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CLARITY Act Sets Agency Roles, Leaves Back-Office Work Open

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The CLARITY Act would divide SEC and CFTC duties, but firms would still face data, reconciliation and scalability challenges.

The CLARITY Act would establish a regulatory framework for digital assets and allocate responsibilities between the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Its provisions address registration, oversight, recordkeeping, and custody in specified areas, but they do not prescribe how firms should reconcile activity or modernize legacy operational processes.

Jurisdictional clarity and operational readiness are different problems. H.R. 3633, introduced by Chairman French Hill on May 29, 2025, would establish a comprehensive market-structure framework for digital assets.

Under Section 401, the CFTC would receive exclusive regulatory jurisdiction over digital commodity cash or spot transactions that occur on or with digital commodity exchanges, brokers, and dealers required to register with the agency. The bill also provides for an expedited CFTC registration process for those entities.

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The SEC would retain anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority over transactions involving permitted payment stablecoins and digital commodities that occur on or with an SEC-registered entity.

Section 304 would require SEC registrants that are also registered with the CFTC as digital commodity exchanges, brokers, or dealers to adopt conflict-of-interest policies. It would also require the SEC and CFTC to enter into a memorandum of understanding intended to support non-duplicative oversight and appropriate information sharing.

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The Operational Gap CLARITY Act Doesn’t Touch

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The bill’s regulatory framework does not itself resolve the operational pressures identified in capital markets’ back offices. An AutoRek report on capital markets operations, based on a survey of 250 senior operations, finance, and technology leaders in the United States and the United Kingdom, describes strain from rising volumes, new asset classes, data fragmentation, and shallow AI integration.

Among the report’s findings, 85% of respondents expected scalability strain as activity grows against legacy processes. Of firms working with digital assets, 59% reported disproportionate operational complexity relative to other asset classes.

The CLARITY Act would divide SEC and CFTC duties, but firms would still face data, reconciliation and scalability challenges.

The report also found that 41% of respondents identified data integration and compatibility as their top operational challenge, while firms reported losing 15.9% of operational budgets to rework driven by manual processes and spreadsheets.

The survey found that 98% of firms use AI somewhere in operations, but only 14% have fully integrated it across operations. Those findings concern operating models rather than the allocation of agency jurisdiction.

A market-structure statute can define regulatory categories and obligations without, on its own, integrating data, replacing manual workflows, or reconciling records across a firm’s systems.

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Where the Bill Does Touch Infrastructure

The bill does contain provisions relevant to operational infrastructure. Section 305 would allow brokers, dealers, transfer agents, investment advisers, investment companies, and national securities exchanges to use records from a blockchain system for existing recordkeeping requirements, subject to an SEC rulemaking required within 180 days of enactment.

Section 402 would require futures commission merchants to hold customer digital assets with qualified digital asset custodians. The congressional summary also describes requirements concerning recordkeeping and the commingling of customer assets.

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These provisions address specified custody and recordkeeping matters, rather than a general framework for resolving data-integration or manual-process challenges identified by the AutoRek survey.

If enacted, the CLARITY Act would create a statutory framework for digital commodities, registration, and defined areas of SEC and CFTC authority. It would also establish requirements and rulemakings related to recordkeeping, custody, disclosures, and market intermediaries.

It would not, by itself, provide a detailed operating model for the data-integration, rework, and scalability issues reported by capital-markets operations leaders. Regulatory clarity and operational modernization can advance together, but they remain separate tasks under the evidence available here.

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Why We Love Watching Robots Fail

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Why We Love Watching Robots Fail

The event produced several eye-catching moments, including when humanoids beat human records at the high jump and the 400m. Just a few days before Ultra’s race, Lightning, a robot developed by phone company Honor, ran the 100m in 9.39 seconds, again thundering home quicker than Bolt.

But these tumbling records will likely be, in the pop cultural consciousness, eclipsed by something far more entertaining: tumbling robots. Along with the epic wins, there have been some seriously old-school, epic fails. One humanoid at the weightlifting event lost its balance with a weedy 15kg barbell, started jerking and slammed into the judges’ table, its helpless arms aloft, as if to say, “Why me?” Most memorably, a robot ended his dash by careering into a safety mat, Tom and Jerry style, before cartoonishly arching backward and setting on fire. Each spark was like a beautiful firework.

These slapstick scenes are deliciously satisfying. It’s deeply reassuring to watch robots fizzle out into smithereens. I myself have fond memories of watching the fire-hazard creations on Robot Wars in the U.K. (the successor to BattleBots in the U.S.) get shredded into shrapnel. This time, it’s a reassuring reminder that we can beat robot replicants at our own games. 

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Bitfinex Securities raises $50 million in push to offer tokenized nickel trading

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Bitfinex Securities raises $50 million in push to offer tokenized nickel trading


Bitfinex Securities is preparing to list a new security linked to a Luxembourg-based industrial metals platform built around a $1.6 billion stockpile of high-purity nickel wire.

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Bithumb Prevails in Two Lawsuits Over Incorrect Bitcoin Credits

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Crypto Breaking News

South Korean crypto exchange Bithumb has reportedly secured its first-instance court wins in two of four lawsuits aimed at recovering money from users who sold Bitcoin that was mistakenly credited to their accounts. The decisions, handed down by the Seoul Central District Court, mark another step in the exchange’s attempt to unwind a high-profile accounting error from February 2026.

According to a report by Chosun Biz, the court ruled in favor of Bithumb on Wednesday and Thursday in two separate cases. One decision covered a claim of 5 million won (about $3,600), while the other involved 194 million won (about $140,000). Two additional lawsuits—seeking roughly 14.8 million won (about $10,700) and 500 million won (about $362,000)—remain pending.

Key takeaways

  • Bithumb won first-instance rulings in two lawsuits over alleged unjust enrichment tied to mistakenly credited Bitcoin balances.
  • The court decisions relate to claims of 5 million won and 194 million won, while two other cases are still before the courts.
  • Both cases reportedly proceeded through service by public notice because the exchange could not deliver documents to defendants via standard methods.
  • The rulings support Bithumb’s broader recovery effort following its Feb. 6 promotional error involving 620,000 BTC.
  • Separately, South Korea’s Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) has begun sanctions-related steps over the incident, though no final penalty has been announced.

Court wins follow Bithumb’s February crediting mistake

The dispute traces back to Bithumb’s February 6, 2026 promotional event, when the exchange intended to distribute rewards denominated in Korean won to a group of users. Cointelegraph previously reported that Bithumb confirmed the error after abnormal Bitcoin trades emerged following the promotion. The company said an employee mistakenly selected Bitcoin as the payment unit instead of Korean won, and credited customer accounts with 620,000 BTC.

At the time of the incident, the mistakenly credited Bitcoin was valued at more than $40 billion, according to the earlier reporting. Even though the amount was enormous on paper, Bithumb took steps to stop the fallout from spreading. Cointelegraph reported that Bithumb later stated it recovered 618,212 BTC (about 99.7% of the erroneously credited amount). However, some users had already converted part of the credited balances by selling 1,788 BTC before Bithumb froze the impacted accounts.

What the lawsuits are trying to recover

Rather than focusing exclusively on returning Bitcoin, the lawsuits reportedly sought cash proceeds derived from users’ sales of the credited funds. In March, Bithumb filed four unjust enrichment lawsuits against users who sold the mistakenly credited Bitcoin and did not return the proceeds, according to the earlier Cointelegraph coverage.

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Chosun Biz’s latest report indicates that two cases have now reached first-instance outcomes favorable to Bithumb. The decisions cover different amounts—5 million won and 194 million won—suggesting the court is addressing specific user-by-user claims rather than issuing a single consolidated ruling for the entire promotional error.

The court also reportedly handled notice service via public notice in both cases. This occurred because standard methods for delivering documents were unsuccessful, meaning the procedural pathway relied on court-permitted service when defendants could not be reached through ordinary delivery attempts.

Bigger pressure on Bithumb from regulators

While the civil litigation moves through the courts, the exchange has also faced scrutiny from South Korea’s financial regulator. Cointelegraph previously reported that the Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) investigated Bithumb over the February 6 incident—specifically how the exchange could end up crediting customers with Bitcoin it did not hold.

In that earlier coverage, it was reported that the FSS sent Bithumb an inspection opinion in early August, formally triggering sanctions proceedings. However, as of the time Cointelegraph reached out for an update, there was no announced final penalty. Cointelegraph said it approached the Financial Services Commission (FSC) for additional information but did not receive a response by publication.

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The combination of civil court actions and the regulator’s sanctions track is notable for investors and users because it underscores how operational mistakes in crypto market infrastructure can escalate into both contractual/legal disputes and formal oversight measures. Even if Bithumb ultimately recovers most of the misplaced assets, authorities can still assess whether internal controls, monitoring systems, and payment/crediting processes were adequate.

Other legal and compliance challenges add complexity

The Bitcoin crediting error is not the only legal pressure Bithumb has encountered this year. Cointelegraph reported that South Korean police raided Bithumb’s offices in June as part of an unrelated investigation into alleged hiring favoritism involving lawmaker Kim Byung-ki. In addition, Bithumb has been challenging a separate six-month partial business suspension tied to Anti-Money Laundering violations, with a Seoul court temporarily blocking the suspension order in April pending a decision on Bithumb’s challenge.

Against that backdrop, the outcome of the user recovery lawsuits may influence how Bithumb manages risk and customer-facing processes going forward. A pattern of first-instance wins could strengthen the exchange’s position in remaining pending cases, while any reversals on appeal would likely reignite uncertainty around how these errors are treated legally and practically.

Readers should watch next for what happens in the two remaining lawsuits still pending, as well as whether the FSS sanctions process concludes with a specific penalty or additional guidance. The resolution of these cases will also matter for broader market confidence in exchange internal controls, especially in a jurisdiction where regulators have shown willingness to pursue sanctions after operational failures.

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Solana (SOL) Rockets to 7-Month High, Bitcoin (BTC) Taps $80K Again: Market Watch

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Bitcoin is on the move again in the right direction, jumping by over $2,000 since yesterday’s low and inching closer to the $80,000 resistance.

Solana has emerged as today’s top performer among the larger caps, surging by 8% to its highest price tag since late January at $105.

BTC Aims at $80K

It was just over a week ago when bitcoin’s major rally commenced, when the asset broke out of the $65,000 resistance and surged to $70,000 within hours. The bulls kept the pressure on, driving the cryptocurrency to $75,000 on Thursday and to a multi-month high at almost $80,000 on Friday morning.

However, it couldn’t breach that level on its first attempt and slipped to $75,500 during the weekend. Nevertheless, the bulls stepped up once again and defended that level. Moreover, BTC started to climb as the new business week progressed and surged past $80,000 and $81,000 on Tuesday morning for the first time since mid-May.

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This meant that it had added over $16,000 in value in less than a week. However, it was stopped and couldn’t climb any higher. The next leg down drove it to just under $78,000, but it reacted well in the past few hours and jumped to $80,000 as of press time.

Its market capitalization has risen past $1.6 trillion on CG, while its dominance over the altcoins stands at over 58%.

BTCUSD August 27. Source: TradingView
BTCUSD August 27. Source: TradingView

SOL Hits New Local High

Most larger-cap alts have turned green today as well. ETH has seemingly reclaimed the $2,500 level finally after a 3% surge to over $2,550. BNB is above $710, while XRP defended the $1.40 support and is back to $1.45 as of now.

SOL is today’s top performer from this cohort of assets. A 7% pump has driven it to $105 for the first time since January 31. LINK and DOGE are also well in the green, and so are TAO and ENA.

The total crypto market cap has added around $50 billion in a day and is up to $2.780 trillion on CG.

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Cryptocurrency Market Overview August 27. Source: QuantifyCrypto
Cryptocurrency Market Overview August 27. Source: QuantifyCrypto

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Is Your Bitcoin Safe on Lightning? Developers Confirm Real Flaws, Patch Coming

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Core Lightning developers confirmed that several vulnerabilities in the Bitcoin Lightning Network software are real. The team will publish patched software updates within days, yet the technical details stay secret for two weeks.

Lightning moves small Bitcoin payments off the main blockchain through channels between nodes. Until operators install the fix, money parked in those channels sits behind code the team already knows is flawed.

Bitcoin Lightning Network Vulnerability Emerged From a Flood of AI Reports

Core Lightning (CLN) is one of the main implementations of the Lightning Network, Bitcoin’s payment layer. Blockstream backs the project, and the software has run on Bitcoin’s main network since 2018.

On August 13, the team said it had received a wave of AI-generated vulnerability reports from multiple sources over the previous 10 days. A small group of developers and volunteers then sorted real bugs from noise.

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Several reports held up. That result turned routine cleanup into a coordinated security release, and the team dropped its original plan for a quick patch update.

Bitcoin infrastructure has taken repeated hits this year. In August, BTCPay Server warned operators to update after attackers drained user funds through a credential flaw. A Coldcard wallet exploit had surfaced days earlier.

What the Two-Week Embargo Means for Bitcoin Users

Withholding details is the point. Attackers who read a public bug report can often build a working exploit within hours. Therefore, the team ships the fixed software first and publishes the full account in early September.

The updates carry developer signatures confirming reproducibility, so outsiders can check that the release matches the source code. The fixes cover many of the reported flaws, though not every one.

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Ordinary Lightning users hold no lever here. Their payments travel through nodes that other people run, so the pace of the rollout rests with those operators.

Operators who skip the upgrade have a fallback. Taking a node offline cuts its links to other nodes while leaving the daemon alive. A daemon is the background program behind a node, watching the blockchain and reacting when a payment channel closes.

Core Lightning. Source: X

The stakes climb as Lightning reaches more people. Recent products have pushed it into self-custodial mobile wallets and chat-app payment tools, which widens the group exposed to a routing failure.

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Blockstream chief executive Adam Back has spent much of 2026 in public fights over Bitcoin’s scaling direction. Quiet maintenance work like this rarely draws the same audience.

Nodes left unpatched and online carry risks the developers describe as known but will not yet detail. The embargo lifts in early September, which hands operators a clear runway to update while the details stay out of reach.

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Digital Assets Week London Returns with Growing Institutional Lineup

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Digital Assets Week London Returns with Growing Institutional Lineup

Digital Assets Week will return to London, where capital markets transformation through tokenization is examined in depth, from issuance and market structure to settlement, custody, liquidity and regulatory alignment.

The underlying foundation of Digital Assets Week is Global Asset Digitisation Projects, making it the only venue where the commercialisation of tokenising assets is discussed comprehensively and at scale.

Digital Assets Week is institution-led and designed to support substantive dialogue between market participants, regulators and infrastructure providers on implementation, risk management and market structure as digital assets increasingly intersect with traditional capital markets.

The 2026 edition will focus on how digital assets and tokenisation are moving from experimentation towards practical implementation across traditional financial markets. Discussions will examine the evolution of tokenised private and public markets, 24/7 trading, atomic settlement, fund administration, digital asset custody, stablecoins, payments infrastructure, regulation, liquidity and institutional blockchain adoption.

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Key speakers confirmed to join the 2026 agenda include:

  • Rachel Blake MP, The Economic Secretary to the Treasury, HM Treasury
  • Sasha Mills, Executive Director, Financial Market Infrastructure, Bank of England
  • Sumeera Younis, Chief of Operations – Crypto Task Force, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
  • Anthony Clark-Jones, Head of Digital Assets (Products & Services), UBS Investment Bank
  • Sean Mullins, Head of Digital Assets Product, Securities Services, HSBC
  • Emma Lovett, Executive Director, Markets Digital Assets, J.P. Morgan
  • Anna Matson, Senior Vice President, Head of Digital Assets & Innovation EMEA, Northern Trust
  • Waqar Chaudry, Executive Director; Head, Digital Assets. Financing and Securities Services; Corporate & Investment Banking, Standard Chartered Bank
  • Sabih Behzad, Head of Digital Assets & Currencies Transformation, Managing Director, Deutsche Bank
  • Emilio Anting, VP of Digital Asset Partnerships, Franklin Templeton
  • Previn Singh, Digital Assets – Head of Tokenisation Strategy, Fidelity International
  • Doug Bambrick, Head of Custody Product – UK and Middle East, BNP Paribas
  • David Reed, Director – Digital Assets Product, Invesco
  • Deepa Raja Carbon, Managing Director and Vice Chairperson, VARA
  • Christoph Hock, Head of Tokenisation and Digital Assets, Union Investment
  • Kelly Moffatt, Head of Digital Assets Compliance, Citi
  • Rosemary Hanna, Head of Division, Markets and Funds Policy, Central Bank of Ireland
  • Ryan Hayward, Head of Digital Assets and Strategic Investments, Barclays
  • Christian Lawrence, Chief Cross-Asset Strategist, Head of Americas & Energy Markets Research, Managing Director, Rabobank
  • Antoine Scalia, Founder and CEO, Cryptio
  • Cameron Drinkwater, Chief Product & Operations Officer, S&P Dow Jones Indices
  • Myles Wright, CEO, Finality Services and many more.

This year’s event is already seeing the strongest level of financial institution and regulator registrations at this stage of any previous edition. Financial institutions and regulators confirmed to participate include representatives from Aberdeen, ABN AMRO Bank, AllianceBernstein, ANZ Banking Group, Aviva Investors, Baillie Gifford, Bank of America, Bank of England, Barclays, BlackRock, BNP Paribas, Citi, Deutsche Bank, Fidelity International, Franklin Templeton, Goldman Sachs, HM, Treasury, HSBC, Intesa Sanpaolo, J.P. Morgan, Lloyds Bank, M&G Investments, MUFG Bank, Morgan Stanley, Nomura, Northern Trust, Rabobank, Société Générale, Standard Chartered, State Street, T Rowe Price, TSB Bank, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, UBS, Union Investment, VARA, WisdomTree and many more.

Registration for Digital Assets Week London is now open. Tickets can be accessed here

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Bithumb Wins First-Instance Rulings Over $40B Bitcoin Error

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Bithumb Wins First-Instance Rulings Over $40B Bitcoin Error

South Korean cryptocurrency exchange Bithumb has reportedly won first-instance rulings in two lawsuits against its users to recover proceeds from Bitcoin it mistakenly credited to their accounts.

The Seoul Central District Court ruled for Bithumb on Wednesday and Thursday in two of four lawsuits against users who sold Bitcoin mistakenly credited to their accounts, according to a Chosun Biz report.

Thursday’s ruling concerned a claim for 194 million won ($140,000), while Wednesday’s covered a claim for 5 million won ($3,600). Two other lawsuits seeking about 14.8 million won ($10,700) and 500 million won ($362,000) remain pending.

Both cases proceeded through service by public notice because court documents could not be delivered to the defendants through ordinary methods, the report said.

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The reported rulings advance Bithumb’s efforts to recover funds from its February error, when the exchange mistakenly credited 620,000 BTC, worth more than $40 billion at the time.

Bithumb goes after Bitcoin sale proceeds

Bithumb said the error occurred during a promotional event on Feb. 6, 2026, when it planned to distribute 620,000 won, or about $420 at the time, in rewards to 249 users. An employee mistakenly selected Bitcoin instead of Korean won as the payment unit and credited customer accounts with 620,000 BTC.

The exchange subsequently said it recovered 618,212 BTC, or 99.7% of the mistakenly credited amount. However, some users had already sold 1,788 BTC worth of the credited balances before Bithumb froze the affected accounts.

Related: Bithumb sets 2028 IPO timetable as it overhauls internal controls

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Bithumb filed four unjust enrichment lawsuits in March against users who sold the mistakenly credited Bitcoin and did not return the proceeds. The company was reportedly seeking cash from those sales rather than Bitcoin.

FSS begins sanctions process over Bithumb error

South Korea’s Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) investigated Bithumb over the Feb. 6 Bitcoin error, focusing on how the exchange could credit customers with Bitcoin it did not hold. The regulator reportedly sent Bithumb an inspection opinion in early August, formally beginning sanctions proceedings, but no final penalty has been announced.

Cointelegraph approached South Korea’s Financial Services Commission (FSC), which oversees the FSS, for an update on the investigation and potential sanctions against Bithumb but did not receive a response by the time of publication.

Bithumb has faced other legal scrutiny this year. South Korean police raided its offices in June as part of an unrelated investigation into alleged hiring favoritism involving lawmaker Kim Byung-ki, while the company is challenging a separate six-month partial business suspension over Anti-Money Laundering violations. A Seoul court stayed the suspension in April pending a ruling in Bithumb’s challenge.

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BlackRock's Mitchnick says macro case for bitcoin is strengthening after record trading in positive week

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BlackRock's Mitchnick says macro case for bitcoin is strengthening after record trading in positive week


BlackRock’s head of digital assets shared his outlook for bitcoin after the company’s spot BTC ETF, IBIT, hit record volume for a positive week.

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CZ backs Hong Kong as an RWA and DEX growth hub

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Bitcoin or AI? CZ says only one protects against inflation

Binance founder Changpeng “CZ” Zhao backed Hong Kong as a potential Web3 and real-world asset hub during an August 27 book meeting in the city.

Summary

  • CZ described Hong Kong and Web3 as a strong combination during August 27 book meeting.
  • Hong Kong regulators had authorized thirteen tokenized products by March 2026, according to SFC data.
  • CZ predicted tokenized securities and other real-world assets will become a major Web3 development direction.
  • CZ said easing U.S. regulatory pressure could accelerate decentralized exchange growth, without announcing specific projects.
  • Hong Kong’s Project Ensemble is testing transactions involving tokenized deposits, funds, bonds and other assets.

The event took place at Exchange Square in Central, according to the organizer. CZ discussed Hong Kong’s financial sector, tokenized securities and the development of decentralized exchanges. His comments represented personal forecasts rather than new Binance projects or investment commitments.

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CZ says Hong Kong can connect finance with Web3

CZ said Hong Kong benefits from its status as a financial center, access to professionals from mainland China and established institutional relationships. He described Hong Kong and Web3 as a “powerful combination.”

He also named Dubai, Abu Dhabi and the U.S. as markets positioned to benefit from more supportive digital asset policies. These comments were assessments of their prospects. They did not include new licensing applications or expansion plans from Binance.

Hong Kong has introduced a broader regulatory structure covering exchanges, stablecoins and tokenized products. Its approach differs from mainland China, where authorities maintain tight restrictions on cryptocurrency trading and related activities.

The city’s policy direction has attracted financial institutions and asset managers. As crypto.news reported in its coverage of Hong Kong’s stablecoin and custody rules, regulators have sought to expand tokenized finance while retaining licensing and investor-protection requirements.

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Hong Kong’s RWA market supports part of CZ’s forecast

CZ predicted that real-world assets would become a major area of Web3 development. He focused on tokenized securities, which can provide wider access beyond traditional market hours and national account systems.

He also described stablecoins as a form of RWA because they place claims linked to fiat currencies on blockchains. That description reflects a common industry classification, although the legal treatment of stablecoins differs between jurisdictions.

Hong Kong has already moved beyond small technical tests. The Securities and Futures Commission said 13 tokenized products were offered to the public as of March 2026. It subsequently introduced a framework covering tokenized products and their secondary-market trading.

The Hong Kong Monetary Authority is also operating EnsembleTX, the pilot phase of Project Ensemble. The pilot supports real-value transactions involving tokenized deposits and digital assets. It is scheduled to operate throughout 2026.

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In related coverage, Franklin Templeton recently brought a tokenized U.S. government fund to HashKey, adding another distribution channel for regulated tokenized investments.

CZ expects DEX growth if U.S. pressure continues easing

CZ said decentralized exchanges have progressed from early platforms such as Uniswap and PancakeSwap to newer markets including Hyperliquid. He argued that better infrastructure and stronger user awareness have made DEXs more competitive.

He added that U.S. regulatory pressure appeared to have eased and said continued policy changes “may accelerate” DEX and broader crypto growth. That remains a forecast. Decentralized services can still face securities, commodities, sanctions and anti-money-laundering requirements, depending on their structure and operations.

The SEC and CFTC issued a joint crypto asset interpretation effective March 23. The agencies said clearer classifications could reduce perceived regulatory risk and encourage more U.S. activity. The document did not create a blanket exemption for DEX developers or interface operators.

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Market data nevertheless show growing usage. As previously reported, DEX spot volume reached about 24% of covered centralized exchange volume in July. The comparison depends on the exchanges and methodology included.

Regulatory milestones will determine what happens next

Hong Kong’s next steps include implementing its tokenized product framework, continuing EnsembleTX and developing its licensed stablecoin market. Those programs will offer measurable evidence for or against CZ’s RWA forecast.

In the U.S., further SEC and CFTC rulemaking will determine whether decentralized platforms receive specific compliance routes. Until those rules are settled, claims that international DEXs can operate without full customer checks require jurisdiction-specific legal review.

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StarkWare Quantum Bitcoin Transaction: First Quantum-Resistant BTC Transaction Hits Mainnet

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A gold-plated superconducting quantum processor suspended in a dilution refrigerator cooling system

StarkWare said researcher Avihu Levy tested an experimental quantum resistant Bitcoin transaction on mainnet. It is reported that the TX spent a 10,000-satoshi output in block 964,199 without altering Bitcoin’s consensus rules.

StarkWare described it as the first transaction of its kind. MARA Pool mined the block after receiving the transaction directly through its Slipstream service, since the nonstandard format meant ordinary nodes would not relay it through the public mempool.

StarkWare spokesperson Nathan Jeffay said the transaction cost around $150 to $200 in computation, and StarkWare said the process took hours. The demonstration shows a way to protect a single output under Bitcoin’s current rules, but at a material computational and operational cost.

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How StarkWare Quantum Bitcoin Transaction Works

Levy’s Quantum-Safe Bitcoin (QSB) scheme, first proposed in April, combines hash-based one-time signatures with computational searches that bind authorization to a specific transaction. The construction is intended to prevent forgery even if a sufficiently capable quantum computer breaks the elliptic-curve cryptography used by Bitcoin.

In March, Google researchers estimated that a sufficiently capable quantum computer could theoretically derive a Bitcoin private key nine to 12 minutes after a public key becomes visible. Google said this could allow an attacker to replace a pending transaction during Bitcoin’s confirmation window.

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Levy’s April proposal estimated that generating a transaction would require $75 to $150 in GPU computation; StarkWare put the cost of the completed transaction at around $150 to $200.

A gold-plated superconducting quantum processor suspended in a dilution refrigerator cooling system
A Google Sycamore quantum processor inside its cryogenic cooling chamber.

QSB applies to individual Bitcoin transactions rather than upgrading cryptography across the network. It allows coins to be moved into an output with additional protection without changing the Bitcoin protocol, but it does not protect coins whose public keys were exposed before migration. In that case, a potential attacker could have time to analyze those keys before a protected transaction is sent.

The transaction’s nonstandard classification under Bitcoin Core’s default relay policy is a practical constraint. Ordinary nodes do not propagate the transaction before confirmation, so it must be submitted directly to a cooperating miner through a service such as MARA’s Slipstream. The method, therefore, requires prepared transactions and direct miner access.

StarkWare CEO Eli Ben-Sasson said QSB provides a safety net while protocol-level protections are developed. The demonstration establishes a workaround under the existing rules, rather than changing Bitcoin’s underlying cryptography across the network.

Headshot of Eli Ben-Sasson wearing black glasses and a blue t-shirt against a white background
Eli Ben-Sasson, co-founder of StarkWare

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The Protocol-Level Alternative

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Bitcoin developers are separately considering proposals, including BIP-360, a proposed soft fork that would introduce a Pay-to-Merkle-Root output type while removing Taproot’s quantum-vulnerable key-path spend. That approach would require network-wide coordination and activation.

Bitcoin (BTC)
24h7d30d1yAll time

QSB does not wait for a protocol change. The mainnet test shows that Bitcoin’s existing consensus rules can accommodate one form of quantum-resistant spending, while broader protocol-level protections remain under consideration.

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