Crypto World
Bitcoin to Ride Tailwinds If AI Drives Easier Monetary Policy, NYDIG
Bitcoin could gain ground if artificial intelligence reshapes labor markets or creates volatility that nudges central banks toward looser monetary policy, according to Greg Cipolaro, research lead at NYDIG. In a Friday note, he argued that AI may emerge as a general‑purpose technology on par with electricity, with macro effects on employment, economic growth and risk appetite that feed into the crypto market. The implications for Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC) hinge on the broader policy and liquidity backdrop: AI‑driven growth paired with ample liquidity and low real yields could be supportive, while a scenario of rising real yields and tighter policy would introduce headwinds. Conversely, if AI triggers labor disruption or market volatility that prompts fiscal expansion and looser policy, the liquidity impulse could again favor Bitcoin.
Key takeaways
- AI could act as a broad macro catalyst, influencing employment, growth, risk appetite, and ultimately Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC) through shifts in liquidity and policy expectations.
- Bitcoin’s direction depends on the interplay between AI‑driven growth, liquidity conditions, and the path of real interest rates; sustained expansion with accommodative policy may support BTC, while tighter real rates could weigh on it.
- Disruptive AI adoption may trigger fiscal expansion and easier monetary policy in some scenarios, delivering a liquidity impulse that tends to benefit Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC).
- Corporate AI ambitions are already reshaping corporate workforces, as seen in high‑visibility restructuring plans, signaling broader macro and market implications for risk assets.
- Regulatory and policy signals surrounding AI’s impact on employment could influence risk sentiment and crypto flows in the near term, alongside traditional equity and fixed income markets.
Tickers mentioned: $BTC, $SQ, $COIN, $GS
Market context: The AI wave is converging with ongoing liquidity dynamics and risk‑on sentiment in crypto markets. As institutions assess AI’s productivity gains and potential disruptions, macro data releases and central bank guidance will help determine whether crypto assets like Bitcoin can sustain a bid amid shifting policy expectations.
AI adoption is already altering corporate strategy and labor markets, a trend that crypto markets are watching closely. The broader narrative suggests that the technology could be a catalyst for both growth and volatility, depending on how fiscal and monetary authorities respond to changes in productivity and demand. In the near term, investors are parsing whether AI‑led productivity will accompany a period of loose financial conditions or whether the opposite dynamic—tightening policy in response to stronger growth—will prevail.
Why it matters
The intersection of AI and crypto sits at a critical juncture for investors and developers. If AI accelerates productive capacity while liquidity remains ample and real yields stay subdued, Bitcoin could benefit from a favorable risk environment and higher risk tolerance among investors seeking alternative stores of value. Conversely, if AI boosts output and real yields rise, policy normalization could reduce the appeal of risk assets, including BTC, even as the technology broadens the toolkit available to market participants.
From a labor‑market perspective, the outlook is nuanced. Goldman Sachs’ research arm suggested that widespread AI adoption could displace a portion of the workforce, even as it creates new opportunities. That tension—displacement alongside new roles—has historically been resolved through gradual adaptation and retraining rather than abrupt obsolescence. The practical implication for Bitcoin is not merely a price impulse but a shift in macro conditions that shape liquidity, risk appetite, and the relative attractiveness of crypto as an inflation‑hedge or diversification instrument.
Within the crypto industry, the AI rollout is not purely theoretical. Coinbase introduced a Payments MCP tool that enables AI agents to access on‑chain financial tools—an innovation that tests how AI can operate safely within decentralized systems while highlighting new risk vectors for security and market integrity. As AI agents gain more autonomy over financial actions, the ecosystem will need robust risk management, auditing, and compliance frameworks to avert unintended consequences.
The narrative is further complicated by corporate actions tied to AI. Block, the payments company co‑founded by Jack Dorsey, announced plans to cut roughly 40% of its staff as part of an AI‑driven restructuring, signaling that major tech and fintech firms are recalibrating cost structures in response to automation. That kind of market‑moving news underscores how AI may trigger both productivity gains and near‑term volatility as companies realign their workforces and investment priorities.
Looking ahead, the balance of macro forces—central bank policy, fiscal responses to AI‑enabled growth, and the pace of AI deployment—will shape how BTC trades in the coming quarters. If AI‑led productivity collapses into broader liquidity, Bitcoin could find a receptive environment; if not, the path of least resistance for BTC could be more challenging. The ongoing debate about AI’s macro impact is not just about employment; it’s about how money, policy, and risk assets interact in a world where automation and data drive more decision‑making than ever before.
What to watch next
- Upcoming macro data and central bank guidance to gauge whether AI‑driven growth translates into a more accommodative or restrictive policy environment.
- Details on Coinbase’s Payments MCP rollout, including any updates on safety assessments and the practical adoption by institutions and retail users.
- Further AI‑related restructurings or earnings commentary from major tech and fintech firms, and their impact on liquidity in crypto markets.
- New research updates from Goldman Sachs or other institutions outlining the labor market implications of AI and potential knock‑on effects for risk sentiment.
- BTC price responses to macro shocks linked to AI developments, providing a test of Bitcoin’s sensitivity to shifts in liquidity and policy expectations.
Sources & verification
- NYDIG research note by Greg Cipolaro on AI as a potential general‑purpose technology and its macro effects on BTC.
- Reports on Block’s planned staff reductions tied to AI‑driven restructuring.
- Goldman Sachs research on the potential displacement and creation of jobs due to AI adoption.
- Coinbase announcement of Payments MCP enabling AI agents to access on‑chain tools.
- Related coverage on AI, crypto funding, and industry developments referenced in the original reporting.
What the announcement changes
What to watch next
Rewritten Article Body: AI as a macro catalyst for Bitcoin
Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC) stands at the intersection of two transformative trends: artificial intelligence’s runaway potential and the evolving policy stance of global central banks. In a forward‑looking view, Greg Cipolaro, the research lead at NYDIG, framed AI as a “general‑purpose technology” whose macro effects—on employment, growth, and risk appetite—could materially influence the path for BTC. The core argument is simple but consequential: if AI‑driven growth is accompanied by expanding liquidity and low real rates, BTC could benefit from a more favorable macro backdrop. But if that growth pushes real yields higher and policy becomes more restrictive, Bitcoin could face headwinds that temper enthusiasm for risk‑sensitive assets.
Cipolaro’s logic rests on a classic macro equation: technology boosts productivity, which should lift demand for assets that function as stores of value or hedges against inflation and uncertainty. Yet the tech boom is not a guarantee of perpetual ease. In practice, the same AI adoption that accelerates growth can also provoke shifts in the labor market and in fiscal and monetary policy. If AI growth translates into higher real activity without overheating inflation, central banks might tolerate looser financial conditions longer. In such a scenario, Bitcoin could ride a liquidity tailwind as investors search for non‑traditional diversifiers amid rising risk appetite.
Conversely, Cipolaro warned that if AI‑driven productivity pushes the economy toward higher real yields, or if policymakers tighten to cool overheating, BTC’s path could weaken. The idea is not that Bitcoin is inherently fragile, but that its performance is increasingly tethered to the broader policy environment and the velocity of liquidity. In other words, BTC’s fate may be decided as much by macro policy reactions to AI‑enabled growth as by the technology’s direct impact on the crypto market. The takeaway is nuanced: the same technology that could lift BTC through liquidity cycles can also dampen it if it prompts policy normalization that drains speculative capital from risk assets.
The conversation around AI’s macro impact gains realism when considering how the labor market might respond. Goldman Sachs’ research arm, in August, noted that widespread AI adoption could displace a portion of the US workforce, even as it promises to create new opportunities. The report underscored a familiar theme in technology transitions: disruption and opportunity often coexist, with the net effect dependent on policy choices, retraining, and the speed at which new jobs emerge. For the crypto market, the implication is not a single directional move but a spectrum of outcomes shaped by policy signals and the pace of AI integration into the real economy.
Within the crypto ecosystem, the AI narrative is already producing tangible experiments. Coinbase announced a new tool, Payments MCP, designed to grant AI agents access to the same on‑chain financial tools used by humans. The development marks a significant step in integrating AI capabilities with decentralized finance, while also highlighting new risk vectors—from misfired automation to security vulnerabilities in autonomous actions. Industry executives stressed that safety must be a priority as AI agents operate in on‑chain environments, posing questions for risk management and compliance frameworks that will shape adoption trajectories.
Beyond wallets and protocols, AI is reshaping corporate strategy. Block, the payments company co‑founded by Jack Dorsey, disclosed plans to cut roughly 40% of its staff as part of a broader AI‑driven restructuring. The move is a vivid reminder that AI’s productivity gains can come with sharp adjustments to workforce composition and cost structures across the tech landscape. While such actions carry near‑term volatility for equities and tech‑driven liquidity, they also reflect the broader reallocation of resources toward more automated workflows and AI‑enabled platforms. For Bitcoin, these corporate shifts may contribute to liquidity dynamics and risk sentiment that influence price behavior in the months ahead.
As the AI‑era unfolds, Bitcoin’s trajectory will likely reflect a balance between macro stability and disruption. If AI accelerates growth without triggering aggressive tightening, BTC could benefit from an environment of ample liquidity and restrained inflation. If AI unlocks rapid productivity but also prompts policy normalization, risk assets—including Bitcoin—may face a more challenging climate. The overarching theme is that Bitcoin’s sensitivity to macro conditions is intensifying, driven not solely by on‑chain fundamentals but by the interconnected web of technology, labor markets, and policy responses that define the macro landscape.
In this evolving context, investors and builders alike should monitor the evolving AI policy narrative, corporate restructuring trends, and the practical rollout of AI‑driven financial tools within crypto ecosystems. The convergence of AI adoption, liquidity cycles, and central bank dynamics will play a decisive role in BTC’s direction in the near term, with the potential for both periods of outperformance and retracements depending on how policy and market sentiment respond to the AI shift.
Crypto World
CVX Shares Surge in Early Trading as Crude Oil Soars on Middle East Turmoil
Quick Summary
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CVX shares gained approximately 4% before the market opening bell on rising crude prices
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Brent crude surged up to 13% following strikes on Middle East energy infrastructure
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The company’s Leviathan natural gas facility was shut down after regional attacks
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Maritime traffic slowdowns near the Strait of Hormuz sparked supply worries
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Market participants are monitoring petroleum stockpiles and regional tensions
Chevron (CVX) shares experienced upward momentum during Monday’s premarket session as crude oil prices rallied sharply following fresh military strikes across the Middle East.
The stock advanced around 4% in early morning trading as oil markets responded to renewed supply uncertainty and reduced maritime activity near the strategic Strait of Hormuz.
The rally came as both Brent crude and West Texas Intermediate futures posted significant gains.
Brent reached a peak increase of 13% during the opening moments before moderating somewhat as the session progressed.
Energy sector equities rallied swiftly as market participants factored in regional supply threats.
Chevron concluded Friday’s trading session at $186.76, posting a 1.41% increase.
Early Monday activity pushed the stock toward $194 as petroleum prices continued climbing.
Exxon Mobil alongside other prominent energy firms also experienced premarket gains.
The energy sector outperformed even as broader indices faced headwinds.
Supply Disruption Fears Fuel Oil Rally
Crude prices rocketed higher after recent strikes hit critical energy infrastructure and maritime passages throughout the Middle East.
Trading resumed with markets pricing in elevated risk premiums for potential supply interruptions.
Saudi Aramco suspended operations at its Ras Tanura refinery following a drone strike.
The installation has daily processing capacity of approximately 550,000 barrels, industry sources indicate.
Market observers characterized the attack as a significant escalation targeting crucial Gulf energy assets.
Maritime operations near the Strait of Hormuz experienced slowdowns in the wake of the strikes.
Approximately 20% of worldwide petroleum supply passes through the Strait of Hormuz.
Any impediment to transit through this waterway can rapidly influence global energy pricing.
Petroleum markets are currently responding to Gulf region events and shipping patterns.
Industry experts noted that price trajectories will depend significantly on disruption duration.
OPEC+ recently authorized a 206,000 barrel per day production boost beginning in April.
Traders emphasized that this supply addition remains modest when weighed against present geopolitical uncertainties.
Chevron’s Regional Exposure and Market Outlook
Chevron maintains significant exposure to regional events through its Middle East operations.
Israel’s Energy Ministry mandated temporary shutdowns of domestic natural gas production following the strikes.
Chevron’s operated Leviathan offshore gas field went offline in response to the attacks.
Industry sources attributed the closure to elevated security concerns.
The company’s financial performance correlates strongly with oil and gas pricing trends.
Elevated energy prices typically bolster upstream revenue for integrated producers.
Energy equities rallied broadly across the sector as petroleum prices advanced.
Occidental Petroleum and ConocoPhillips similarly registered substantial premarket increases.
Market participants are tracking whether Hormuz shipping volumes normalize in coming days.
Attention is also focused on potential resumption timelines for Israeli natural gas operations.
Domestic traders await Wednesday’s weekly petroleum inventory figures from regulators.
The Energy Information Administration is scheduled to publish the data at 10:30 a.m. Eastern Time.
CVX shares maintained premarket gains as oil markets continued processing supply concerns and operational interruptions stemming from Middle East developments.
Crypto World
Crypto ETPs Post $1B Inflows as Bitcoin Leads Gains
Crypto investment products recorded their first weekly inflows since January last week, snapping a five-week outflow streak of around $4 billion.
Crypto exchange-traded products (ETPs) attracted $1 billion in inflows last week, led by $882 million into Bitcoin (BTC) funds, according to a Monday report from CoinShares.
“From a macro standpoint, it is difficult to attribute the shift in sentiment to a single catalyst,” said James Butterfill, CoinShares’ head of research.
He said the reversal likely reflected prior price weakness, a break below key technical levels and renewed accumulation by large Bitcoin holders.
“At a more anecdotal level, recent client discussions have been almost entirely focused on identifying entry points rather than reducing exposure to the asset class,” he added.
Ether and Solana add $171 million in weekly crypto inflows
Ether (ETH) funds drew about $117 million, CoinShares said, marking their strongest week since January, while Solana (SOL) drew in about $54 million.
Chainlink (LINK) and XRP (XRP) followed with $3.4 million and $2 million in inflows, respectively.

Despite the renewed demand, Bitcoin and Ether ETPs remain in negative territory for the year, with net outflows of $408 million and $430 million, respectively.
Related: Bitcoin manipulation claims face pushback as ETFs snap 5-week outflow run: Finance Redefined
In contrast, Solana and XRP products have posted year-to-date inflows of $156 million and $153 million.
US spot Bitcoin ETFs lead with $787 million in inflows
Regionally, ETP flows were broadly aligned, with the United States accounting for the bulk of inflows at $957 million. Canada, Germany and Switzerland recorded inflows of $34 million, $32.7 million and $28 million, respectively.
Most of the gains came from US spot Bitcoin ETFs, which drew $787.3 million last week, snapping a five-week outflow streak that had totaled more than $3.8 billion, according to SoSoValue.

Despite the renewed inflows, total assets under management in crypto ETPs declined to $127.7 billion from $130.4 billion the previous week.
Net assets in Bitcoin ETFs also fell, slipping to $83.4 billion from $85.3 billion a week earlier.
Magazine: Clarity Act risks repeat of Europe’s mistakes, crypto lawyer warns
Crypto World
Battered BTC price could find solace in ‘debasement’ trade: Crypto Daybook Americas
By Omkar Godbole (All times ET unless indicated otherwise)
The conflict between U.S., Israel and Iran remains the day’s biggest story as the attacks intensify and spread.
Markets reacted as they typically do: by de-risking and sending oil prices higher. Bitcoin dropped to $66,300, down 0.5% over 24 hours, having hit a high of $68,000 over the weekend. The CoinDesk 20 Index fell over 2%, signaling broader losses in the crypto market and futures tied to the S&P 500 index lost 1%.
Looking past the headlines and panic, the war could only strengthen the “debasement trade,” a strategy in which investors rotate into scarce-supply assets like gold and bitcoin in anticipation of a decline in the value of fiat (paper) currencies.
Governments in the U.S. and elsewhere already owe more than they generate in economic growth. Their finances will only worsen the longer the war drags on. In such situations, governments don’t collect enough in taxes. Instead, they force central banks to “print money” through bond purchases or quantitive easing (QE) to monetize debt. This floods fiat supply and dilutes purchasing power. Hello debasement.
Traders front-run that process by loading up on store-of-value assets like gold and BTC. The yellow metal has been on a tear for over a year mainly on debasement flows. BTC did not participate back then. But now, having nearly halved to under $67,000 since October, it looks oversold. The possibility of the debasement trade catalyzing a bounce in the largest cryptocurrency cannot be ruled out.
Besides, historically the Fed turns dovish with liquidity easing during geopolitical stress, supporting asset prices, as Maelstrom Fund’s CIO Arthur Hayes noted in his blog post.
Let’s see how things unfold. In the meantime traders need to watch headline risks and oil upswings. Stay alert!
Read more: For analysis of today’s activity in altcoins and derivatives, see Crypto Markets Today
What to Watch
For a more comprehensive list of events this week, see CoinDesk’s “Crypto Week Ahead“.
- Crypto
- March 2: SuperRare to release Delirium, a new collection by artist Xer0x
- March 2: Mantra’s OM to change to MANTRA with a 1:4 coin split as the MANTRA Chain upgrades from v6 to v7.
- Macro
- March 2, 10:00 a.m.: U.S. ISM manufacturing PMI for February est. 52.3 (Prev. 52.6)
- Earnings (Estimates based on FactSet data)
- March 2: Riot Platforms (RIOT), post-market, -$0.32
- March 2: Core Scientific (CORZ), post-market, -$0.18
Token Events
For a more comprehensive list of events this week, see CoinDesk’s “Crypto Week Ahead“.
- Governance votes & calls
- PoolTogether DAO is voting to manually resubmit and execute the remaining actions for the PTBR-35 Governance Shutdown after a previous execution error. Voting ends March 2.
- Angle DAO is voting to orderly wind down the EURA and USDA stablecoins, providing users a one-year 1:1 redemption period followed by a final settlement airdrop. Voting ends March 2.
- GMX DAO is voting to transition to a defined leadership model by hiring a CEO with performance-tied compensation and forming an interim leadership committee to guide the restructuring. Voting ends March 2.
- Unlocks
- Token Launches
- March 2: Dovu (DOVU) to be listed on Kraken.
Conferences
For a more comprehensive list of events this week, see CoinDesk’s “Crypto Week Ahead“.
Market Movements
- BTC is up 0.98% from 4 p.m. ET Friday at $66,194.78 (24hrs: -0.35%)
- ETH is up 1.48% at $1,950.67 (24hrs: -1.63%)
- CoinDesk 20 is up 0.78% at 1,916.46 (24hrs: -1.11%)
- Ether CESR Composite Staking Rate is up 1 bp at 2.85%
- BTC funding rate is at -0.0011% (-1.2147% annualized) on Binance

- DXY is up 0.64% at 98.23
- Gold futures are up 3.03% at $5,406.80
- Silver futures are up 2.64% at $95.75
- Nikkei 225 closed down 1.35% at 58,057.24
- Hang Seng closed down 2.14% at 26,059.85
- FTSE is down 0.78% at 10,825.36
- Euro Stoxx 50 is down 1.89% at 6,022.64
- DJIA closed on Friday down 1.05% at 48,977.92
- S&P 500 closed down 0.43% at 6,878.88
- Nasdaq Composite closed down 0.92% at 22,668.21
- S&P/TSX Composite closed down 0.47% at 34,339.99
- S&P 40 Latin America closed down 0.82% at 3,741.78
- U.S. 10-Year Treasury rate is up 0.4 bps at 3.966%
- E-mini S&P 500 futures are down 1.04% at 6,817.25
- E-mini Nasdaq-100 futures are down 1.42% at 24,650.00
- E-mini Dow Jones Industrial Average Index futures are down 1.11% at 48,458.00
Bitcoin Stats
- BTC Dominance: 58.63% (0.22%)
- Ether-bitcoin ratio: 0.02944 (-0.18%)
- Hashrate (seven-day moving average): 1,068 EH/s
- Hashprice (spot): $29.01
- Total fees: 2.55 BTC / $169,782
- CME Futures Open Interest: 109,280 BTC
- BTC priced in gold: 12.2 oz.
- BTC vs gold market cap: 4.42%
Technical Analysis

- The chart shows ether’s daily price swings with Bollinger bands, which are volatility bands placed two standard deviations above and below the 20-day simple moving average of the price.
- The gap between the bands has shrunk to $226, the narrowest since June 2025.
- Volatility typically booms when bands narrow, which means the token could soon see big price moves in either direction.
Crypto Equities
- Coinbase Global (COIN): closed on Friday at $175.85 (-2.88%), -2.42% at $171.60 in pre-market
- Circle Internet (CRCL): closed at $83.44 (-4.32%), -3.46% at $80.55
- Galaxy Digital (GLXY): closed at $20.59 (-6.15%), -2.19% at $20.14
- Bullish (BLSH): closed at $31.39 (-4.09%), -3.73% at $30.22
- MARA Holdings (MARA): closed at $8.94 (+5.80%), -1.23% at $8.83
- Riot Platforms (RIOT): closed at $16.29 (-4.68%), -2.70% at $15.85
- Core Scientific (CORZ): closed at $16.97 (-5.62%)
- CleanSpark (CLSK): closed at $9.95 (-4.69%), -2.01% at $9.75
- CoinShares Valkyrie Bitcoin Miners ETF (WGMI): closed at $39.88 (-5.43%), -3.61% at $38.44
- Exodus Movement (EXOD): closed at $10.20 (-2.39%), -2.25% at $9.97
Crypto Treasury Companies
- Strategy (MSTR): closed at $129.50 (-2.92%), -0.39% at $129.00
- Strive (ASST): closed at $7.94 (-3.05%), -2.39% at $7.75
- SharpLink Gaming (SBET): closed at $6.82 (-5.41%), +0.44% at $6.85
- Upexi (UPXI): closed at $0.66 (-12.88%)
- Lite Strategy (LITS): closed at $1.13 (-0.88%)
ETF Flows
Spot BTC ETFs
- Daily net flows: -$27.5 million
- Cumulative net flows: $54.78 billion
- Total BTC holdings ~1.27 million
Spot ETH ETFs
- Daily net flows: -$43 million
- Cumulative net flows: $11.63 billion
- Total ETH holdings ~5.7 million
Source: Farside Investors
While You Were Sleeping
- Trump says Iran war may last ‘four weeks or less’ as strikes escalate (Euronews): Trump says the Iran war could last four weeks or less as U.S. and Israeli forces continue their strikes in Iran, which is responding with hits on Gulf states, Israel and U.S. targets.
- New Iranian strikes reported across region, including in Saudi Arabia, as US planes crash in Kuwait (BBC): New Iranian strikes were reported across the Middle East, with explosions in Bahrain, Dubai and Saudi Arabia.
- U.S. equity futures fall in pre-market trading as oil, gold retreat from highs (CoinDesk): U.S. equities fell in pre-market trading. The Invesco QQQ ETF declined 1.5%. A Saudi Arabia oil refinery was hit by Iran, pushing WTI crude oil as high as $75 per barrel. Gold rallied more than 2% to $5,400 per ounce.
- Hedge funds, insurers rush to gauge exposure as Iran spirals (Bloomberg): Hedge funds, banks and insurers rushed to size up their exposure to the Middle East after weekend attacks on Iran fueled chaos across the region.
Crypto World
Composable Risk Oracles: The Missing Layer in DeFi Risk Management
In the current DeFi landscape, conversations almost always orbit around yield optimization, governance mechanics, or the scaling capabilities of layer-2 solutions. Yet one critical piece of infrastructure remains largely overlooked: risk oracles. While price oracles and data feeds have become standard tools, the notion of composable risk oracles—systems that dynamically quantify and communicate both systemic and protocol-specific risk across multiple platforms—is still in its infancy.
What Are Composable Risk Oracles?
A composable risk oracle is more than a price feed. It aggregates real-time data from across the DeFi ecosystem—borrowing/lending metrics, leverage exposure, liquidity depth, liquidation history, protocol governance signals, and even cross-chain activity—to produce standardized risk signals. These signals are then usable by any smart contract or protocol, enabling dynamic risk management instead of static, one-size-fits-all rules.
Imagine a lending protocol that no longer sets fixed collateralization ratios but instead adjusts them continuously based on the asset’s aggregated risk score. Or a yield aggregator that modifies reward rates according to the systemic risk of the pools it taps into. Risk oracles allow protocols to react proactively, not reactively, to volatility or emerging threats.
Why DeFi Needs Them
The current ecosystem assumes either that token price alone drives risk or that risk is manually managed by developers or governance processes. This has clear limitations:
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Systemic Blind Spots: Individual protocols may look safe in isolation, but become fragile when interdependencies are ignored.
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Slow Reaction: Manual updates or governance votes lag behind market realities, leaving funds exposed.
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Inefficient Capital Allocation: Overly conservative or overly aggressive parameters reduce yield efficiency and user participation.
Composable risk oracles provide a single, unified “risk layer” that protocols can plug into, enabling smarter leverage, collateral, and incentive designs that respond to real-time ecosystem dynamics.
A Vision for DeFi with Risk-Aware Protocols
Picture this: a cross-chain DeFi ecosystem where protocols continuously query risk oracles to:
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Adjust collateralization ratios based on the health of underlying assets.
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Scale leverage limits according to current market volatility and systemic exposure.
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Dynamically modulate reward rates to incentivize safer behavior during periods of high stress.
This would turn DeFi from a reactive landscape, where users and protocols chase yield at the risk of systemic failure, into a self-regulating, adaptive financial network. Essentially, risk moves from the shadows into the core protocol logic.
Challenges and Opportunities
Implementing composable risk oracles is non-trivial. Key challenges include:
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Data aggregation across chains and platforms without introducing latency or oracle manipulation risks.
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Standardizing risk metrics so diverse protocols can interpret and act upon them consistently.
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Governance coordination is especially important in decentralized systems where incentive alignment is complex.
Yet the upside is enormous. Risk oracles could underpin capital-efficient DeFi, unlock higher-leverage yet safer markets, and even help regulators or insurance protocols quantify systemic exposure in real time.
Conclusion
The DeFi ecosystem has made leaps in tokenization, yield, and scaling—but risk remains the silent variable. Composable risk oracles have the potential to fundamentally transform how protocols manage risk, aligning incentives and protections in real-time, dynamically. They could become as indispensable to DeFi as price oracles are today—turning a collection of isolated protocols into a coherent, resilient financial network.
DeFi’s next frontier may not be more yield—it may be smarter, composable risk.
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Crypto World
Hong Kong and Shanghai to Pilot Blockchain for Cargo-Trade Data
Hong Kong and Shanghai authorities unveiled a joint plan to deepen blockchain-enabled collaboration in trade finance and cargo documentation, signaling a practical shift toward digital infrastructures for cross-border commerce. The memorandum of understanding, signed on March 2, 2026, brings together the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), the Shanghai Data Bureau (SDB), and the National Technology Innovation Center for Blockchain (NTICBC) to explore a blockchain-based cross-border platform that would interlink trade data, electronic bills of lading, and associated financial applications as part of HKMA’s Project Ensemble. Officials framed the move as a concrete step toward more efficient, transparent and regulatorily sound trade workflows, with pilots and research guiding the rollout.
Key takeaways
- HKMA, SDB, and NTICBC formalize cooperation to digitize cargo trade and finance via a blockchain-driven cross-border platform.
- The project aligns with HKMA’s Project Ensemble and aims to integrate trade data, electronic bills of lading, and financial services within a unified digital rails framework.
- The initiative leverages the Commercial Data Interchange (CDI), HKMA’s blockchain-based data infrastructure launched in 2022 to enable institutional access to corporate data for lending and financing.
- Project CargoX is expected to play a role in strengthening trade and cargo data capabilities for financing and related services.
- Separately, Hong Kong is pursuing tax concessions for digital assets, proposing to broaden qualifying investments for funds and family offices, with potential exemptions on profits if approved.
Tickers mentioned:
Market context: The MoU arrives amid a broader push to modernize financial infrastructure in Asia, with Hong Kong positioning itself as a hub for digital finance and cross-border tokenized services, and Shanghai advancing its fintech ambitions within the broader mainland regulatory framework.
Sentiment: Neutral
Price impact: Neutral. The announcement describes strategic cooperation and policy considerations rather than immediate market moves.
Trading idea (Not Financial Advice): Hold. The collaboration signals long-term structural changes in trade finance infrastructure rather than short-term price triggers.
Market context: The plan sits at the intersection of regulatory clarity, digitization of trade finance, and growing interest in tokenized and data-driven financial services, within a macro environment of ongoing digitization and cross-border coordination in the Asia-Pacific region.
Why it matters
The memorandum underscores a concerted effort by two of Asia’s largest financial centers to reimagine how trade and finance data move across borders. By pursuing a blockchain-enabled cross-border platform, the partners aim to reduce paperwork, shorten settlement times, and improve data integrity for cargo finance. The initiative is designed to harmonize digital records with traditional documents like bills of lading, marrying the reliability of paper-based processes with the efficiency of digital ledgers. In practice, a platform of this kind could lower the operational friction that has historically dogged freight finance, where misaligned documents and slow reconciliation can stall shipments and funding cycles.
On the technical side, the collaboration will leverage the HKMA’s CDI, a blockchain-based financial data infrastructure launched in 2022 to give institutional lenders access to a broader set of corporate data. CDI is already being used to streamline lending decisions by consolidating disparate data sources, and its extension into trade finance could yield faster underwriting and more accurate risk assessment for shipments and financing arrangements. The plan also references Project CargoX, an HKMA initiative intended to strengthen data capabilities across cargo and trade workflows to support financing and related services. Taken together, the effort signals a shift from standalone digital pilots toward interoperable, end-to-end digital rails that can support a wider ecosystem of trade-related financial products.
“We look forward to driving innovative application of digital technology in areas such as cargo trade and finance, promoting joint achievements in digital innovation, exploring a digital infrastructure that links Shanghai and Hong Kong, promoting digitalisation of trade finance.”
The officials framing the MoU emphasized that the collaboration is not merely a theoretical exercise but a milestone in building practical, data-powered digital infrastructure. In remarks from the Shanghai Data Bureau, the partnership was described as a meaningful step toward data-powered, innovation-driven development, with the ambition of creating a secure, efficient, and open digital ecosystem for cross-border trade. By aligning Shanghai’s data capabilities with Hong Kong’s financial services ecosystem, the parties hope to demonstrate how a regulated, standards-based, and transparent approach to data can improve outcomes for traders and financiers alike.
Beyond the cross-border platform itself, the policy dimension of the announcement signals a broader regulatory openness to digital assets as a legitimate investment category. In parallel to the MoU, Hong Kong’s government laid out a policy path to make its tax concessions more attractive to investment funds and family offices by expanding qualifying investments to include digital assets. If the proposal passes through the legislative process, profits from digital assets held within these investment structures could qualify for tax exemptions, subject to approval. This element complements the tech push by creating a more favorable fiscal environment for capital deployment into digital asset strategies, potentially drawing more global fund participants to Hong Kong as a gateway to the region’s digital economy.
Taken together, the announcements reflect a broader regional strategy: to blend cutting-edge digital infrastructure with a clear, asset-backed regulatory framework that can support both traditional finance and newer digital assets. The MoU’s emphasis on data interoperability and risk-aware automation—paired with a thoughtful tax policy—suggests policymakers are seeking a stable yet forward-looking path for the digitization of trade and finance in a way that can be scaled and exported to other markets in the region.
What to watch next
- Progress of pilot deployments or go-live plans for the cross-border platform under Project Ensemble, including milestones and timelines for the joint research program.
- Results and findings from CDI-enabled pilots in trade finance, and how cargo data integrates with eBLs and financing workflows.
- Further details on Project CargoX’s role, timelines for its adoption, and how it interfaces with existing trade-data standards.
- Regulatory and legislative updates on the digital assets tax concessions, including timing of any approvals from the Legislative Council Financial Affairs Committee.
Sources & verification
- Official MoU announcement from info.gov.hk describing the HKMA–SDB–NTICBC collaboration on cross-border trade data and Project Ensemble.
- HKMA – Commercial Data Interchange (CDI) documentation and its role in institutional access to corporate data since 2022.
- HKMA – Project CargoX description for enhancing cargo and trade data capabilities in financing.
- Remarks by Hui Ching-yu on digital asset concessions, including the Legislative Council Financial Affairs Committee meeting (P2026030200210).
Hong Kong–Shanghai cross-border blockchain initiative: what it means for markets and users
The collaboration represents a shift from isolated pilots toward integrated, governance-aligned digital rails that can support a broader set of trade-finance products. By weaving together trade data, electronic bills of lading, and financing tools within a blockchain framework, the partnership seeks to reduce friction in invoicing, risk assessment, and settlement—benefits that could resonate across supply chains and the banks that finance them. The emphasis on using CDI as the backbone for data access underscores a belief in regulated, auditable data flows as a bedrock for confidence in digital trade structures. If successful, the cross-border platform could serve as a model not only for Hong Kong and Shanghai but for other hubs looking to harmonize trade data standards with financial services in a standards-based, interoperable manner.
From a policy standpoint, the digital asset tax concessions reflect a recognition that financial technologies and crypto-adjacent assets are increasingly relevant to institutional investment. While the policy is still subject to legislative approval, the proposal indicates a willingness to create incentives for funds and family offices to allocate to digital assets, potentially accelerating institutional exposure to this broader asset class. The policy, paired with the MoU’s focus on infrastructure, positions Hong Kong as a testbed for regulated digital rails that can support both traditional financing and newer digital-asset strategies, all within a framework designed to promote transparency and governance.
In the broader market context, these developments occur amid growing interest in tokenization, data-centric finance, and cross-border fintech collaboration across Asia. While actual market prices for assets will reflect a multitude of macro and idiosyncratic variables, the signaling value of such coordinated public-private efforts is meaningful: they indicate a pathway toward more efficient trade finance channels, enhanced data privacy and security, and a regulatory posture that seeks to balance innovation with oversight.
Crypto World
46% of Bitcoin supply now in loss, near 2022 bear levels
Around 46% of BTC, or 9.09m coins, sit at a loss in early 2025, nearing 2022 bear‑market loss concentrations after the 2024–2025 rally unwound.
Summary
- About 9.09m BTC, roughly 46% of the 19.8m circulating supply, are below their last on‑chain transaction price, the second‑highest loss reading since mid‑2022’s ~10m‑coin peak.
- Previous cycle lows saw 50–60% of BTC supply in loss; current levels mirror late‑2022 conditions but at much higher absolute prices, as many 2024–2025 entrants are now underwater.
- CryptoQuant data show net realized profits flipping to net losses since late 2025, with holders realizing up to 69k BTC in aggregate losses, resembling the 2021–2022 bull‑to‑bear transition
Approximately 9.09 million Bitcoin (BTC), representing roughly 46% of the cryptocurrency’s circulating supply, is currently held at a loss as of early 2025, according to data from CryptoQuant.
The figure marks the second-highest loss concentration recorded in CryptoQuant’s dataset spanning from July 2020 through early 2026, falling just below the peak reached during the 2022 bear market.
The BTC Supply in Profit/Loss chart from CryptoQuant displays coins held at a loss as a negative figure, with the current reading of negative 9.09 million coins approaching the deepest loss concentration visible on the chart. That record was set in mid-2022, when approximately 10 million coins were underwater as Bitcoin fell following the Luna and FTX contagion events.
The circulating supply of Bitcoin totals approximately 19.8 million coins, meaning nearly half of all Bitcoin that has moved on-chain is currently held below its last transaction price.
A key distinction separates the current period from the 2022 bear market. While a comparable number of coins were held at a loss during both periods, Bitcoin’s absolute price level remains significantly higher now than in 2022. The current loss concentration reflects holders who entered the market during the 2024-2025 rally and are now underwater, according to the data.
High supply-in-loss readings create specific market dynamics, according to market analysts. Holders facing losses experience pressure to either sell or maintain positions through corrections. Those with the highest cost basis relative to current prices typically exhibit lower conviction in long-term recovery.
The 2022 period provides a historical reference point. The supply-in-loss figure peaked near 10 million coins in late 2022 before declining as the market bottomed and new buying brought coins back into profit. That decline from peak loss concentration preceded the sustained price recovery that extended through 2023 and 2024.
Whether the current 9.09 million coin reading represents a peak depends on price stabilization at current levels or further decline, according to analysts tracking the metric.
Crypto World
Crypto Griefing: Profiting by Losing
Crypto is built on a powerful idea: align incentives correctly, and rational actors will secure the system.
Most protocol design rests on this belief.
But there’s a blind spot few teams model seriously:
What if harming the network is rational — just not within the network itself?
This is the foundation of what we can call crypto griefing markets: situations where actors willingly lose money on-chain because they profit elsewhere.
Not hacks.
Not exploits.
Not rug pulls.
But economically rational sabotage.
Defining Crypto Griefing
In game theory, griefing refers to behavior where an actor accepts a cost in order to impose a cost on others. Traditionally, it’s seen as irrational or malicious.
In crypto, however, griefing can be rational when:
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The attacker has off-chain exposure (derivatives, venture positions, competitive businesses).
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The damage creates external financial gain.
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The cost of sabotage is lower than the external payoff.
The protocol may observe a net loss from the attacker’s wallet.
The attacker sees a net gain across their portfolio.
This distinction is crucial.
Most tokenomic models assume participants optimize within the system. Crypto griefing breaks that assumption by introducing cross-market incentives.
Why Incentive Alignment Breaks Down
Protocols often rely on the principle that:
If attacking costs money, rational actors won’t attack.
This only holds if:
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Actors are exposed primarily to the protocol’s token.
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There are no correlated positions elsewhere.
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There are no strategic non-financial motives.
In modern crypto markets, these assumptions rarely hold.
Large participants often maintain:
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On-chain token exposure
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Off-chain derivative positions
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Venture stakes in competitors
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Business models dependent on specific governance outcomes
When incentives extend beyond the protocol boundary, alignment becomes fragile.
Common Forms of Economically Rational Sabotage
1. Short-and-Destabilize Strategies
An actor builds a significant short position on a token via centralized derivatives or OTC markets.
They then:
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Thin liquidity depth through aggressive trading
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Increase volatility during sensitive periods
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Trigger liquidation cascades in leveraged markets
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Amplify panic during narrative inflection points
They may incur direct losses from destabilizing trades.
But if the short position profits significantly from price collapse, the strategy becomes rational at the portfolio level.
From the protocol’s perspective, it appears irrational.
From a cross-market view, it is calculated.
2. Governance Griefing
DAO governance assumes token-weighted voting aligns long-term incentives.
However, voters may:
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Operate competing protocols
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Run businesses dependent on alternative outcomes
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Hold asymmetric exposure elsewhere
A voter might rationally support a proposal that harms token value if it protects off-chain revenue.
The DAO sees a participant voting against their own economic interest.
In reality, they are protecting a broader one.
3. Oracle and Liquidation Engineering
In tightly coupled DeFi systems, small price distortions can cascade.
Actors may:
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Push thin markets during low-liquidity windows
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Exploit Oracle update timing
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Trigger liquidations to create reflexive price drops
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Profit from correlated positions outside the affected protocol
Even temporary distortions can cause lasting reputational damage.
The attacker does not need perfect control — only sufficient pressure to tip a fragile system.
4. Network Congestion and Launch Sabotage
During high-profile launches, congestion becomes an attack surface.
A competitor or short-exposed fund could:
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Spam transactions degrade user experience
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Drive gas prices higher
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Cause failed transactions during critical moments
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Create a public perception of instability
The attacker may lose transaction fees.
But if the reputational damage reduces adoption or weakens funding prospects, the indirect payoff may justify the cost.
In narrative-driven markets, perception has measurable economic value.
Why Fully On-Chain Systems Are Especially Vulnerable
Transparency is a core strength of crypto systems.
But transparency also enables precise attack modeling.
On-chain data reveals:
When attack costs are visible, they become quantifiable.
When costs are quantifiable, they become tradable.
Protocols optimize for capital efficiency.
Attackers optimize for cross-market asymmetry.
The protocol sees only the visible ledger.
The attacker sees the entire financial landscape.
Destructive Equilibria in Reflexive Markets
Crypto markets are reflexive: price influences confidence, and confidence influences price.
This creates conditions where:
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Small shocks cascade into large moves.
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Liquidity dries up rapidly under stress.
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Panic spreads faster than fundamentals can correct.
If multiple actors benefit from a downturn — such as through short positions — destructive equilibria can form.
In these scenarios, sabotage doesn’t need to be large. It only needs to initiate reflexivity.
Defensive Design Strategies
While eliminating griefing may be impossible, protocols can reduce vulnerability.
1. Nonlinear Cost Structures
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Dynamic fee adjustments during congestion
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Escalating governance deposits
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Anti-spam economic filters
The goal is to make sabotage costs rise faster than external payoffs.
2. Anti-Reflexive Mechanisms
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Time-weighted average price (TWAP) oracles
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Smooth liquidation curves
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Circuit breakers during extreme volatility
Reducing cascade effects lowers the leverage of small attacks.
3. Governance Hardening
Increasing commitment reduces opportunistic interference.
4. Cross-Market Risk Modeling
This is the most difficult defense.
Protocols must consider:
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Correlated derivatives markets
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Concentrated token ownership
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Competitive industry dynamics
However, off-chain incentives are inherently opaque.
Complete visibility is impossible.
The Emergence of Griefing Risk Markets
If griefing risk becomes measurable, it may also become insurable.
Potential future developments include:
-
Insurance products covering congestion or governance attacks
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Derivatives tied to network performance degradation
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DAO treasury hedging strategies against sabotage risk
If hacks created smart contract insurance markets, economic sabotage may create new meta-markets around strategic risk.
Once risk can be priced, it becomes financialized.
Conclusion
Crypto is often described as a system that aligns incentives through code.
But code cannot contain incentives that exist outside its boundaries.
As protocols grow in importance, they become strategic assets.
Strategic assets attract strategic behavior.
Griefing markets do not require criminals.
They require rational actors operating across interconnected markets.
The lesson is not that crypto is broken.
It is that incentive alignment only works within the scope you model.
And in a globally interconnected financial system, that scope may be far smaller than we assume.
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Crypto World
Magic Eden Abandons Ethereum and Bitcoin NFTs to Pursue Casino Gaming
TLDR
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Magic Eden discontinues Ethereum & Bitcoin NFT marketplaces, pivoting to Dicey casino platform.
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Platform maintains Solana NFT packs while eliminating underperforming blockchain integrations.
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Bitcoin NFT traders will lose API & wallet functionality by early April.
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Dicey’s closed beta generated over $15M in wagers, driving iGaming strategy.
-
Company pivots toward profitable revenue streams & blockchain gaming experiences.
The NFT marketplace Magic Eden has announced it will discontinue support for Ethereum and Bitcoin NFT trading to prioritize Dicey, its crypto casino platform. Support for EVM and Bitcoin-based marketplaces will cease on March 9. Subsequently, the Bitcoin API will be terminated on March 27, with the Magic Eden Wallet shutting down completely by April 1.
NFT packs—collections of randomized NFTs similar to physical trading card packs—will continue as one of the platform’s remaining offerings. Company leadership indicated this restructuring enables concentration on revenue-generating products while eliminating operational redundancies. The strategic realignment comes as NFT market valuations dipped below $1.5 billion in February. Since the 2021 NFT market peak, trading activity has declined substantially, forcing Magic Eden to reevaluate its strategic direction. Moving forward, the platform will emphasize products that complement its Solana-based foundation.
Scaling Back Ethereum NFT Operations
The platform will terminate all Ethereum NFT functionality, eliminating features associated with EVM chain compatibility. This shutdown impacts trading capabilities, listing functions, and associated marketplace services for Ethereum-based digital collectibles. According to the company, this consolidation enables better resource distribution toward priority offerings like NFT packs and iGaming ventures.
Ethereum-focused operations delivered minimal revenue contribution while demanding substantial operational expenditures. Leadership disclosed that approximately 80% of operational expenses originated from product segments producing just 20% of total revenue. Eliminating Ethereum integration allows the company to emphasize high-performance segments and pursue sustainable expansion.
While discontinuing EVM compatibility, the platform will maintain NFT-focused offerings on Solana. Magic Eden intends to sustain user activity through collectible pack releases and specialized features. This approach emphasizes operational efficiency and revenue generation over extensive multi-chain presence.
Exiting Bitcoin NFTs and Runes Marketplaces
Magic Eden will simultaneously discontinue Bitcoin NFT trading platforms, encompassing both Ordinals and Runes marketplaces, effective March 9. The Bitcoin-focused API infrastructure will be shut down later that month, eliminating all associated platform functionality. The proprietary Magic Eden Wallet will be permanently discontinued on April 1 as this transition concludes.
This withdrawal addresses minimal user adoption and substantial maintenance requirements for Bitcoin NFT offerings. By channeling resources toward Dicey and NFT pack products, Magic Eden redirects investment toward solutions with greater scalability potential. This consolidation enhances the company’s competitive positioning within the developing crypto entertainment landscape.
Users currently trading Bitcoin NFTs must migrate to alternative marketplace platforms for continued asset management. Magic Eden’s priority remains preserving revenue-positive services while eliminating underperforming product lines. The strategic transformation acknowledges current marketplace conditions and evolving user preferences.
Betting on Dicey and Crypto iGaming
The company’s future roadmap centers on expanding Dicey, its blockchain-based casino, alongside launching a cryptocurrency sportsbook for wagering activities. Throughout a two-month limited-access beta period, approximately 200 participants placed over $15 million in total wagers. This platform merges entertainment with financial services, establishing a fresh growth trajectory for Magic Eden.
Leadership views crypto gaming as a sustainable long-term opportunity given diminishing NFT marketplace revenues. Dicey exemplifies Magic Eden’s transformation toward crypto-based entertainment, blending gaming mechanics, betting functionality, and blockchain technology. The platform targets users interested in both digital asset ownership and online gaming participation.
Magic Eden anticipates Dicey will stimulate user engagement while preserving ME token functionality throughout its product ecosystem. NFT packs will persist as an offering, though primary resource allocation will support iGaming platform development. This strategic direction demonstrates the organization’s dedication to revenue sustainability and pioneering blockchain implementations
Crypto World
Article explains Vitalik’s ETH plan to cut proving costs via binary state tree and RISC-V VM.
ETH tackles 80% proving bottleneck as Vitalik proposes binary state tree and long-term RISC-V VM swap.
Summary
- EIP-7864 replaces the hexary keccak Merkle Patricia Tree with a unified binary state tree using BLAKE3 (or a future Poseidon2), cutting Merkle proof size by about 75% and branches by 3–4x.
- Page-based storage groups 64–256 adjacent slots so early-slot dapps can save over 10k gas per transaction, while simpler, more uniform depth improves auditing and sets up future state expiry.
- Long-term, Vitalik proposes replacing the EVM with a RISC-V VM, arguing state tree plus VM drive over 80% of proving cost and that a RISC-V stack would align with existing ZK provers, reduce precompiles, and keep old contracts via staged migration.
Ethereum (ETH) co-founder Vitalik Buterin has proposed two technical changes aimed at addressing proof-efficiency challenges in the blockchain network, according to a proposal outlined in EIP-7864 and related documentation.
The near-term proposal, designated as EIP-7864, would replace Ethereum’s current hexary keccak Merkle Patricia Tree with a binary tree structure utilizing a more efficient hash function. The existing hexary structure was designed for priorities that differ from the proving-heavy architecture Ethereum developers are currently pursuing, according to the proposal.
The binary tree structure would produce Merkle branches that are four times shorter than the current system, as binary operations require 32 times log(n) compared to hexary’s 512 times log(n) divided by 4, according to technical specifications in the proposal.
The reduction would decrease costs for client-side branch verification and reduce data bandwidth requirements for tools including Helios and private information retrieval systems by the same factor, the proposal states.
Proving efficiency gains would extend beyond branch length improvements. The proposal indicates that shorter branches would deliver a three to four times improvement, separate from hash function optimization. Implementing blake3 instead of keccak could provide an additional three times improvement, while a Poseidon variant could potentially deliver 100 times improvement, though additional security analysis is required before Poseidon deployment, according to the document.
The binary tree design includes a page-based storage system that groups adjacent storage slots into pages of 64 to 256 slots, approximately 2 to 8 kilobytes. The block header and the first 1 to 4 kilobytes of code and storage would share the same page, allowing contracts that read from initial storage slots to benefit from batch efficiency rather than individual access costs. The proposal estimates this could save more than 10,000 gas per transaction for decentralized applications that load data from initial storage slots, which represents a substantial portion of active deployed contracts.
Binary trees offer simpler implementation and auditing processes, according to the proposal. The structure provides more predictable access depth across contracts of varying sizes, reducing variance in execution costs, and creates space for embedding metadata required for future state expiry development.
The longer-term proposal involves replacing the Ethereum Virtual Machine with a more efficient virtual machine such as RISC-V. The proposal argues that the EVM’s architecture is not optimized for a proving-heavy blockchain and that replacing it would address fundamental inefficiencies rather than managing them through accumulated precompiles and workarounds.
Buterin’s proposal cites four advantages of RISC-V over the EVM. First, raw execution efficiency: RISC-V outperforms the EVM to a degree that would eliminate the need for many precompiles, as underlying computations could run efficiently within the VM itself. Second, prover efficiency: zero-knowledge provers are currently written in RISC-V, creating natural alignment with existing proving infrastructure. Third, client-side proving: a RISC-V VM would enable users to generate zero-knowledge proofs locally about account interactions with specific data, enabling privacy and verification applications not currently supported by the EVM without external tools. Fourth, simplicity: a RISC-V interpreter can be implemented in several hundred lines of code, according to the proposal.
The deployment roadmap outlined in the proposal includes three stages. In the first stage, a new virtual machine, potentially RISC-V, would handle precompiles only, with current and new precompiles becoming code blobs in the new VM. In the second stage, users could deploy contracts directly in the new VM. In the third stage, the EVM would be retired and reimplemented as a smart contract written in the new VM, preserving backwards compatibility for existing contracts with the primary change being gas cost adjustments, which are expected to be overshadowed by concurrent scaling developments.
Buterin characterizes both changes as addressing the same fundamental challenge from different angles. The state tree and the VM together account for more than 80 percent of the bottleneck in efficient proving, according to the proposal. Addressing either component without the other leaves the larger problem partially unresolved, while addressing both would produce a protocol structurally aligned with the zero-knowledge-proof-heavy architecture Ethereum has been developing, rather than retrofitting that architecture onto infrastructure designed for different requirements.
The proposal acknowledges that the VM replacement does not currently represent consensus within the Ethereum development community, describing it as a change that will become more apparent once state tree modifications are completed. The proposal presents the changes as sequential: binary trees first, followed by VM replacement once proving infrastructure matures around the new state structure. The EVM has accumulated complexity through years of incremental additions, and the proposal states that meeting Ethereum’s functionality requirements necessitates addressing the VM rather than continuously implementing workarounds.
Crypto World
WTI Oil Trading Opens with a 10% Bullish Gap
On Friday, we warned that trading on Monday could be volatile — but not to this extent! The situation sharply escalated over the weekend following a large-scale strike by Israel and the US on targets in Iran, during which the supreme leader Ali Khamenei was reportedly killed. In retaliation, Iran launched missiles and drones at Israel, Saudi Arabia, and other targets.
Although financial markets had priced in some escalation risks, they reacted very sensitively:
→ Gold (XAU/USD): the price surged above $5,400 per ounce.
→ US Dollar Index (DXY): the US currency strengthened, not only as a safe-haven asset but also amid expectations of a new wave of global inflation driven by higher fuel costs.
→ Equity indices: opened sharply lower. Airlines and the tech sector were hit hardest, while defence stocks rose against the broader market.
→ Oil: showed the most aggressive reaction, with WTI opening at a bullish gap of roughly 10% compared with Friday’s close.
Shipping in the Strait of Hormuz (through which around 20% of global oil supply passes) is effectively paralysed following attacks on tankers. As shown on the XTI/USD chart, barrel prices are fluctuating widely as traders attempt to determine a fair value under these extraordinary circumstances.

Technical Analysis of XTI/USD
Three days ago, we drew an ascending channel on the oil price chart, which has held up:
→ its upper boundary acted as resistance at Monday’s open;
→ its median pushed the price upwards.
Bearish perspective:
→ following the bullish gap, prices failed to continue higher and fell sharply;
→ the round level of $73 acted as resistance.
Bullish perspective:
→ the channel median previously acted as resistance but now serves as support;
→ the psychological level of $70 favours buyers.
It is reasonable to expect WTI oil to remain volatile within a broad $70–73 range, with price impulses largely driven by political statements regarding escalation in the Middle East.
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