: social login via MagicLink for users new to web3 wallets.

Step 2: Get RIF Tokens. Purchase RIF on Binance, Gate.io, Bitget, or MEXC, then withdraw to a wallet. When withdrawing, select the RSK/Rootstock network, not ERC-20 or BEP-20. Alternatively, use Symbiosis or Router Protocol to bridge assets directly to Rootstock.

Step 3: Get rBTC for Gas. Swap a small amount of RIF for rBTC on SushiSwap (select RIF → rBTC and confirm), even 0.001 rBTC covers many transactions. Users can also bridge BTC via the PowPeg app at 2wp.rootstock.io (Fast Mode completes in ~20 minutes) or use Boltz.

Step 4: Stake RIF. Visit the official website, click “Connect Wallet” (top right), and select a wallet. Navigate to “Stake,” enter an amount, click “Stake,” and approve in MetaMask. RIF converts to stRIF at 1:1. After approving, the user has voting power in the DAO.

Step 5: Back Builders. Go to the Builders screen to see active builders. Review each builder’s “Backer Share %”, the percentage of earnings they share with backers. Hover over a chosen builder, press “Back builder,” then type an allocation or drag the allocation bar on the Backing page. Confirm on-chain. Example: if a builder earns 20% of total cycle rewards and sets a 25% Backer-Reward Percentage, backers collectively receive 5%, distributed proportionally by allocated stRIF.

Step 6: Claim Rewards. Go to the Holdings screen, view “My Balances,” and click “Claim Rewards.” rBTC, RIF, and USDRIF arrive in a wallet after approval. There’s no deadline; rewards remain available until they are collected.

Two roles, one virtuous cycle

RootstockCollective runs on two complementary roles. 

• Backers stake RIF, vote on proposals, and allocate stRIF to support builders, earning a share of their rewards proportional to their backing.
• Builders, teams creating dApps, protocols, and infrastructure on Rootstock, submit proposals, receive community votes, and access grants plus ongoing Collective Rewards. The more backing a builder attracts, the larger their share of the reward pool, and a portion flows back to their backers.

Current ecosystem projects include OpenOcean, Boltz, WoodSwap, Money On Chain, Tropykus, WakeUp Labs, LayerBank, Steer Protocol, Symbiosis, Hunters of Web3 and Top Tier Alliance, and more. All smart contracts are built on audited OpenZeppelin libraries, treasury is managed through multisig controls with Foundation oversight, and all actions are recorded on-chain.

The next step: visit the RootstockCollective website, connect a wallet, and stake the first RIF.

In 2025, stablecoins settled more transactions than Visa. Real-world stablecoin payments doubled to $400 billion. Visa, Mastercard, Stripe, PayPal, and Western Union all turned on stablecoin rails inside their existing products. The GENIUS Act became U.S. law. And almost no one outside crypto noticed. The most important shift in the global payments system in twenty years happened in plain sight, and it is still being misread as a crypto story.

The biggest story in crypto is not about crypto

Strip away the meme coins, the price predictions, the ETF flow charts, and the regulatory drama. The single most consequential thing happening in digital assets right now has nothing to do with any of it. It is not Bitcoin. It is not even speculation. It is the quiet, accelerating absorption of stablecoins into the actual plumbing of how the world moves money.

Some numbers, because the numbers are the story.

The global supply of fiat-backed stablecoins crossed $319 billion in April 2026, up from roughly $7 billion six years earlier. A forty-fold expansion in an asset class that did not meaningfully exist before 2020. Adjusted stablecoin transaction volume grew ninety-one percent in 2025 to $10.9 trillion, closing in on Visa’s $14.2 trillion. By Plasma’s accounting, total settlement volume hit $33 trillion last year, past Visa’s annual throughput. Stablecoins processed roughly twenty times the volume PayPal did. Morph’s research projects that 2026 stablecoin settlement could top $50 trillion.

While crypto Twitter argues about Bitcoin versus Ethereum, two superpowers are quietly running a different race. The United States is using dollar-backed stablecoins to extend the dollar’s reach into every corner of the digital economy. China is using its e-CNY and the mBridge platform to build an alternative settlement system that bypasses the dollar entirely. The outcome will shape the next century of global finance. And almost nobody outside policy circles is paying attention.

The argument that misses the actual fight

Open any crypto publication this year, and you will find some version of the same debate. Bitcoin maximalists versus Ethereum supporters. Solana versus Ethereum. Layer ones versus layer twos. The tribal warfare is loud, it is entertaining, and it is mostly beside the point.

While that argument fills the timelines, a different and far more consequential race is being run by people who do not post memes. The United States Treasury and the People’s Bank of China are competing to define what money looks like for the next century. They are doing it in plain sight, in policy documents and central bank press releases, with two completely different theories of the case.

The American theory: extend the dollar’s reach into every digital corner of the global economy by privatizing it, regulating it, and shipping it on open networks. The Chinese theory: build a sovereign digital currency under direct state control, and link it together with friendly central banks into a parallel settlement system that does not need American rails at all.

This is the real race. It will decide whether the global financial system of the 2030s and 2040s stays dollar-denominated and U.S.-administered, or whether it splits into competing blocs with different reserve assets, different settlement rails, and different rules. The stakes are not the price of a token. They are the architecture of money itself.

What the United States is actually doing

The American strategy is easier to miss because it is being run by the private sector with regulatory blessing rather than by a central bank. But the strategy is explicit, and it has been spelled out at the highest levels of the U.S. Treasury.

The instrument is the stablecoin. The framework is the GENIUS Act, signed into law in July 2025. The thesis was stated bluntly by Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent: stablecoins are a way to “extend the dollar’s reach” in decentralized finance and cross-border payments. Crypto commentator Arthur Hayes has put it more starkly. Stablecoins, in his framing, work as on-ramps that redirect offshore liquidity into U.S. Treasury bills. Every USDT or USDC in circulation requires reserves, and those reserves sit mostly in dollar-denominated assets. Tether alone now holds roughly $113 billion in U.S. Treasuries as of Q1 2026. The stablecoin sector, in aggregate, has become one of the largest non-sovereign buyers of U.S. government debt.

This is not an accident. It is the strategy. By making it easy, legal, and trusted to hold a dollar-pegged token on any blockchain in the world, the United States has effectively privatized dollar issuance and shipped it through global crypto networks. A small-business owner in Lagos who takes payment in USDT, a remittance recipient in Manila who saves in USDC, and a Lebanese citizen who holds stablecoins because the local currency is collapsing are each, without knowing it, deepening dollar penetration into their local economies. They are also indirectly financing the U.S. Treasury market.

The numbers are now large. Fiat-backed stablecoin supply crossed $319 billion in April 2026. Adjusted transaction volume hit $10.9 trillion in 2025, with some estimates putting total settlement volume past $33 trillion, more than Visa. Roughly ninety-nine percent of fiat-backed stablecoin value is pegged to the dollar. The euro, the yuan, the yen, and every other currency together account for the remaining one percent. In digital money, the dollar is not winning. It has, so far, lapped the field.

The genius of this approach, from the U.S. perspective, is that it works without the political baggage of a U.S. central bank digital currency. There is no Federal Reserve digital dollar to argue about. There is no surveillance state implication. There is only a regulated private sector building products that happen to pour offshore savings into U.S. debt and pull the global digital economy toward dollar-denominated settlement. The state does not have to build the rails. It just has to make them legal and trusted.

The GENIUS Act is the legal scaffolding. It defines payment stablecoins as a distinct regulated category, requires one-to-one reserve backing in high-quality liquid assets, opens issuance to banks under OCC supervision, and creates a U.S.-supervised path that competes structurally with foreign stablecoins. Tether’s planned U.S. domestic stablecoin launch fits this pattern. So does the Trump administration’s USD1 stablecoin, marketed openly as a “digital dollar for the world.” The U.S. is not building one digital dollar. It is building an entire ecosystem of them, each privately issued, each pushing toward the same outcome.

What China is actually doing

China is running a different play, executed by the state directly and aimed at a different goal.

The e-CNY, the digital yuan, is the world’s largest live central bank digital currency. By late 2025, cumulative transaction value had crossed $2.3 trillion. Twenty-nine pilot cities have integrated it into public transit and retail. 180 million wallets have been created. Domestic adoption still trails Alipay and WeChat Pay, but the gap is closing, and on January 1, 2026, the People’s Bank of China made a structural change that rewrote the asset’s economic logic.

Until that date, the e-CNY was classified as M0, basically digital cash, and could not earn interest. From January 1, 2026, banks are permitted to pay interest on verified digital yuan wallets, and the e-CNY is treated as a deposit-like instrument with commercial banks as counterparties. The currency is now covered by China’s national deposit insurance. In plain language: the e-CNY went from a digital substitute for paper money to a digital substitute for a bank account. The incentive to hold it just got dramatically larger.

That domestic change is half the story. The other half is happening across borders.

Project mBridge, the cross-border CBDC platform jointly developed by the People’s Bank of China, the Bank for International Settlements, and the central banks of Thailand, the UAE, and Hong Kong, processed over $55 billion in transactions by late 2025. The e-CNY accounts for more than 95 percent of mBridge settlement volume. Cross-border e-CNY activity overall reached roughly $2.38 trillion by November 2025, an 800 percent expansion since 2023. China launched its e-CNY International Operation Center in Shanghai in September 2025. Pan Gongsheng, the PBOC governor, has explicitly framed the goal as building “a more multi-polar monetary system less vulnerable to politicization.” It is a polite way of saying: a system the United States cannot weaponize.

This article was updated with a liquidation heatmap from Coinglass.

NEAR Protocol has rallied more than 44% from its weekly low as AI-driven momentum, protocol upgrade optimism, and aggressive short liquidations pushed the token toward a major technical breakout.

According to data from crypto.news, NEAR Protocol (NEAR) climbed from a weekly bottom near $1.47 to an intraday high of $2.10 before extending gains toward the $2.20 region on Thursday. The move came even as Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) traded within a subdued range following renewed concerns over U.S. inflation and uncertainty surrounding the Federal Reserve’s next policy decision.

A renewed wave of capital rotation into artificial intelligence-linked crypto assets has emerged as one of the key catalysts behind NEAR’s outperformance. Nvidia’s stronger-than-expected quarterly earnings earlier this week reignited speculative demand across AI infrastructure tokens, particularly projects tied to decentralized compute, AI agents, and data privacy.

Adding to the momentum, NEAR AI rolled out an automated Personally Identifiable Information anonymization framework on May 20. The feature strips sensitive user information from prompts before they interact with external large language models, addressing enterprise concerns surrounding data leakage and compliance risks.

Market participants also reacted positively to Network Upgrade 2.13, scheduled for June. The upgrade introduces post-quantum cryptographic signing alongside automated dynamic resharding through NEAR Intents. Developers say the system will allow the network to scale database shards automatically during traffic spikes, potentially reducing congestion and improving institutional-grade throughput.

At the same time, derivatives activity around NEAR accelerated sharply. Data from CoinGlass showed open interest surging more than 63% over the past 24 hours to $629 million while funding rates flipped strongly positive, signaling an aggressive build-up in leveraged long positioning.

Meanwhile, liquidation data from CoinGlass pointed to a significant short squeeze unfolding above the $2 level. Heatmap clusters showed dense liquidation zones stacked between $2.05 and $2.18, many of which were triggered as NEAR pushed through key resistance levels during the rally.

NEAR 24-hour liquidation heatmap. Source: Coinglass.

The latest move also coincided with improving sentiment across the altcoin market following continued inflows into U.S. spot Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs earlier this week. Although macro conditions remain fragile, ETF demand has helped stabilize risk appetite after several weeks of heavy volatility tied to rising oil prices and geopolitical tensions in the Middle East.

Oil markets remained elevated after ongoing uncertainty surrounding shipping activity near the Strait of Hormuz continued to fuel inflation concerns. Higher crude prices have complicated the Federal Reserve’s path toward rate cuts, with traders now pricing in a prolonged higher-for-longer interest rate environment.

Despite those macro headwinds, several analysts believe AI-linked crypto assets may continue attracting speculative flows independently from the broader market direction. Michaël van de Poppe, founder of MN Consultancy, recently said the AI sector remains “one of the strongest narrative trades” in crypto due to rising institutional interest in decentralized compute infrastructure.

Is a golden cross setting up a larger NEAR breakout?

On the daily chart, NEAR has broken above a descending trendline that had capped price action since late January. The breakout accelerated after buyers reclaimed the Murrey Math 7/8 resistance zone near $2.14, which had previously acted as a key reversal level during multiple failed rallies earlier this year.

More importantly, the 50-day moving average appears close to crossing above the 200-day moving average. A confirmed golden cross would signal the first major bullish trend reversal on NEAR’s daily timeframe since late 2025.

The chart also shows NEAR reclaiming the 4/8 major support and resistance pivot at $1.56 earlier this month before rapidly advancing through the 5/8 and 6/8 Murrey Math zones. Bulls are now attempting to establish support above the 7/8 “weak stop and reverse” level around $2.14.

Should buyers maintain control above that region, the next major upside target sits near the 8/8 resistance zone around $2.34. A breakout above that level could open the door toward the +1/8 overshoot area near $2.53, followed by the +2/8 extreme overshoot level around $2.73.

From a broader structure perspective, reclaiming the psychological $3 level would require sustained momentum beyond the +3/8 reversal zone near $2.93. Notably, NEAR has not traded above $3 on a sustained basis since the sharp correction that followed the AI-token rally earlier this year.

Momentum indicators have also strengthened considerably during the latest breakout. The MACD recently flipped bullish on the daily timeframe while price continues holding firmly above the 50-day moving average, currently positioned near $1.43.

According to CoinGlass liquidation data, another sizable cluster of short liquidations remains stacked between $2.30 and $2.40. A decisive move through that area could trigger another wave of forced buybacks from overleveraged bearish traders.

At the same time, elevated funding rates suggest parts of the market may already be becoming overheated in the short term. Historically, aggressive leverage build-ups following vertical rallies often increase the probability of sharp volatility spikes or temporary pullbacks.

What could invalidate the bullish NEAR thesis?

Although the technical structure has improved significantly, several downside risks remain in play.

A rejection below the $2.14 resistance zone would weaken the immediate breakout thesis and potentially expose NEAR to a pullback toward the $1.95 support region. Losing that level could shift momentum back toward the 5/8 Murrey Math support around $1.75.

Macro conditions also remain a major risk factor for the crypto market. Another upside surprise in U.S. inflation data or further escalation in Middle East tensions could strengthen the U.S. dollar and pressure risk assets, particularly high-beta altcoins.

Meanwhile, Bitcoin’s inability to reclaim major resistance levels continues limiting broader altcoin participation. A sharp correction in BTC below key support zones could quickly erase speculative momentum across AI-linked tokens, including NEAR.

Derivatives positioning presents another concern. While rising open interest and positive funding rates initially supported the rally, excessively crowded long positioning increases liquidation risk if momentum stalls. In such scenarios, cascading long liquidations often amplify downside volatility.

For now, however, NEAR remains one of the strongest-performing large-cap altcoins in the market, with traders closely watching whether the approaching golden cross and sustained AI narrative momentum can eventually fuel a move back toward the $3 psychological level.

Intercontinental Exchange and OKX are teaming up to list perpetual oil futures that track ICE Brent and WTI benchmarks on the crypto exchanges derivatives platform.

The contracts will reference the same benchmarks that underlie multi trillion dollar cleared futures on ICE, according to Bloomberg, but will be listed as non expiring swaps on OKX’s venue with funding payments to keep prices aligned with the underlying oil curves.

For now the trading will be limited to jurisdictions where OKX already has permission to offer perpetual futures, which means the products are likely to launch outside the United States even as ICE markets them to institutions used to regulated commodity exposure.

That split structure allows ICE to monetise its benchmark data and deepen a 25 billion dollar strategic tie up with OKX without immediately seeking US approval for 24 hour oil perps on its own exchanges.

The deal sits on top of a broader partnership under which ICE took a minority stake in OKX, secured a board seat and agreed to license its US futures and tokenised equities markets back into the crypto exchange, which serves more than 120 million accounts.

Under that March agreement ICE plans to launch US regulated crypto futures based on OKX spot prices while OKX in turn expects to offer access to ICE’s US futures suite and New York Stock Exchange linked tokenised stocks once regulators sign off.

Will OKX and ICE’s 24/7 oil perps redraw the line between Wall Street and crypto?

Market observers see the oil perpetuals as a logical extension of that blueprint, inserting real world commodities into a crypto native leverage and funding model that retail traders already use for Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) exposure on OKX’s derivatives books.

For readers tracking large cap assets, Bitcoin and Ethereum prices, liquidity conditions and derivative flows are already covered in depth on dedicated pages at crypto news, which provide context for how new products like oil perps can bleed into broader digital asset volatility and funding markets.

What does this mean for crypto and commodity regulation

The move lands in the middle of a political and regulatory fight over whether perpetual futures on US linked commodities should be allowed for American users at all, and if they are, who should host them.

CME and ICE have pushed US officials to crack down on platforms like Hyperliquid that list WTI linked perps for global users with little classical oversight, framing the issue as a question of market integrity and surveillance rather than a pure turf war.

At the same time both exchanges are nudging regulators toward a world of 24 hour trading, with ICE’s NYSE working on a tokenised securities platform funded by stablecoins and designed for round the clock access that looks very similar in structure to the crypto venues they are publicly criticising.

In that context the OKX deal reads less like a sideline experiment and more like a live test case for hybrid market structure.

ICE supplies regulated benchmarks and governance while OKX contributes the perpetual engine, user interface and experience running high leverage derivatives with up to 125 times leverage in some markets.

If regulators tolerate oil perps tied to regulated benchmarks offshore, it strengthens the case for bringing similar products onshore in a controlled way; if they clamp down, the episode will underline how far commodity regulators are willing to go to keep price discovery anchored in listed futures rather than in offshore crypto contracts.

One person familiar with the thinking told Bloomberg that a large energy trading firm put it bluntly, saying that traders “want the same benchmarks and margin offsets they already use at ICE, but with the flexibility of crypto style funding and around the clock risk management,” a view that captures the logic behind the tie up even as the regulatory path remains uncertain.

For readers looking to understand how this clash between traditional derivatives and digital assets is evolving beyond oil, detailed coverage of Bitcoin markets, Ethereum staking and the rise of perpetual futures across major coins is available on crypto news, including explainers on how funding rates, open interest and cross margining can transmit stress between commodity perps and large cap crypto contracts.

Those dynamics matter because an oil shock expressed through leveraged perps can now move through balance sheets that also hold Bitcoin or Ethereum collateral, tightening the coupling between energy and crypto in ways that macro traders and regulators will have to model rather than ignore.

“We are seeing the convergence of two infrastructures that used to live in separate universes,” said a derivatives strategist at a European prop firm who asked not to be named because they are not authorised to speak publicly. “If you clear oil futures at ICE during the day and trade perpetuals on OKX at night, that is one risk system, not two.”

Germany’s Finance Committee has rejected a proposal from the Green Party to scrap the country’s tax exemption for cryptocurrencies held longer than one year.

According to the committee discussions, lawmakers from multiple parties opposed the measure for different reasons, leaving Germany’s existing crypto tax framework intact even as Berlin weighs new digital asset tax rules for 2027.

Under current German law, profits from Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies remain free from capital gains tax if investors hold the assets for more than 12 months. The rule, commonly referred to as the “Haltefrist,” has helped Germany build a reputation as one of Europe’s more favorable jurisdictions for long-term crypto investors.

The proposal from Bündnis 90/Die Grünen argued that the exemption no longer fits the modern financial market because it was originally designed for physical valuables such as gold, antiques, or foreign currency holdings rather than digital assets. Green lawmakers cited research from the Frankfurt School Blockchain Center estimating that Germany could collect up to 11.4 billion euros, or about $12.9 billion, in additional yearly revenue from crypto taxation.

At the same time, the party used a lower estimate in its own fiscal calculations, saying conservative assumptions would still generate billions in extra state revenue.

Why did German parties reject the crypto tax proposal?

Opposition to the bill extended across much of Germany’s political spectrum. Members of the CDU/CSU argued the proposal would create fresh inconsistencies because cryptocurrencies would end up taxed differently from comparable assets such as precious metals and foreign currencies.

Meanwhile, the AfD criticized the measure from a broader tax policy perspective. Party representatives said Germany should reduce taxation instead of expanding it and argued the government should focus public spending on areas including domestic security, foreign policy, and the judicial system.

The SPD took a more cautious position, saying that while the party supports tighter crypto taxation in principle, it would wait for Finance Minister Lars Klingbeil to present a formal federal proposal before backing specific legislative changes.

Klingbeil had already signaled possible reforms in April while presenting Germany’s 2027 federal budget. During that presentation, the finance minister said the government planned to “tax cryptocurrencies differently” as part of measures expected to raise an additional 2 billion euros in revenue.

Only Die Linke supported the Greens’ proposal outright, though the party also pointed to weaknesses in the draft legislation. Representatives warned that the bill lacked clear limits on offsetting crypto trading losses and said the administrative burden could significantly reduce net tax gains.

How is Germany’s crypto industry responding?

Industry groups and crypto firms have continued defending Germany’s current one-year exemption. Robin Thatcher, a Bitcoin and crypto tax accountant, said removing the rule would weaken Germany’s position as a crypto hub and discourage investment activity.

Comparisons with Austria have also entered the debate. Austria removed its crypto holding exemption in 2022 and introduced a flat 27.5% capital gains tax on digital assets regardless of holding duration.

Bitpanda co-founder Eric Demuth later criticized the Austrian model, saying in a March post on X that the changes created additional bureaucracy without delivering meaningful financial benefits to the government.

Despite the policy uncertainty, German banks have continued expanding into regulated crypto services. Earlier this year, DZ Bank received BaFin approval to launch its “meinKrypto” platform under the European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation framework.

The service allows customers from hundreds of cooperative banks to trade assets, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Cardano, directly through their banking applications.

In a development marking the culmination of a high-profile U.S. fraud probe tied to Celsius Network’s 2022 collapse, the criminal proceedings surrounding key former executives have officially ended. The sentencing of Roni Cohen-Pavon to time served and the closure of cases against Cohen-Pavon and former Celsius CEO Alex Mashinsky were reflected in the Southern District of New York docket on Thursday. These closures come after Mashinsky pleaded guilty and received a 12-year prison term for fraud and price manipulation, while authorities indicated Cohen-Pavon’s cooperation provided substantial assistance that likely contributed to a lenient outcome.

According to Cointelegraph, the broader 2022 Celsius collapse left users with estimated losses totaling around $5 billion. The formal wrap of the criminal phase in this matter represents a notable checkpoint for regulatory enforcement actions within the crypto lending sector and for victims seeking accountability in high-profile crypto firm failures.

Key takeaways

• The Celsius criminal docket has been formally closed following sentencing actions against Roni Cohen-Pavon (time served) and Alex Mashinsky (12-year sentence), signaling an enforcement milestone in the Celsius saga.
• Mashinsky’s plea and sentencing, alongside Cohen-Pavon’s cooperation acknowledgment, illustrate how cooperation can influence outcomes in complex crypto-related prosecutions.
• Justin Sun’s voluntary dismissal of his Bloomberg lawsuit “without prejudice” ends that particular dispute, while the broader WLFI-related defamation suit persists against him.
• The AI16Z DAO matter advances to a federal setting, with a class-action alleging market manipulation tied to the ELIZAOS rebrand on Solana, highlighting ongoing regulatory attention to AI-token projects and branding disclosures.

Closure of Celsius cases and enforcement context

The Celsius cases sit within a broader pattern of U.S. enforcement activity targeting misrepresentation and manipulation within crypto markets. Mashinsky’s conviction for fraud and price manipulation underscores prosecutors’ focus on the governance and marketing practices of crypto lenders and the potential impact on retail investors. Cohen-Pavon’s case, cited by authorities as involving “substantial assistance,” reflects a common prosecutorial approach in complex financial schemes where cooperation can shape sentencing outcomes. The public record now shows the criminal dockets related to Celsius’ 2022 collapse fully closed, a development with implications for victims, market participants, and compliance professionals monitoring enforcement trends in the sector.

The milestone reinforces the emphasis regulators place on investor protection, traceability of misstatements, and the credible disclosure of material information in crypto-enabled businesses. Institutions and exchanges assessing risk profiles may look to this closure as a reference point for due diligence and remediation practices in similar high-stakes cases, particularly where alleged fraud intersects with sophisticated financial products and tokenized offerings.

Sun vs. Bloomberg: privacy, disclosure, and data-use risk

In a separate development, Justin Sun, founder of Tron, moved to dismiss his lawsuit against Bloomberg News without prejudice, terminating the matter on Tuesday. The case, originally filed in August 2025, alleged that Bloomberg had publicly disclosed proprietary financial information related to Sun’s cryptocurrency holdings. The dispute arose after Bloomberg approached Sun’s team in February 2025 to obtain wealth data for inclusion in its Billionaires Index, with Sun contending that Bloomberg’s reporting exposed him to threats such as kidnapping and phishing.

The voluntary dismissal—compelled by a lack of ongoing docket activity—leaves open, at least for now, the possibility of later action, though no immediate resolution was announced. The episode sits at the intersection of data privacy, media reporting, and regulatory expectations around the handling of sensitive financial information related to crypto executives. It also touches on cross-border considerations, given Sun’s status as a global entrepreneur and the multinational nature of media coverage and legal proceedings in this arena.

Beyond this suit, Sun remains involved in other litigation, including a defamation case brought by World Liberty Financial, alleging that Sun’s public statements caused reputational harm. Separately, Sun has challenged actions involving WLFI tokens, signaling a broader pattern of disputes arising from tokenized holdings and corporate disclosures within crypto ecosystems.

AI16Z DAO: class-action scrutiny of AI-token markets and branding

A separate legal matter in New York has put an AI-related project under the lens of a class-action lawsuit filed in April. The suit targets the Eliza Labs team, its founder Shaw Walters, Sebastian Quinn-Watson, and the AI16z DAO, alleging market manipulation surrounding the AI16Z token, which subsequently rebranded to ELIZAOS on the Solana blockchain. The plaintiffs claim deceptive acts by leveraging the name of a prominent venture firm, resulting in a rapid expansion of the token’s market capitalization to about $2.6 billion in January 2025 before sizeable holders began liquidating.

Notably, Andreessen Horowitz (a16z) and its crypto arm were not officially affiliated with the project, according to the filing, and the lawsuit contends branding confusion contributed to market distortions. Chris Dixon of a16z Crypto referred to brand clarity concerns in a January 2025 discussion, noting the firm had urged the project to change its name due to confusion. The case proceeded to a pretrial phase, with Judge Jed Rakoff pressing questions about service of process and potential delays in bringing co-defendant Quinn-Watson to court due to his residence in Australia. All defendants have agreed to a bench trial, anticipated about five months after the court resolves a pending motion to dismiss.

Closing perspective

Taken together, these developments illustrate how enforcement dynamics, private litigation, and branding disclosures continue to shape the risk and compliance landscape for crypto firms and AI-token projects. For institutions, they underscore the importance of robust due diligence, transparent disclosures, and clear branding practices to mitigate regulatory and legal exposure as the market evolves.

Ethereum’s long-term investment case is attracting renewed scrutiny as the network maintains a commanding on-chain footprint inDeFi, stablecoins, and tokenized assets—even as ETH has fallen roughly 28% year to date in 2026. Fresh metrics from Token Terminal underscore the depth of ETH’s ecosystem, suggesting that a substantial portion of the crypto financial stack still rests on Ethereum’s settlement layer.

According to Token Terminal data, ETH continues to anchor significant on-chain activity: DeFi liquidity sits around $43 billion, stablecoins exceed $165 billion in supply, and roughly 55% of tokenized assets tracked across public blockchains are tied to Ethereum ecosystems. In the tokenized ETF space, revenue and market interest are measurable but modest in size—yet ETH dominates this niche, accounting for about 76.9% of the market share in a spread that tops $400 million in capitalization. As crypto analyst Tanaka observed, these pieces are likely to remain central to the market’s mid- to long-term narratives, with Ethereum still functioning as a pivotal settlement layer for these themes.

“These are the pieces I believe will continue to lead the market in the mid to long term. And if we look at the current data, Ethereum is still the most important settlement layer for these narratives.”

Key on-chain dynamics: staking expansion and validator demand

Ethereum’s staking activity continues to climb despite a softer price backdrop in 2026. Data indicate nearly 39.1 million ETH staked, representing about 32% of the total ETH supply and distributed across more than 896,000 active validators. The demand to participate in staking remains elevated, with over 3.49 million ETH waiting in the staking entry queue, yielding a wait time of more than 60 days. By contrast, the exit supply remains relatively small, at 7,424 ETH.

The persistent intake of ETH into staking amid price weakness signals strong long-term conviction among holders and an ongoing shift of supply into yield-bearing commitments. In practical terms, this dynamic could help support a steadier ETH supply curve over time, even in stages of price volatility, as more capital is anchored in the network’s security and governance infrastructure.

Source: Validator Queue data indicates the scale of entry demand and the notable backlog in staking opportunities, underscoring a broad market appetite for ETH exposure within the staking framework.

Accumulation behavior and the long-hold narrative

Another layer of on-chain activity points to a cautiously optimistic holder base. CryptoQuant data show a pronounced inflow into accumulation addresses on May 20, totaling about 248,400 ETH—the strongest single-day inflow recorded since January 6. Accumulation addresses are typically associated with long-term holders who favor accumulating rather than selling into weakness, a pattern that could reflect a strategic shift toward a longer horizon for ETH ownership.

While daily price action remains volatile, the surge in accumulation activity aligns with a broader narrative: even amid price declines, a segment of investors is continuing to deploy capital into ETH with a longer time horizon, potentially setting the stage for future repricing as demand re-accelerates and on-chain activity remains robust.

For readers tracking the broader ecosystem signals, this on-chain persistence dovetails with the DeFi and tokenized-asset activity highlighted by Token Terminal, reinforcing the view that ETH remains deeply embedded in the period’s structural crypto infrastructure.

Historical buy zones and model-driven signals

Industry analysts have long watched ETH’s price interactions within long-term accumulation ranges. Crypto Bullet, a respected market commentator, points to a multi-year accumulation corridor on the weekly chart spanning roughly $1,000 to $5,000. The analyst suggests that recent years represent a deliberate buildup phase by buyers before the next major cycle gains momentum, with potential for a retest into the $1,000–$1,300 area as a possible final capitulation before a new cycle expansion takes hold. On the longer horizon, Crypto Bullet projects substantial upside targets in the $7,700–$14,000 range for 2027–2029, contingent on macro conditions and continued on-chain demand.

Additionally, on-chain analyst Rei highlights a technical reading tied to a two-year simple moving average (SMA) multiplier framework popularized by Alphractal. The model compares ETH’s price against its two-year average to identify valuation regimes. Recently, ETH slid below the chart’s x1 band—the baseline fair-value zone—while price action hovered toward the lower boundary of the two-year SMA bands. Higher bands in the model (such as x1.42 and x2.65) have historically appeared during overheated bull-market phases when ETH traded well above its long-run average. Rei emphasized that history shows episodes where ETH approaches or touches the lower end of the 2Y SMA band tend to co-occur with an accumulation phase, underscoring a recurring pattern where buyers re-enter as price normalizes.

In short, the combination of ongoing staking demand, persistent accumulation, and a portfolio of technical signals paints a nuanced picture: ETH’s on-chain fundamentals remain robust even as price trends wobble, leaving room for a potential re-engagement from both retail and institutional players if macro conditions align with the accumulation pattern observed in past cycles.

What to watch next

As the ecosystem evaluates the next leg of the cycle, several potential catalysts merit close attention. Staking dynamics will continue to shape ETH’s security budget and supply trajectory, particularly if the backlog for entry tightens further or begins to clear meaningfully. On-chain accumulation trends will be a key gauge of long-term holder sentiment, while the interpretation of technical signals around the two-year SMA framework could influence short- to medium-term positioning. For investors and builders, the message is clear: ETH’s role as a gateway to DeFi liquidity, stablecoins, and tokenized assets gives the network a structural resilience that persists beyond price fluctuations.

Market watchers will want to monitor whether the long-run buy zones hold or yield to new demand drivers, and how any shifts in macro risk appetite impact the pace of accumulation and staking activity. In the near term, the confluence of rising staking interest, sustained accumulation, and the potential for renewed on-chain activity could set the stage for a more constructive phase for Ethereum in the back half of the year and into the next cycle.

Readers should stay tuned for updates on staking queue dynamics, accumulation flow patterns, and any changes to the regulatory or macro environment that could influence demand for ETH-based financial narratives.

Chainlink now secures more than $110 billion in onchain value across cross chain tokens and DeFi markets, underlining how central the oracle network has become to the infrastructure of digital assets and tokenised finance.

Chainlink (LINK) has pushed past $110 billion in Total Value Secured (TVS), marking a new record for the oracle network and underscoring how much of crypto’s plumbing now runs through its rails.

As of May 22, 2026, roughly $60 billion of that is tied to cross-chain tokens moving over Chainlink’s CCIP, while around $50 billion sits in DeFi data feeds that help price loans, derivatives, and stablecoins. In macro terms, that stack of value is now on par with the annual GDP of a mid-sized national economy.

Chainlink defines Total Value Secured as the dollar value of assets that rely on its services to function safely, rather than deposits locked inside its own contracts, which means TVS captures loans, derivatives, stablecoins and cross chain tokens that depend on its oracle and messaging infrastructure.

Chainlink’s own dashboard shows a narrower DeFi only view of $47.33 billion secured, which lines up with the second bucket in the headline number and underscores how much of the growth has come from cross chain flows.

Beyond the headline, Chainlink metrics show $30.31 trillion in cumulative transaction value enabled and 19.39 billion verified messages, a scale that covers everything from micro DeFi trades to institutional settlement and real world asset flows.

The public ecosystem directory lists 2,672 live integrations as of May 18 2026, ranging from consumer apps to capital markets infrastructure, with names like Swift, DTCC, Fidelity and UBS using Chainlink as a data and interoperability layer.

That footprint has kept Chainlink’s oracle market share in a band between 60 and 68 percent of category TVS over the past two years, according to several independent analyses.

How has Chainlink reached $110b in value secured

The financial side of the network shows the same expansion. The Chainlink Reserve, an onchain buffer funded by protocol revenue, holds 3.78 million LINK with a reported cost basis of $12.48 per token and an aggregate value near $37 million as of May 22 2026, after an inflow of more than 123,000 LINK on May 21 when the $110 billion milestone was confirmed.

Because the Reserve is topped up by fees from both onchain and offchain services, growth in value secured and growth in the Reserve tend to move together, linking adoption metrics to tokenomics for LINK holders.

For readers looking to track how this feeds into market structure across large cap assets, coverage of Bitcoin (BTC) pricing, Ethereum (ETH) staking and the broader perpetual futures complex is already available on crypto news, including explainers on how data feeds and cross margining shape risk in the sector.

The outstanding question for LINK investors is how much of the enterprise and cross chain activity converts into onchain fee accrual that can be captured through staking and token mechanics, versus revenue retained at the application or institutional layer, a debate that has now been running for at least two years in research from banks and specialist crypto desks.

As one research note from Galaxy framed it, Chainlink is “becoming the data and interoperability layer for onchain finance,” but valuation will ultimately depend on how aggressively that role is monetised at the token level.

Why is CCIP driving the latest surge and how does risk migrate

The fastest moving component of the $110 billion total is CCIP, which has accelerated sharply after bridge security failures pushed protocols to reconsider their cross chain stack.

A $292 million exploit at Kelp DAO’s LayerZero powered bridge in April triggered a visible migration, with projects controlling more than $3 billion in DeFi value shifting infrastructure toward Chainlink’s CCIP in the weeks that followed.

Solv Protocol moved around $700 million in tokenised Bitcoin on May 7, while Kraken announced that it would fully deprecate LayerZero and adopt CCIP as the exclusive cross chain layer for Kraken Wrapped Bitcoin and all future Kraken Wrapped Assets, a change that ultimately covers more than $4 billion in value.

CCIP already supports transfers across dozens of networks, with Coinbase using it for wrapped assets and Lido deploying it for wstETH routing, while cross chain tokens under the CCT standard now move across more than 60 chains.

That breadth matters for tokenised real world assets. BlackRock, JPMorgan and Fidelity have framed their onchain treasury, money market and commodity products as a step toward a more programmable capital market, but those instruments only function at scale if they have reliable price data and a way to move between chains without custom bridges for every deployment, a combination that makes Chainlink’s dual role as oracle and messaging layer strategically important.

Ondo Finance’s native token $ONDO has broken above $0.46 and is trading near $0.466 with a 24 hour gain above 15 percent, according to data from Gate.

Spot market shows ONDO (ONDO) testing the $0.46 level and printing around $0.466 in the latest session, putting the token more than 15% higher over 24 hours.

Why is Ondo price spiking above $0.46 today

The move stands out against recent ranges around $0.40, with Gate and other venues still showing a sub one dollar price profile while volumes deepen across centralized exchanges.

This latest leg higher coincided with headlines from Beijing. China’s Securities Regulatory Commission said it has penalized Tiger Brokers and Futu Securities International, along with Long Bridge Securities, for illegally offering mainland clients access to overseas markets without approval.

In a statement the CSRC said such “illegal cross border business operations have disrupted the market order and should be subjected to a heavy crackdown,” adding that it would continue to pursue overseas institutions that solicit mainland investors without authorization.

The regulator outlined a two year rectification period to phase out domestic services provided by those overseas brokers, while stressing that the “legitimate rights and interests of existing investors” and their assets would be safeguarded through coordination with foreign regulators.

Ondo is a “quantitative financial product primarily issued in the form of a fund” that has attracted backing from major institutions, and has highlighted it as a flagship RWA token in educational material aimed at yield oriented crypto users.

Recent analysis at crypto.news has been tracking similar flows into real world asset tokens and stable yield products as investors look for onchain instruments that map directly to traditional securities.

In that context, a regulatory squeeze on unofficial cross border access to United States stocks and funds gives extra narrative fuel to tokens that package comparable exposures into blockchain native form.

How does China’s crackdown link to RWA and onchain US stocks

The CSRC’s latest statement fits into a longer effort to restrict unlicensed access routes to overseas securities.

Officials have reiterated that domestic investors should use formal channels such as Stock Connect, Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor schemes and Cross boundary Wealth Management Connect for foreign assets.

By tightening around brokerages like Tiger and Futu, Beijing is signaling it wants tighter control over how capital moves into offshore equities.

That in turn increases the appeal of structures that deliver economic exposure to foreign instruments without requiring a direct brokerage relationship, even if they sit in a regulatory grey zone for some investors.

Stablecoins and tokenized funds already serve that function in parts of Asia and Latin America.

Ondo sits inside that cluster of instruments as a token that wraps conventional yield bearing assets and brings them into venues like Gate, Bybit and others where crypto native traders can access them alongside coins such as Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH).

Against that backdrop, a double digit intraday gain from roughly $0.40 to $0.466 puts Ondo back in focus as a liquid proxy for RWA and tokenized yield sentiment.

The risk warning attached to local coverage remains straightforward, however, with venues reminding traders that concentrated narrative flows and regulatory headlines can accelerate both upside and drawdowns in niche tokens.