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Stablecoin Growth Poses a $500B Risk to Bank Deposits and Net Interest Margins

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Stablecoin Growth Poses a $500B Risk to Bank Deposits and Net Interest Margins


Standard Chartered warns stablecoins could pull up to $500B from bank deposits in developed markets by 2028.

U.S. banks are increasingly at risk of losing deposits to the digital assets space as stablecoins continue to gain traction.

The concern comes amid growing stablecoin adoption, with the total supply in circulation having risen by roughly 40% over the past year to just over $300 billion.

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Long-term Funding Concerns

A Bloomberg report citing analysis from Geoff Kendrick, global head of crypto research at Standard Chartered, estimates that stablecoins could cause the exit of as much as $500 billion in deposits from lenders across industrialized nations by the end of 2028. In the U.S. specifically, the firm predicts that bank deposits could fall by an amount equivalent to one-third of the total stablecoin market capitalization.

Kendrick believes that the pace of stablecoin growth is also likely to accelerate following the passage of the Clarity Act, legislation currently moving through Congress that is meant to regulate the digital asset industry.

“U.S. banks also face a threat as payment networks and other core banking activities shift to stablecoins,” he wrote.

One of the most contentious issues between traditional financial institutions and crypto firms is whether stablecoin holders should be allowed to earn yield-like rewards. Coinbase currently offers 3.5% rewards on balances held in Circle’s USDC, a practice that bank lobbying groups argue could hasten deposit losses if allowed to continue.

“The bank lobbying groups and bank associations are out there trying to ban their competition,” said Coinbase chief executive officer Brian Armstrong at the World Economic Forum in Davos last week. “I have zero tolerance for that; I think it’s un-American, and it harms consumers.”

Despite the ongoing dispute, Kendrick expects the broader crypto market structure bill to be approved by the end of the first quarter.

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Regional Lenders Identified as Most Vulnerable

To assess which banks face the greatest exposure, the analyst used the net interest margin income as a share of total revenue, describing it as the clearest indicator of deposit flight risk because it is central to NIM generation. Using this measure, regional American financial institutions emerged as being more vulnerable than diversified lenders and investment banks, which are the least exposed.

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Among the 19 US banks and brokerages reviewed, Huntington Bancshares, M&T Bank, Truist Financial, and Citizens Financial Group were identified as facing the highest risk.

Local companies are particularly sensitive to payment outflows because they depend more heavily on traditional lending activities than their larger peers. On the positive side, market performance suggests limited immediate risk.

The KBW Regional Banking Index climbed nearly 6% in January, compared with a little over 1% for the broader metric. In the short term, expected interest rate cuts could reduce deposit costs, while government efforts to stimulate economic activity may support loan growth.

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Even so, Kendrick views the longer-term shift as unavoidable.

“An individual bank’s actual exposure to a stablecoin-driven reduction in NIM income will depend largely on its own response to the threat,” he said.

He also highlighted that Tether and Circle, the two dominant stablecoin issuers, hold only 0.02% and 14.5% of their reserves in bank deposits, noting that “very little re-depositing is happening.”

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Poloniex and the $1.3B bitcoin question

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Poloniex and the $1.3B bitcoin question

Justin Sun-owned Poloniex has announced fee-free trading for any user who enrols in its “Poloniex Super” membership, which currently offers 30 days’ worth of fee-free “spot, margin, and futures trading.”

Poloniex has yet to announce what this membership will cost once the 30-day period has elapsed, though it does mention that “[a]fter the trial period ends, you will be automatically enrolled in the basic Super plan by default.”

This product announcement has led users to ask how Poloniex will make money without fees. Sun quickly explained that Poloniex has no need to make more money because “we already made enough from the bitcoin (BTC) we bought in 2012.”

Poloniex was founded in 2014 and therefore couldn’t possibly purchase any BTC in 2012, so presumably Sun is referring to BTC he purchased.

This statement that Poloniex can continue to operate based only on these profits brings to the forefront concerns about how Poloniex has managed the BTC in its reserves.

In 2020 Poloniex offered a new product, which it described at different times as “BTC on TRON” and “BTCTRON.”

This initial announcement described BTCTRON as “a type of wrapped BTC token that exists on the TRON blockchain.”

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Poloniex’s Help Center provides us the contract address for this token, TN3W4H6rK2ce4vX9YnFQHwKENnHjoxb3m9.

Reviewing this contract address reveals that this token currently has a circulating supply of 17,545 BTC, worth approximately $1.3 billion.

Disturbingly, Poloniex’s so-called “proof of reserves” claims that Poloniex has a balance of only 11,090 BTC in its entire reserves and 11,082 of those are “User Balance.”

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This is insufficient to reserve this tokenized BTC product.

Protos has previously repeatedly reached out to Poloniex during our past reporting on this product, and it has never been willing to provide the addresses that hold the BTC for this tokenized product.

We attempted to reach out to Poloniex again; however, it didn’t provide these addresses before publication.

Read more: FTX estate says Justin Sun still owes it millions

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Increasing the concern about this product is how deeply it has been integrated into another Sun-owned exchange, HTX.

At HTX, typically there is more of this mysterious BTCTRON product, which provides no transparency, than real BTC.

As of the most recent HTX snapshot, dated March 1, there were a total of 21,362 BTC on HTX. BTCTRON accounted for 10,291 of those.

There are also an additional 1,212 BTC that are in the form of Sun-advised Wrapped Bitcoin.

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As of March 1, there were a total of 21,362 BTC on HTX.

What this means, taken as a whole, is that Poloniex will not disclose where the $1.3 billion in BTC that is supposed to collateralize this product is located.

Yet despite that fact, HTX is willing to make it a massive portion of its reserves, all while Sun claims that Poloniex can afford to offer “fee-free” trading because of the appreciation in the price of bitcoin.

Perhaps instead of making grandiose claims about the value of his BTC, Sun should instead work on solving the apparent BTC shortfall at the exchanges he owns.

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SEC will Consider most Crypto Assets not Securities under Federal Law

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Cryptocurrencies, Law, Security, SEC, United States

In one of its first actions since signing a memorandum of understanding with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) said it would interpret how “non-security crypto assets” fall under federal securities laws.

In a Tuesday notice, the SEC said its interpretation of how to address crypto assets would serve as an “important bridge” as lawmakers in the US Congress consider market structure legislation which will codify how financial regulators oversee digital assets. 

The commission said the interpretation would provide a “coherent token taxonomy for digital commodities, digital collectibles, digital tools, stablecoins, and digital securities,” address how a “non-security crypto asset” may or may not be considered an investment contract under the SEC’s purview, and clarify federal securities laws on “airdrops, protocol mining, protocol staking, and the wrapping of a non-security crypto asset.”

“This is what regulatory agencies are supposed to do: draw clear lines in clear terms,” said SEC Chair Paul Atkins. “It also acknowledges what the former administration refused to recognize -– that most crypto assets are not themselves securities. And it reflects the reality that investment contracts can come to an end.”

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Cryptocurrencies, Law, Security, SEC, United States
Source: SEC on X

According to Atkins’ prepared remarks for the DC Blockchain Summit on Tuesday, “only one crypto asset class remains subject to the securities laws” under the interpretation, and those were “traditional securities that are tokenized.” The commission called on market participants to review the interpretation to “better understand the regulatory jurisdiction between the SEC and CFTC” on cryptocurrencies. 

Related: SEC, CFTC sign memo to regulate crypto, other markets in harmony

The SEC notice came as lawmakers in the US Senate continue to negotiate terms under which they may reach an agreement on a digital asset market structure bill. The legislation is expected to give the CFTC more authority in overseeing cryptocurrencies.

Shakeup in SEC enforcement leadership draws criticism

On Monday, the SEC announced that its enforcement division director, Margaret Ryan, resigned from the agency. Its principal deputy director, Sam Waldon, was named as acting enforcement director.

In response to Ryan’s departure, former SEC official John Reed Stark said “not a single person on this planet” believed the commission’s claims that the enforcement director prioritized investor protection and “renewed focus on holding individual wrongdoers accountable” at the agency.

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“The SEC has abandoned its identity,” said Stark on Monday. “It has transformed from the cop on Wall Street’s beat into something far more troubling, a regulatory body that functions less like a law enforcement agency and more like a concierge service for the largest financial players in the country.”

A 19-year veteran of the regulator, Stark was founder and chief of the SEC’s Office of Internet Enforcement, according to his LinkedIn profile.

Atkins, along with SEC Commissioners Mark Uyeda and Hester Peirce — all Republicans — remain the only three leaders at the agency on a panel intended to consist of a bipartisan group of five members. As of Tuesday, US President Donald Trump had not announced any plans to nominate other commissioners to the SEC or CFTC, which had only one Senate-confirmed member.

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Magazine: Clarity Act risks repeat of Europe’s mistakes, crypto lawyer warns