However you feel about AI writing, it has a few giveaways. According to the writer Imogen West-Knights, “there’s things like negative parallelisms…or excessive use of metaphor and similes, especially ones that don’t quite make sense or that come very rapidly, one after another. Every noun having an adjective attached, certain kinds of repetitive syntactical blocks that appear.”
Tech
Is it possible to tell if a book is written by AI?
So naturally, when an author uses AI to write their book, the publishing industry can easily spot it, right? As it turns out, not necessarily. AI models are built using human writing, the good and the bad, which is why it can be hard to tell whether something was written by a chatbot or by a person who loves a bad metaphor. The problem is all the more acute with smaller fragments of text, where there’s less room for AI’s telltale patterns and flatness to emerge.
To find out just how good AI has gotten at imitating human writing, the writer and journalist Vauhini Vara decided to run an experiment on the people who know her writing the best. She thinks there is a misconception among writers and readers that “there’s a certain kind of way that AI generates language and it’s super different from the way writers do.” So could her friends distinguish between her work and an AI-generated imitation of her work? She told Today Explained co-host Noel King about what happened next.
Below is an excerpt of their conversation, edited for length and clarity. There’s much more in the full podcast, so listen to Today, Explained wherever you get podcasts, including Apple Podcasts, Pandora, and Spotify.
Nothing we love more at Today, Explained than a person running an experiment on herself! Vauhini Vara, writer, journalist, author of Searches, in paperback now, tell me everything.
There’s a researcher named Tuhin Chakrabarty whose work I’ve covered before, and he had already conducted this experiment. He and colleagues basically trained AI models on the work of established, accomplished writers.
What that means is he basically got the AI model to generate language that looked a lot like language from those authors. And then he had readers who were graduate writing students read those passages generated by AI and also read imitations by fellow graduate writing students and say which one they liked better. And they tended to like the ones by the AI models more than the ones by actual human beings.
I had him do the same thing with my work, but a twist on it. I had him train an AI model on my three previous books, on pieces of journalism I’ve written. And then I had him get his AI model to generate passages sounding like something from a forthcoming novel that I haven’t published yet or shared with anyone. I put that alongside passages that I had written. I sent those to people who know my work really well. I’m talking about my best friend since I was 13, writer friends who I’ve known since I was 19, 20 years old. And I asked if they could tell the difference and none of them could.
So the people who know you best in the world don’t know you that well, apparently. Or AI is exceptionally good at what it is doing. Give me some examples of what happened here. Can you read me something that you wrote and then something that the AI wrote, and let’s see if I can tell any differences?
It’s funny, I can’t remember now which ones are mine and which ones are the AI!
Gaia said, it seemed to her that we’d been on similar trajectories. We’d both spent many years creating something that we cared deeply about with my journalism. She with her startup, and then gone on to focus on empowering others to do the same. She said she’d been surprised to find that mentoring other founders was even more meaningful than running her own startup In business terms, the ROI was higher if you were willing to count fulfillment as a return.
That’s nice. I like that. Yeah, I would say as writing, that was nice. Beginning, middle, end, lands on a point. I enjoyed it.
That one was actually AI.
Damn. AI, you landed in such a nice spot. Okay. Read me something that you wrote, please.
Okay, now we have a spoiler that I’m going to read you something, something from me.
I’d like to argue that we write because we feel compelled to no matter whether anyone will read them, but is that true? When I was younger, I used to keep a journal for myself. I didn’t want anyone else to ever read it, which meant I didn’t need to describe the people in places I was writing about or explain why they mattered. When my mom did read my journal in the ninth grade, I considered it the biggest betrayal I’d ever experienced. But the saving grace was knowing that she could not have possibly understood most of what I was writing about. I had an audience of one myself.
I don’t know — I set you up to say that!
No, no, no. Actually, you didn’t. I would be very honest and I did sort of want to curveball you, but that was very pretty. Do me a favor, read the first two sentences of what you wrote one more time for me.
I’d like to argue that we write because we feel compelled to no matter whether anyone will read them, but is that true?
What is the “them” referring to?
It’s an error! It’s a grammatical error on my part. And good job catching it because a lot of people assumed that one was AI, and I think the best indication that it was actually me is that there is that grammatical error. AI wouldn’t have made a grammatical error like that.
This is the thing that I would like us to talk about: AI does not make mistakes. And in the first half of the show, our guest, also a writer, described AI as kind of soulless. And I think that was part of what she was pointing to.
What you read me by the AI wasn’t bad. So here’s a question for you: When all this was said and done [and] people could not tell what was you — people who know you well — how did you feel about that? Did you feel threatened? Did you feel suspicious of your friends and family?
I was of two minds, because on the one hand I didn’t feel threatened, but I found myself questioning my own assumption about myself, which is that I identify as a writer who is very invested in originality, who really wants every new book to be completely different from the previous books. And so the fact that this AI was trained on my previous books and could predict the style of the writing in the new book suggested that I wasn’t as original as I thought that my new book wasn’t as different from the previous books as I thought.
At the same time, on the other hand, I actually felt vindicated because I disagree with the other author who was your previous guest about the soullessness of AI-generated text. I don’t think that AI-generated text is by definition easily distinguishable from human text because of a kind of soullessness inherent in the text.
Can readers tell something that is AI versus something written by a human?
It seems like they can’t, and I can’t myself. And this actually gets back to what we were discussing earlier about the question of whether AI generated text is convincing or soulless.
I think the reason a lot of people assume AI writing is going to sound soulless is that AI companies, in their most recent versions of their products, have created these products that are specifically designed to sound a certain way, a certain kind of corporate customer service speak. And so people think that’s just inherently the way AI sounds, but it’s not true. AI can sound any number of ways.
It’s technically very easy actually to build an AI, to train an AI model that sounds human-like even literary. The reason we’re not that familiar with it is that that’s not what the products look like currently.
Ultimately, do you think AI is going to end up changing our relationship to literature, or do you think everybody who reads is going to be as skeptical and skeeved out as you and I are?
Research shows not only that in some cases people prefer AI-generated text to a human-generated text, but also that if they’re told that a piece of text is AI-generated, they become uninterested in it. And so it seems clear that the reading public does not want to read text generated by AI if they know that it’s generated by AI.
I think we focus a lot on this human/technology binary — on, “‘Oh, it’s weird if a machine creates the language.” But I think a big part of it is that we want to be communicating with one another. We don’t want to be receiving our art from enormous tech companies that have a lot of wealth and have a lot of power and want to control us.
Tech
Dutton Ranch star claims they ‘didn’t see any disruption’ on set following Chad Feehan’s exit from Yellowstone spinoff fueled by Taylor Sheridan clash rumors
In April 2026 — a month before Dutton Ranch made its Paramount+ debut — it was reported that showrunner Chad Feehan had exited the series following alleged “behind-the-scenes friction with series stars Cole Hauser and Kelly Reilly, as well as ‘other key players’ such as Taylor Sheridan.”
Puck News added, “Feehan finished the first season but has been told he won’t return for the second, per three sources. (I think the feeling was mutual and Feehan likely would have bailed anyway.)
“This was less of a pure creative issue, I’m told — the scripts were good, and after some work on the cut, Paramount is confident in the show — and more about how Feehan ran the production. Sheridan, producer David Glasser, and the stars weren’t happy, so Feehan’s out, and Sheridan and Glasser will likely elevate another season 1 writer to the showrunner gig.”
Hauser cryptically denied any friction exclusively to TechRadar, explaining before the show’s premiere, “Taylor’s got his hands all over this show. That’s the only way he knows how to do things.
“Look, you’re gonna go through your ups and downs, through this business, and it’s about adapting. That’s what we did.”
Five episodes of the Yellowstone spinoff down and another star has come to Hauser’s aide, claiming that there was “no disruption” while stars were on set.
‘As actors, we’re there to complete the task’
“Not at all,” Berto Colón, who plays Miguel on Dutton Ranch, confirms when I ask if he felt as though the Chad Feehan rumors had any truth to them.
“I met Chad a bunch of times, but I don’t know what the deal is. That’s something that’s above my pay grade. As actors, we’re there to make sure that we complete a task and to make sure we complete it as truthfully as possible.
He continues, “The ongoings that happen behind the scenes is something that I’m not involved with, but as far as energy and what we did, everyone who came on board, tuned into what the story needed to be like.”
“I didn’t see any disruption of that process. I just love everyone there. I love what that they’re about.”
As Dutton Ranch season 2 hasn’t been confirmed as of writing, we’re yet to see which new showrunner would step into Feehan’s shoes. Rumors suggest a lead writer would be picked from the job, but if you’ve followed my week-on-week coverage, you’ll know that I’m advocating for Sheridan to resume the position himself (he’s currently an executive producer).
As for a renewal, Colón says “There needs to be a continuation to this. I don’t have any actual carnal knowledge of that, I just know that the numbers speak for themselves. If any show deserves a few more seasons, it’s this one.”
Dutton Ranch will continue airing its first nine episodes until July 3.
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Tech
Coram raises $35M to turn cameras into AI detectives
Coram AI has raised $35m to turn the security cameras already bolted to walls into something closer to an autonomous detective.
The Series B is co-led by the new investor Ansa Capital and Battery Ventures, with UP Partners, 8VC and Mosaic Ventures joining. It takes the San Francisco company’s total funding to $66m.
Coram’s pitch is that physical security is stuck in the past. When something goes wrong, staff spend hours scrubbing through footage, access logs and alarms to piece together what happened.
Its answer is software it calls ‘Deep Investigation’, an AI agent you query in plain language. It searches months of video, entry records and visitor data across hundreds of cameras and sites, then hands back a report. Work that took hours, the company says, now takes minutes.
Founded four years ago by Ashesh Jain and Peter Ondruska, Coram now runs at more than 1,500 locations, from schools to factories.
Privacy pitch, surveillance reality
Coram leans hard on privacy. Its boxes run AI models on local NVIDIA chips at the edge, it says, so sensitive video never has to leave the building for the cloud. It also works with any existing IP camera, avoiding a costly rip-and-replace.
But the same platform sells facial recognition, licence-plate reading, ‘tailgating’ detection and live gun detection, and it is being pointed at schools, churches and workplaces.
One customer, a Dallas megachurch, watches over 30,000 worshippers across eight campuses. A high school swapped old cameras for real-time weapon detection. The efficiency is real; so is the reach.
That trade-off, safety bought with more monitoring, is not new to AI security. But autonomous agents sharpen it. A system that can investigate on its own, across every camera and door, is also a system that is always watching, and now draws its own conclusions.
The ‘operating system’ land grab
Coram is part of a wave of startups trying to become the ‘operating system’ for a single industry by wrapping AI agents around it. Its bet is that every building will eventually run hundreds of agents in the background.
The money is chasing a real gap. ‘Physical security is one of the largest industries yet to be transformed by modern AI,’ said Allan Jean-Baptiste of Ansa Capital, and the incumbents largely sell cameras and dashboards, not autonomy, even as firms pour record sums into AI elsewhere.
For now, the headline numbers, ’10x more effective’, ‘hundreds of agents per space’, are Coram’s projections, not proof. But with $66m in the bank and 1,500 sites live, it has the runway to test whether the building of the future really does watch itself.
Tech
Best Smart Chess Boards (2026): Chessnut, Millennium
Playing chess can be challenging, fun, and at times frustrating. Garry Kasparov called the game “mental torture.” With virtually limitless possibilities, chess offers unparalleled depth, and you could easily fill a library with books on how to play it. The internet has opened up a wealth of potential competitors, and smart chess boards enable you to play anyone online or off, not to mention dabble in a variety of chess programs.
I’ve been testing smart chess boards for the past month or so, with the help of my chess-mad eldest, and these are my top picks.
The Smart Chess Boards I Recommend Most
For my opening gambit, I’m recommending the Chessnut Pro. With a classic wooden design, the Chessnut Pro feels like a regular board, but there are smarts hidden within. The beechwood pieces are beautifully weighted, an important but often underestimated feature. They feel great in hand, and the set includes a pair of extra Queens. This is a full tournament-size board (55 cm or 21.7 inches), so you’ll need space for it.
The board is very nicely made, with subtle red LEDs hidden in the corner of each square that light up to show moves. I love that it looks like a regular board when you’re not playing online. There are discreet controls on one side with a USB-C port and Bluetooth connectivity to hook it up to your computer, laptop, or smartphone. There’s no need to press down with each move, as every piece has a sensor chip inside that’s automatically detected.
We used the Chessconnect Chrome browser extension to play matches on Chess.com and Lichess.org, and it was quick and easy to get up and running. The official Chessnut app features AI opponents, but they’re a little weak and lack variety. It isn’t great, but you don’t have to use it, and you can link up to different online services with a bit of tinkering (check out Graham’s Programs for some better options). Online play was occasionally a little glitchy. Sometimes there’s a slight lag, and we had to click to reconnect for every game. Battery life is quite good (we got seven to eight hours), though it takes a while to recharge (best to leave it overnight).
If you understandably don’t want to spend that much, the Chessnut Air ($250) is a far more affordable option. It’s also wooden but much smaller (33 cm or 13 inches), with lighter pieces and visible LEDs. The Air+ ($400) is the same size but with superior weighted wooden pieces and subtle LEDs on the board. Functionally, both give you much the same experience as the Pro.
Tech
OpenAI could go from AI pioneer to AI’s BlackBerry, says Forrester
As OpenAI courts investors and chases enterprise customers, Forrester says today’s AI leader could become tomorrow’s cautionary tale
OpenAI may be headed for Wall Street, but one analyst firm is already warning enterprise customers not to get too attached.
In a note published alongside OpenAI’s confidential IPO filing, Forrester urged companies to keep their AI options open, arguing that today’s market leader could easily become tomorrow’s cautionary tale.
“Don’t lock into long-term contracts; keep your architectures flexible,” the firm advised. “In fact, OpenAI could become AI’s BlackBerry FIFO (First In, First Out). The company that defines a category is often the one most painfully displaced by it.”
The caution comes as OpenAI takes its first formal step toward a public listing. Alongside its confidential SEC filing, the company published a roadmap built around three ambitions: AI systems that can accelerate research, AI that boosts economic growth, and eventually a personal AGI assistant for everyone. Forrester was more interested in a fourth question: what happens if OpenAI doesn’t stay on top?
The firm argues that OpenAI faces what it calls a “trifecta” of challenges: persuade consumers to use its agents instead of rivals’, convince enterprises to build around its technology, and stay ahead in the race toward AGI.
The enterprise battle may prove the most lucrative. “Whoever automates the dull, expensive middle of a company’s operations first becomes the system of record everyone else has to rip out — and almost no one does,” Forrester said.
In other words, the first company to get AI agents woven into day-to-day business processes stands a decent chance of becoming yet another piece of software that everyone complains about, but nobody can remove.
However, Forrester’s advice is that, rather than standardizing on a single provider, enterprises should “anchor to the capability you need — not the brand that got there first — and keep your switching costs low.”
The warning also comes as OpenAI reportedly weighs cutting prices to fend off growing competition from rivals, including Anthropic. If the AI market is heading for a price war, enterprises may want to think twice before chaining themselves to a single supplier.
Forrester also notes that a public listing could provide customers with something they currently lack: visibility into OpenAI’s finances. Once public, the company would be required to disclose far more information about the cost of training and operating its models, giving enterprise buyers a clearer picture of the economics behind the AI systems they increasingly depend on.
For now, OpenAI remains the company that helped define the generative AI era. Whether it becomes the next Google, the next Microsoft, or AI’s answer to BlackBerry is a question investors will soon be paying very close attention to. ®
Tech
Stranger Than Heaven Hands-On: Harder Than Yakuza?
Sega made a splash during this year’s Summer Game Fest opening showcase, revealing that a digitally resurrected Tupac will feature in the forthcoming Stranger Than Heaven. Snoop Dogg even took the stage to talk about working with the rapper’s estate. While my hands-on with the game wasn’t a full dive into the world of Stranger Than Heaven, exploring one of the five cities and eras, it was an extensive demo showcasing the fighting system. It demands that kind of focus, as it’s an entirely new system compared to RGG Studio’s decades-long Yakuza series.
Attack inputs are categorized into left and right sides, RB and RT control your right hand and leg, LB and LT for your left side. During my time with the demo, the trigger buttons led to slower, harder-hitting blows. Each can be held to charge up an attack, while combining LT and RT leads to grapple moves If you time them right. Releasing a charged attack at the ideal moment seemed to be crucial, too.
Several new combat dynamics come from this new system. Each side is blocked separately, meaning you can block (or parry) an attack while readying a counter with the other side. Grab moves feel practically like a street brawl, tackling enemies through furniture or even tumbling down steps, together. Pin them to the floor and you can then rain blows down on your opponent.
Unlike most of the Yakuza titles, weapons appear to be a more core aspect to fights. Protagonist Daigo will be able to eventually upgrade the knives, mallets and other equipment he finds.
Sega has teased that, over a journey spanning 50 years, special weapons could range from “masterworks of old” to brand-new inventions. Well, new in the ’60s. Some weapons will even come with their own special attacks, usually involving a downed enemy.
Sega set up three different demos to feel out the combat system. First, a relatively easy fight against a group of thugs that focused on fighting a group and using your opponent’s weapons against them. This was followed by a more challenging fight against another gang led by a towering heavy that hit much harder.
Fortunately, you start the fight with a heavy crowbar that was unusually heavy and slow to swing. This fight was where you could really feel a difference to the mostly button-mashing dynamics of Kiryu et al. I’m not sure if I prefer it?
Stranger Than Heaven‘s system seems to demand more from the player (which isn’t necessarily a bad thing) and the final fight was a big example of that. Facing off against a tattooed topless guy chilling in Osaka with his katana demanded some Souls-like levels of timing and dumb luck. I eventually managed to beat him because of the latter.
The enemy would heal himself if left alone and would occasionally kneel down, goading the player to approach him before unleashing a swift slice. Perfectly timed parries (or dodges) were crucial, enabling powerful counterattacks, as were follow-up attacks when he was downed. During this fight, my character was equipped with a short knife and could use both weapon attacks with his left hand and punch and kick with his right hand. It seemed that each weapon creates a different range of attacks.
I’ll admit, I missed the ability to ram a mafia underling into a microwave or other ridiculous contextual moves. Hopefully, some showpiece moves will appear in the full game — Sega has teased fights on moving vehicles, which is at least a start.
This was a demo focused on combat, so I’m intrigued to see how the rest of the game shapes up. Hopefully, STH holds on to some of the ridiculous humor of Like a Dragon and Yakuza. It was a welcome shift in tone from all the melodrama and violence.
Stranger Than Heaven is scheduled to launch on January 15, 2027 on PS5, Steam and Xbox Series S/X.
Tech
The Pixel Watch Wear OS 7 release just leaked in a very odd way
Wear OS 7 might be closer than we thought, and Verizon may have just given that away a little early.
Updated support pages spotted for the Pixel Watch 2, Pixel Watch 3 and Pixel Watch 4 on Verizon’s website now reference the upcoming Wear OS 7 update. They also mention a June 2026 security patch and a build number (CP2A.260603.001). On paper, that sounds like a routine software note. However, the timing makes it a lot more interesting.
The pages also mention a June 9 release date. Although that looks more like a placeholder than anything concrete. The update hasn’t started rolling out yet. Google hasn’t made any official announcement, which suggests things are still in the final stages behind the scenes.
Still, the inclusion of Wear OS 7 across multiple Pixel Watch models is a fairly strong hint that the rollout window is approaching. Carriers don’t usually update support documentation this far in advance. It suggests they’ve already received at least some form of release candidate or internal schedule from Google.
Wear OS 7 itself was announced at Google I/O 2026 last month. It brings a fairly wide set of improvements aimed at making Pixel Watches feel faster and more useful day to day. One of the key focuses is battery optimisation. Additionally, there’s a broader UI refresh that introduces new Widgets and Live Updates designed to surface information more dynamically on the wrist.
Perhaps the more notable addition is support for Gemini Intelligence on select smartwatches. That effectively ties Google’s newer AI features into Wear OS in a more visible way. It brings more contextual assistance and on-device intelligence into everyday watch interactions.
If the Verizon listings are accurate, the Pixel Watch lineup could be among the first to receive the update. This would align with Google’s usual approach of prioritising its own hardware first before wider rollout.
For now, nothing is officially confirmed. However, the timing of the support page updates strongly suggests Wear OS 7 is in the final stretch before launch.
(via DroidLife)
Tech
Why Thermodynamics Rules Future Orbital Data Centers
“Space computing, the final frontier, has arrived,” Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang declared at the Nvidia GTC conference in March.
Indeed, the idea of data centers in orbit has gone from science fiction to a serious spending category. Elon Musk’s SpaceX has acquired xAI (also Musk’s) and is planning a constellation of space-based data centers. Google, not to be outdone, announced Project Suncatcher in partnership with Planet, planning to launch two satellites equipped with Google Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) AI chips by early 2027. Startup Starcloud has already filed a proposal with the Federal Communications Commission for an 88,000-satellite constellation for orbital data centers. As Starcloud’s filing suggests, these companies are all proposing fleets of satellites numbering in the thousands, each housing a rack or multiple racks of AI-grade GPUs, interconnected with each other through free-space optical links and communicating back to Earth via microwave links, either directly or through other satellites.
Proponents tout the many wonders of computing in space: abundant solar energy, free cooling, and freedom from Earth-based disturbances like earthquakes, floods, and protesters. But a sober look at the physics of space-based computing paints a much more nuanced picture.
Free cooling is perhaps the biggest misconception. Space is cold, but it also has no atmosphere. That means the best heat-removal mechanisms, conduction and convection, are off the table. The only option is radiation. To prevent a chip from overheating in space, a large, costly surface area is required to dissipate the energy and then radiate it.
Solar energy is abundant, but collecting it with functional solar panels that maintain perfect alignment toward the sun is a complex task requiring extensive attitude control systems. On top of that, ionizing radiation in space from cosmic rays and other sources poses a unique challenge, degrading the solar panels, the radiative coolers, and the chips themselves. Because regular maintenance in space is difficult, redundancy has to be built in at launch, and cost estimates have to account for efficiency degradation over time.
At ABI Research, where I work as an aerospace analyst, we did a rough total-cost-of-ownership comparison between a data center on Earth and one in space. It showed that the cost to launch and run a GPU in space for a year is at least an order of magnitude higher than the same feat in a terrestrial data center. Our model was simple, assuming an Nvidia H100 server rack launched with the requisite-size solar panel and radiator on a spacecraft akin to Starcloud’s pilot launch. We assumed SpaceX’s Starship was used at a highly optimistic launch cost per kilogram of US $44, and a terrestrial energy cost of $0.20 per kilowatt hour. This is a simple back-of-the-envelope calculation, but it does signal something real.
From our perspective, the cost of delivery and space hardening of the payload makes general-purpose space-based data centers difficult to justify economically today, despite the fact that data-center builders in many regions are scrambling for electric power. However, there are niche applications where the much higher costs of computing in space could be justified. Examples include preprocessing data from Earth-observation satellites, real-time detection and tracking of hypersonic missiles, and active collision avoidance in the increasingly crowded low Earth orbit. Even for these, though, contending with fundamental physics will still be a demanding challenge. And a technologically compelling one, too.
The Cooling Challenge in Space
Cooling is where physics separates the science from the fiction. The governing equation for radiative cooling, the only type of cooling available in space, is known as the Stefan-Boltzmann Law. It states that the amount of power you can radiate is proportional to the area of the radiator times its temperature to the fourth power. For a space systems architect, the implications of this law are brutal. In orbit, the only variable we can control is area. This restriction creates a geometric penalty, or a “physics tax,” for cooling in space: The more power you need to reject, the bigger the area of the radiator you need to bring along from Earth.
The only cooling method available in space is radiation, and the radiator area required is derived using the Stephan-Boltzmann law. For a single chip drawing 700 watts, like Nvidia’s popular H100 GPU, the area required to keep it at 20 °C is just under 3 square meters, and it goes down to 1 square meter for an operating temperature of 85 °C. However, as the radiator surface is exposed to ionizing radiation, its emissivity decreases, and after 5 years in space the required area increases by about 40 percent.
To understand how big this baseline area is in practice, I used the Stefan-Boltzmann law to model the heat-rejection area needed to keep a single chip that draws 700 watts of power—such as the H100 GPU chip, an AI stalwart—at a constant 60 °C, usually considered the sweet spot for GPU longevity and stability. I further assumed that the radiator is perfectly facing deep space, at a chilly background temperature of 3 kelvins. By this calculation, a single chip would require 1.4 square meters of radiator surface.
To put this into perspective, consider that a common AI rack can hold approximately 32 GPUs (four H100 server boards). With CPUs, memory, and networking equipment, this rack would draw around 40 kilowatts of power. This single rack includes 2.5 terabytes of memory—enough capacity to serve over 20,000 concurrent users or run 16 simultaneous instances of Llama 3, an open-source AI model. But to cool this thermal load in a vacuum, that single rack would require an 80-square-meter radiator, roughly the size of a pickleball court. For an aggregate 100-megawatt data center, you’d need at least 2,500 of those radiators.
And that’s the best-case scenario. Additional problems are hidden in the low Earth orbit environment itself. Space exposes radiators and their coatings to a chemically hostile brew of ultraviolet light and atomic oxygen, quite the opposite of a clean-room environment. Over a LEO satellite’s typical 5-year lifespan, these elements degrade the radiator’s surface properties and lower its ability to shed heat.
Including this degradation in the model reveals that as the radiator degrades from a “fresh” state to an “end-of-life” state, the physics demands a further penalty. To maintain that same 60 °C operating temperature for the GPU chips, the required surface area jumps from about 1.4 square meters per chip to nearly 2.0 square meters. In other words, the physics tax rises by 40 percent. Therefore, you must launch at least 40 percent more radiator mass, endure higher atmospheric drag, and sacrifice valuable launch volume just to survive the degradation of the thermal coating. This increase adds significantly to the launch cost and further erodes the economics of a space-based data center.
The Silicon Challenge in Space
Solving the heat problem is only part of the battle. The other significant challenge in low Earth orbit is ionizing radiation, which affects the computing hardware itself. Today’s satellites typically use radiation-hardened processors, which are very reliable but also much more expensive, and they perform poorly compared to commercial off-the-shelf processors.
A standard rad-hard chip doesn’t have the processing power to run a modern large language model (LLM). As a result, satellite operators aspiring to launch a data center have no choice but to make a risky compromise: to use hardware meant for terrestrial use. In order to achieve the necessary compute density, orbital data centers must use the same Nvidia H100s or Google TPUs found in terrestrial server farms. The problem is that these chips are “soft” targets in space. High-energy particles can flip bits in memory or cause “latch-ups” in logic that fry the circuit.
One possible option is to shield the computers from radiation with thick, absorbent panels. However, the shielding would add significantly to the already heavy satellites. The other option is to compensate for the radiation damage with redundancy. Indeed, edge computing architects are moving toward software-defined resilience, where instead of one perfectly hardened computer, operators fly a cluster of imperfect, commercial ones whose total cost could be as low as one-tenth to one-hundredth that of the rad-hard model.
This redundant approach is used in many spacecraft, including Artemis II, which recently carried astronauts around the moon, as well as SpaceX’s flight computers and the Hewlett Packard Enterprise edge servers for the International Space Station. By running three (or more) instances of the same calculation on three different nodes and comparing the answers, the system can detect a corrupted processor. If a node fails, the “orchestrator” reboots it while the others continue the mission. While this ensures resiliency, it also means that some fraction of the compute capacity is dedicated to redundancy, further increasing the costs.
The Energy Challenge in Space
An often-touted advantage of space-based data centers is the seemingly unlimited supply of free, clean energy from the sun. Solar energy in orbit is indeed abundant, at 1,361 watts per square meter. Of course, capturing that free energy is made possible only by the very costly launching of large solar panels into orbit. And those solar panels also degrade over time due to radiation exposure, typically losing 1 to 3 percent efficiency per year.
Let’s say a solar array collects 1 MW of power to run an AI cluster. The laws of physics demand that the satellite must eventually radiate 1 MW of waste heat. Because the square area needed to generate the solar power—around 400 W/m2—and to reject the heat—around 450 W/m2—are nearly equivalent, every square meter of power generation now demands approximately another square meter of cooling. The radiator needs to be a structural equal, not merely a passive coating on a surface used for something else.
As Elon Musk recently noted in Davos, the most efficient radiator is one that never sees the sun. By orienting the spacecraft so the solar panels face the sun and the radiators face the deep vacuum of space, efficiency skyrockets for both. But there’s a catch: Maintaining this perfect three-way alignment—panels to sun, radiator to the void, antennas to Earth—requires complex, high-torque attitude control systems. So this configuration means more payload and more computing power. Plus, these control systems are complex components with many failure modes, which is not optimal in a situation where maintenance is difficult.
The Killer Apps for Computing in Space
Given all these challenges of deploying massive radiators for satellites in the hostile environment of space, why build data centers in space at all?
While training or inference on LLMs in space doesn’t seem economical today, there are other, very compelling applications for computing in space. Here are two: solving the downlink bottleneck from Earth-observation satellites and enabling collision-preventing maneuvers in the increasingly crowded low Earth orbit.
The latest Earth-observation satellites, equipped with hyperspectral and synthetic aperture radar sensors, are used for a range of important reconnaissance missions, such as battlefield intelligence, tracking the global shadow fleet of ships carrying contraband, and assessing earthquakes or infrastructure failures down to the millimeter. These systems can generate hundreds of terabytes of raw data per day that must be transmitted to Earth. However, the radio-frequency “pipes” used to downlink the data are congested, and the ground infrastructure cannot absorb the sheer volume of raw data.
Another immediate, mission-critical application for in-space computation is protecting the orbital environment. With over 17,000 satellites in orbit, the overwhelming majority of which are in low Earth orbit, avoiding collisions between these satellites is crucial. As NASA astrophysicist Donald Kessler pointed out back in 1978, a single space collision could cause a cascading effect that renders the entirety of LEO unusable.
According to SpaceX’s recent annual report, the Starlink constellation executes a collision avoidance maneuver every 2 minutes on average. Each maneuver already relies on onboard AI systems but still requires most of the processing to happen on the ground.
SpaceX’s Starlink system currently has over 10,000 satellites in low Earth orbit, each depicted here as a colored dot.
Satellitemap.space
As low Earth orbit gets increasingly populated, collision avoidance will have to break the traditional ground-loop model. In the megaconstellation era of space, the OODA (observe, orient, decide, act) loop must happen onboard, thereby reducing the analysis turnaround from minutes to milliseconds.
The problem is that the flight computers standard on satellites are not built for this level of processing. The complex probability models required for maneuvering cannot currently be implemented by onboard computers in conjunction with their navigation systems. Clearly, more powerful computers are needed.
This is the true economic justification for moving compute to space: to move insight generation there. By placing high-performance computing adjacent to the sensors, we can process terabytes of data in orbit and downlink only the relevant data in real time, and we can do the computations necessary to avoid satellite collisions in real time.
The Future of Computing in Space
So, assuming that some form of computing is inevitable in low Earth orbit in the foreseeable future, how will the heat be handled? The industry is currently experimenting with two main classes of solutions to cope with the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
One creative option is to use origami-inspired radiators, the kind used for the James Webb telescope. Companies are developing flexible, high-conductivity composite radiators that fold into a tight cube for launch and unfurl into enormous yet lightweight thermal wings in orbit.
Another possibility is to use liquid-droplet radiators. This concept proposes removing the rigid radiator structure completely and instead spraying a stream of coolant oil directly into the vacuum of space. The fluid travels through an open loop, exposed to the near-absolute zero of the void, maximizing radiative surface area before being caught by a collector and pumped back into the ship. It sounds like science fiction, but as the heat loads climb into the megawatts, liquid-droplet cooling may be the only way to cheat the mass limits of this exponential reality.
Our rough total-cost-of-ownership model uses optimistic versions of current numbers, such as launch cost, chip cost, and power use. A critic might point out that future technology will improve, both in efficiency, purpose-built designs, and costs.
Sure, the technology is bound to improve. But the critical factor isn’t just launch cost; it’s the computing power per unit mass and electric-power economics. Radiators and solar arrays can consume 65 to 70 percent of total satellite mass, and space-grade photovoltaics run orders of magnitude more expensive than terrestrial equivalents.

Even as launch costs fall, the mass and cost burden of power generation and thermal management will remain a fundamental problem.
Current space-grade solar panels rely on germanium substrates, whose supply is concentrated in China. It will be extremely difficult to scale up availability of these substrates. A transition to radiation-tolerant perovskite solar panels or a similar alternative could change the economics significantly, but that possibility is five years away or more. The technology will get cheaper, but the bottlenecks of power and thermal architecture will remain.
Recognizing the thermal reality of cooling in space forces us to shift how we view satellite operations. We are moving away from the “launch and forget” era toward an era of “autonomous logistics.” As our thermal model demonstrated, the harsh environment of space steadily attacks the hardware. UV radiation degrades thermal coatings; cosmic rays degrade silicon. In a traditional satellite model, when the radiator degrades or the memory fails, the satellite becomes space junk. For a multimillion-dollar data center, that disposal model is potentially ruinous.
To make the economics of orbital computation work, the infrastructure must be serviceable and the rockets to launch them reusable. The orbital domain will require automated servicing vehicles capable of swapping out degraded radiator panels and upgrading fried servers. In these ways, the future of the orbital data centers is dependent on the innovations of an emergent in-space economy.
There’s a good argument to be made that the need for space-based computation is less of a hype cycle and more of an enabler for the new space economy. Look no further than SpaceX’s recent regulatory filings proposing a constellation of up to a million satellites in low Earth orbit. At such a scale, routing all raw data back to Earth is physically impossible; the network itself must become the data center.
However, the winners in this sector will be determined by the systems architects who most cleverly accommodate the thermodynamics and the companies with sufficient vertical integration to take on the massive costs of operating data centers in orbit. Ultimately, the physics tax is universal. Whether managing heat rejection in the vacuum of low Earth orbit or managing power density in a hyperscale facility in Northern Virginia, the constraint is never the silicon. It’s the thermodynamics.
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The key steps that will enable organizations to scale Physical AI
As physical AI enters our homes, workspaces and public infrastructure, it will have a transformative effect. Autonomous vehicles will become the norm on our streets, factories and warehouses will move to full automation, AI-enabled devices will assist in surgeries and medical procedures, and greater intelligence will be embedded into domestic devices.
Such is the emerging significance of physical AI, Gartner has identified it as a top strategic trend that will shape enterprise priorities over the next five years. There is no doubt the opportunities are great. But are organizations ready to roll out autonomous robots and drones, self-driving vehicles and industrial automation at scale?
VP of IoT & Engineering for EMEA & APAC at Cognizant.
Project leaders are finding that the deployment of AI in physical spaces, where they will coexist with humans, is very different from deployment of AI in an abstract cloud computing environment. Physical AI is requiring machines and systems to perceive what’s happening around them, interpret context and act autonomously in the real world.
For obvious reasons, these deployments must be proven safe and reliable. To successfully achieve this, leaders are required to overcome numerous practical complications, such as the constraints on edge devices, regulatory compliance and environmental considerations.
In addition to this, project leaders also need to convince their senior leadership teams that physical AI can be scaled across operations.
This will require them to show that the ongoing operational costs are manageable – and that a clear return on investment, be that through improved uptime, energy optimization or workforce efficiency, is evident. If they fail to demonstrate this, projects will never get past the pilot phase.
Embrace AI from the outset
To address these challenges, the first step for leaders is to ensure physical AI solutions and their benefits are factored in at the outset of any project. When organizations fail to include AI at the earliest stage – during the design and development of any product or operational environment – it creates challenges.
This typically results in fragmentation across hardware, firmware, applications and cloud computing – and results in a build-up of technical debt and diminishing returns. Siloed operational assets also result in disjointed workflows, operational bottlenecks and suboptimal performance.
Where this is the case, we often see organizations struggle to innovate and pivot whenever new commercial opportunities arise, such as through new smart consumer devices, factory robotics or in-vehicle infotainment.
Gartner estimates that the organizations taking a proactive approach in reducing, what it refers to as, “AI debt” will mature up to 500% faster over the next three years.
Enable edge inference
In contrast to cloud AI deployments, physical AI requires organizations to integrate real-time edge inference with several computing layers. Specific solutions will need to be engineered to compensate for the numerous hard constraints encountered on edge devices, including compute capacity, memory, power consumption, thermal limits and form factor.
These constraints typically force deliberate trade-offs in model size, update frequency, hardware selection and inference strategy. As edge capabilities continue to advance, these constraints can increasingly be addressed. Low power GPUs and specialized AI accelerators are expanding the range of workloads that can be executed locally.
Techniques such as model compression and quantization also help reduce computational demand while maintaining acceptable performance.
In particularly constrained environments, distributed edge architectures can be used to offload specific tasks to nearby devices. With these advances, what matters less is where intelligence runs, and more how deliberately edge constraints are engineered from the outset.
This will increase reliability, reduce reliance on cloud computing and lower the ongoing operational costs.
Run simulations
These edge engineering solutions will provide organizations with a proof of concept. But, to enable these to scale, project leaders also need to test scenarios and understand second-order impacts across operations. They will want to do this without disrupting production, compromising safety or committing capital prematurely.
Project leaders can derisk investments and validate their decisions, however, by leveraging advanced simulation platforms, such as NVIDIA’s Omniverse. This enables them to create digital twins of factories, assets and workflows, and allows teams to explore “what-if” scenarios.
Simulations allow teams to assess performance and identify constraints early. In energy intensive environments, for example, teams can assess power usage and sustainability trade-offs. This enables leaders to evaluate costs, right size capital investment, accelerate planning cycles and align stakeholders around a shared view of the future.
Build confidence
The use of simulations also helps to identify quick wins that will help leaders to demonstrate early success. This will provide crucial evidence that the technology is safe and reliable, but also that it can provide a clear return on investment.
This should act as the first phase of a staged rollout program. With physical AI, it is advisable that organizations take an incremental approach, as it will help to build confidence in the project among the senior leadership team – and remove the hesitancy that can hold projects back and prevent them from scaling.
To further instill confidence, project leaders should simultaneously roll out a structured organizational change management project too. This will prepare stakeholders and the workforce for the impact of physical AI within their operations.
Lead organizational change
The skill sets required in a physical AI project are different to those needed in a cloud AI deployment. Organizations need deeper expertise in embedded systems, real-time software and lower-level programming languages. As a result, there may be a need to augment workforces and evolve organizational structures.
To encourage acceptance of the technology, a clear communication strategy will also be necessary – one that explains how physical AI will provide value, and how the deployment will impact individual roles and processes. It may also be necessary to provide additional training and ongoing support throughout the roll out process.
Physical AI can no longer be considered a futuristic concept – it’s already transforming the world around us. It’s enabling organizations to innovate, go to market faster and seize commercial opportunities. It is also helping to optimize operational workflows, increase productivity and reduce costs.
If organizations want to take advantage and accelerate adoption, however, they must develop the solutions that work for their specific needs and derisk their deployment strategies. When they do this, organizations typically find they can scale physical AI quickly and reap the benefits sooner.
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South Korea hits Coupang with $400M+ fine for data breach that affected millions
South Korean authorities have imposed a record-breaking fine of $624 billion won (over $400 million) on retail giant Coupang after a data breach last year compromised the personal data of more than 34 million customers.
Seoul’s Personal Information Protection Commission issued the maximum penalty on Thursday following discovery of the breach in December 2025. The retail giant, which is headquartered in the U.S. but popular in South Korea and likened to the “Amazon of Asia,” had said the months-long data breach allowed a former employee to obtain names, email and shipping addresses, phone numbers and order histories of about two-thirds of South Korea’s population.
Coupang told BBC News that it plans to challenge the regulator’s decision. The fine represents a rare case of a financial penalty issued against a U.S.-based firm. Korean lawmakers have accused some of their American counterparts of imposing political pressure after reports that U.S. representatives were linking the data breach with U.S.-South Korean bilateral ties in response to the case against Coupang’s executives.
U.S. companies rarely face financial sanctions or criminal prosecution for data breaches as a result of lacking laws and enforcement powers.
Tech
Legacy Of Atlantis Is A Vivid, High-Pace Remake Of A Classic
Tomb Raider is back. Again. Lara Croft is back. Yet again. This time, her character is positioned between the “Survivor” trilogy of the last decade and her iconic debut in 1996. Yes, 30 years ago.
Legacy of Atlantis is a remake of that very first adventure, centered on Atlantean mythology, tomb raiding and, well, a few dinosaurs. At Summer Game Fest 2026, Crystal Dynamics and Flying Wild Hog shared the first gameplay demo, with Unreal Engine 5 adding vivid detail and lushness to Lara’s travails.
The developers made a clever choice, centering the demo on an early part of the original game. Set in the Peruvian mountainside, my playthrough included a giant cog puzzle I remember from playing the original. There were also several shootouts with a herd of dinosaurs, the same vivid red velociraptor-adjacent creatures from Tomb Raider (1996).
Retreading the original game’s ground gives a clear demonstration of how Legacy of Atlantis will elevate the game from the original, making a relatively insipid cog puzzle (find the giant wheels, bring them together, interrupt the waterfall to make a path) into a more exploratory, exciting experience. Yes, you can swan-dive into the waterfall pool whenever you want.
Lara can collect and use healing packs between fights, gathering resources from trees and caves, as well as mythical curios and historical objects. Not all the contemporary gaming changes are welcome: I’m not particularly thrilled with the inclusion of collectible hunting. The Assassin’s Creed series has largely moved on and I think a lot of gamers have done the same. Some collectibles, like fangs, can be converted into skill points, meaning I will feel obliged to scour for objects.
Lara’s PDA (love it: that’s some 1996 nonsense) combines encyclopedia entries for everything you find, along with the current task. It also includes a scanner that can be used intermittently to offer some tips on what to do next. I did get lost at times, and that was due to my not paying enough attention. Legacy of Atlantis leans into verticality a lot, and pretty much each time I lost my way, the route forward was either literally above my head (grappling hooks!) or under my feet. (Of course, there’s a cave behind that tiny waterfall.)
A grappling hook and climbing axe round out the equipment loadout, drawing inspiration from more recent Tomb Raider titles. Besides swinging across chasms, the grappling hook can also be used to pull objects towards the player and is crucial to solving the cog puzzle.
After scaling the mountainside and unlocking a route through the waterfall, the demo jumps a little farther forward, deep into the jungle. Dinosaurs soon surround Lara, and she doesn’t even blink. While I wasn’t able to shoot two targets at once, OG Tomb Raider style, I wouldn’t be surprised if that’s some kind unlockable skill in the full game — skill trees were blocked in this demo.
While there’s no shared development core, parts of the game reminded me of another recent game with a connection to the Amazon industrial entertainment complex: 007 First Light. It’s not just the detailed environments and quippy British lead but a new skill for Lara. Focus, when pressed during gunfights, slows time, helping you to shoot with more precision or switch to a distant target. Oh, she also does so while doing an aerial (a sort of hands-free cartwheel), reminding me of Max Payne, any of The Matrix’s spin-off games and many others. Thankfully, Lara’s dual pistols have infinite ammo and it was easy enough to down the pack of dinosaurs, though not before they gored me a few times.
Not long after, a T. rex enters the scene and we’re locked into a high-speed set piece as I attempt to escape the dinosaurs without falling to my death. I’m relieved that Legend of Atlantis plays more like the original action-adventure titles, while integrating some of the more advanced game mechanics of the last few games. Lara isn’t invincible, but she’s now made of sterner stuff.
Tomb Raider: Legacy of Atlantis launches on February 12 2027, on PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S, Steam and Nintendo Switch 2.
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