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Remove stubborn stains with ease

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When it comes to home cleaning, you can never be too prepared as there’s no telling what spills and stains you might have to deal with. A tipped-over glass of wine or a forkful of pasta that’s hit the floor is more of an inevitability, no matter how careful you are, but if you don’t have any gadgets to hand that can help you clean it all up, it can take ages to sort with a manual touch. This is why you need one of the best steam cleaners to hand.

Although the best hard floor cleaners are the perfect solution for everyday messes, steam cleaners provide a more heavy-duty approach when it comes to sanitising the mess in question. For instance, cleaning up a bit of mud left by your shoes after a long hike is an easy enough task for a hard floor cleaner, but something left behind by a pet or a child (if you catch our drift) is where steam cleaners come into effect.

As you may have guessed from their name already, steam cleaners operate by boiling water to produce a mess-targeting vapour which can then be concentrated to remove whatever it is that’s found its way to your floor. These appliances can work wonders, but because they are a more heavy-duty solution, they work best with sealed floors such as varnished wood or concrete. Anything less may be warped by a steam cleaner over time.

There’s a good variety of steam cleaners available, each with different power settings and accessories designed to target certain messes. It can all be a bit overwhelming if you’re approaching the market for the first time, but this is where the hard work of our expert testers comes in, as they’ve done the hard work for you to find out which of the bunch are actually worth buying.

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All of the options selected for this list have performed brilliantly in our testing process, and we’ve made sure to keep a few budget-friendly options in the mix too for anyone who doesn’t want to spend too much money. Keep on reading to see which picks we currently recommend, and if you need other cleaning solutions for your home then we’ve got you covered with the best vacuum cleaners and the best carpet cleaners.

Best Steam Cleaner at a glance

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Learn more about how we test steam cleaners

We test all steam cleaners in the same way. Each model is tested on hard floors, letting us see how well they clean tough everyday stains. We take before and after photos of cleaning to show the power on offer, and test how well cleaners get into the edges of the room.

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For cleaners with detail attachments, such as squeegees and wire brushes, we test how well they clean tough stains including tiles and grouting, burnt-on stains on oven shelves and limescale-encrusted shower screens. We report on how easy each cleaner was to use and how far it could clean on a tank of water.

  • Staggering steaming power

  • Very fast hard floor mopping

  • Good tool selection with storeage

  • Great VapoHydro cleaning

  • Easy to carry

  • High price

  • No squeegee window tool

  • Cable too short (5.9m)

If you want an impressively powerful steam cleaner that can tackle anything from window sills to brick walls and boasts the highest level of steam pressure we’ve seen from a domestic appliance, look no further than the Karcher SC5.

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Offering a mammoth 2L capacity, 2kW+ heater and a 4.2bar steam pressure level, the SC5 boasts serious steam cleaning power.

Don’t be intimidated by the 4.2bar steam pressure though, as the SC5 offers variable steam control that allows users to control just how much pressure it outputs. This makes it perfect for more delicate or detailed jobs.

With its VapoHydro mode water is mixed with steam and provides a pressure-washer level that we found could easily clean off tough dirt from notoriously difficult areas, including brick walls and garden tiles.

Numerous accessories are included with the SC5 that suit a variety of jobs. This includes an Easyfix mopping head with microfibre cloths and a carpet glider. We found this provided impressively speedy mopping, a wide cleaning sweep and was incredibly easy to manoeuvre.

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Also included is a large square brush for tougher cleaning jobs, a detail nozzle and small detail brush and a power nozzle. All tools will easily see you through any household steam cleaning task, from hard floors and carpets to tiles and window sills.

All accessories conveniently clip into the onboard tool storage too, which makes for convenient storage and means less ferrying tools and brush heads around.

The refillable water reservoir lifts out with ease with an unmissable spout for foolproof refilling or topping up.

As it is one of the most expensive models on our list, if you just need a steam cleaner for simple jobs then this might not be the best choice for you. However as this is an easy to use and versatile steam cleaner then we would say this is a worthy investment for those who can spare the cash.

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  • Powerful and fast cleaning

  • Steam blast loosens tough stains

  • Simple controls

  • Doesn’t stand up on its own

  • For floors only

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If you’re looking for a steam floor mop to quickly clean up hard floors, the Shark Klik n’ Flip S6003UK Steam Mop could well be the model for you. This well-priced steam mop is focused on floor cleaning, shipping with a double-sided mopping pad that clips to the bottom of the mop. It’s a huge mop, making short work of floors, as you can clean large areas with a single swipe based on our tests.

Cleverly, the Klik n’ Flip head can flip over partway through a clean, giving you the clean side of the pad to keep cleaning with, without introducing a lengthy changeover. This is a feature we found super handy, that let us clean larger areas without having to stop and start.

Cleaning performance was excellent, with the Shark Klik n’ Flip S6003UK Steam Mop tidying up mud on our tiled floor with ease, and picking up everyday kitchen stains: the steam blast function is particularly useful for cleaning up tougher stains, and we found that this helped remove dried-on pet food without having to get down on our needs.

Thanks to the design of the cloth, we found that we could push the S6003UK right into the edges of our room, giving us edge-to-edge cleaning. We needed to get down on our knees and manually clean areas far less with this model than rivals.

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Easy to use, easy to move and brilliantly priced, the Shark Klik n’ Flip S6003UK Steam Mop is the best steam mop that we have ever tested. If you’ve got lots of hard floors, this is a great model to buy.

  • Hugely versatile

  • Powerful floor cleaning

  • Makes short work of most jobs around the house

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  • Have to hold trigger down

If you’re looking for a versatile steam cleaner that can be used across floors, windows and even to tackle bathroom tiles, the Vax Steam Fresh Total Home steam cleaner is a fantastic choice.

With two tanks on-board, the Vax Steam Fresh Total uses a combination of steam and detergent when in its upright mopping mode, with the latter adding a scent boost into cleaning.

Just note that when the device is in handheld mode, you can only use steam to clean.

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Vax includes a huge array of additional tools which can be used in both handheld mode or via the hose. These tools include a detail nozzle for pushing steam into hard-to-reach areas, a squeegee, and grout, scrubbing and even deep scrubbing brushes too.

In upright mopping mode, you can either use a tough HD steam cleaning pad or a softer steam pad depending on how dirty your floor is. Both options attach via velcro, so it’s easy to swap them mid-clean.

There’s also a built-in scrubbing brush to help agitate any tough and dried in stains too.

Want to refresh a carpet or a rug? Attach the included carpet glider which helps the Vax Steam Fresh Total Home to slide on carpet without causing any damage.

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Using the steam mop is impressively easy, thanks to its power button and intuitive switch that allows you to control the amount of steam that’s produced. A potential issue with using the mop is the fact you need to manually hold the trigger in order to start producing steam.

Although we appreciate the fact we can control the amount of steam, some may find this tiring and difficult to use after a while.

There’s unfortunately no option to collect solids, which you can find on the more expensive Dyson WashG1, however if you need fast and efficient cleaning around the house then the Vax Steam Fresh Total Home steam cleaner remains a seriously great choice.

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  • Large water tank

  • Easy to fill

  • Heats up quickly

  • Powerful steaming

  • Versatile

  • Unclear steam dial

  • Bulky for small jobs

  • Noisy

If there’s one problem with cylinder steam cleaners, it’s that you have to wait for most of them to cool down before you refill and continue cleaning. Not so with the Polti Vaporetto Smart 100_B, which has a removable water tank, so you can fill it as many times as you need to complete your cleaning job, all without any cool-down time.

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We found this makes this cylinder steam cleaner a great choice for large and difficult jobs, but its bulk means that it’s not an ideal tool if you only want to tackle smaller jobs or just mop floors.

Although the controls are a little confusing on this model (the steam dial goes from min to max, but it’s not clear where about you are in the range), performance is mostly excellent. The Polti Vaporetto Smart 100_B coped well with our tough floor challenge, brought grout back to life and easily managed to clean up a hard floor.

There are tools to tackle most jobs, but only one mop pad in the box is a little disappointing, as this gets dirty quickly. That said, for the price, this is an excellent choice and the continuous cleaning makes it brilliant for large jobs, particularly those outside of hard floors.

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  • Vac cleans in front of steam mop

  • Fast heat-up time

  • Good run-time per tank

  • Decent-length cable (7.5m)

  • Limited suction power

  • Average steam power

  • No pivot on head

The Bissell Vac & Steam 1977E is a fantastic time-saver, vacuuming and cleaning at the same time. We loved the original, and now the 1977E model has had a small update and now comes in a fetching blue colour. As a standalone steam cleaner or a standalone vacuum cleaner, this model won’t win awards; yet, the combination of the two features produces some powerful cleaning results.

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With a 400W bagless vacuum cleaner and 1100W steam heater, we found that small particles were sucked up before the microfibre pad steams the floor and picks up stains. For well-trodden areas in your home with hard floors, the Bissell Vac & Steam 1977E effectively halved our cleaning time. Bissell recommends three passes for a dirty area and that worked well for us, picking up dust and removing stains well.

The downside of the system is that it’s not very flexible, and it’s neither a good vacuum nor a flexible and powerful steam cleaner. Still, it’s the combination of parts that is important, and the Bissell Vac & Steam 1977E delivers on hard floor cleaning. We recommend this model for homes that need regular cleaning; our tester has dogs, so needs to clean daily, where the Bissell Vac&Steam 1977E came in handy. For deeper floor cleaning, the Shark S6003UK is a better choice.

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  • Stands up on its own

  • Heats up quickly

  • Uses water efficiently

  • Seam volume not adjustable

  • Only one microfibre pad

  • Residue from messier stains

The Beldray Detergent Steam Cleaner is our top pick for the best budget steam mop that can also use detergent.

It’s sturdy and a mop we found to be easy to work with, given how lightweight it is. We also think the Beldray cleaner looks the part with its turquoise and white colour scheme, too, and is able to be conveniently disassembled with the handle can be removed with a literal touch of a button. The fact there’s a 5-metre cable here also enables this cleaner to go rather far round your house, and also helps its manoeuvrability.

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For its steaming powers, this Beldray mop comes with a 330ml water tank. That may sound small, but thanks to the fact it uses its water rather sparingly, you can actually go rather far before that tanks needs refilling. To go with the 330ml of water, this cleaner also has a 200ml detergent tank to help freshen up floors and offer a little more oomph for cleaning.

Beldray says water will heat up in 25 seconds, making this a relatively prompt mop to heat water up with. There isn’t much in the way of controls, apart from an onboard power switch, which is a handy addition considering other cleaners require you to physically turn it off from the wall. This appliance also comes with a Velcro-attached microfibre pad for the mop head, and a carpet glider to help it to move smoothly across carpeted surfaces.

In our testing, we found the Beldray Detergent Steam Cleaner to do a pretty good job of removing most of the mess we’d left down in tiles in one fell swoop. In addition, it saturated the colours of our rug when steaming a patch for 30 seconds, although didn’t quite get rid of a small stain that was left. It arguably did a better job of dealing with laminate flooring, as our dried muddy footprints were fully gone within 20 seconds without any marks or residue. Our toughtest test involving a combo of coffee and tomato paste stains dried into a patch of tiles arguably pushed this cleaner to its limits, with it taking around two and a half minutes for the stain to be fully removed.

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FAQs

Do you need a steam mop or a steam cleaner?

A steam mop is designed specifically for hard floors, with a microfibre cloth used to pick up dirt and steam pushed through the cloth to clean and remove dirty. A steam cleaner is different, as it has different attachments for different jobs: nozzles and brushes for detail cleaning, window cleaning accessories and more.

The latter is better for tackling jobs around the house, but a steam mop is more convenient for everyday use. If you want a balance, you can get models that convert from a mop to a handheld unit for occasional detail jobs.

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Should you use detergent with a steam cleaner?

Steam cleaners don’t have to use detergent, and use clean water and steam alone to remove stains. This makes them more gently cleaners in some regards, as you don’t have to use harsh chemicals to remove stubborn stains. That’s not to say that you shouldn’t use chemicals in the normal way.

For example, for cleaning floors and surfaces, using traditional detergent and disinfectant makes sense, although you can then use a steam cleaner afterwards for dealing with some stains. Likewise, you should still clean with cleaning products for the deepest clean, letting the steam cleaner handle deeper jobs.

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What size water tank do I need?

The larger the tank of water you have, the longer the steam cleaner can keep cleaning. This is more important on some models than others. Many models have a refillable water tank that you can remove and top up when you like. These ones heat water when its pumped from a tank, effectively giving you continuous cleaning. For these models, the size of the tank isn’t so important, as you can get water when you need it.

If you have a cleaner with a built-in tank where all of the water is heated at the same time, you have to have a cool-down time (up to 20 minutes or so) before you can refill and use them again. For these models, it’s important to have a running time that will last for the length of job you have, so that you don’t have to pause in the middle of cleaning.

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What accessories do I need?

Steam cleaners, bar standalone steam mops, will come with a variety of attachments for different jobs. Largely, these are there to make specific tasks easier. Each accessory works by changing how steam is directed, such as a thin nozzle to help push steam towards tile grouting, or by providing a tool to help clean, such as a wire brush for cleaning an oven. Tools can do both, such as an upholstery brush that directs steam over a wider area and gives you a brush to agitate the upholstery and loosen dirt. When you buy a steam cleaner you should think about the jobs you want to do and make sure that your chosen model has the right accessories.

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Can you use a steam cleaner on all surfaces?

Steam is generally safe to use on most surfaces but there are some exceptions to this. As you’re using water, using a steam cleaner on an unsealed surface isn’t recommended. And, surfaces that may react badly to a lot of water, such as solid wood flooring, may not be suitable, as you could get swelling.

The situation is worse if you apply steam directly to the surface but also applies with steam mops. Although mop heads will absorb most of the heat of the steam, they can still get very wet, which is no good for many surfaces. For dealing with hard floors, we recommend that you buy one of our best hard floor cleaners, instead.

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Can a steam cleaner kill bed bugs?

Steam is an effective way to kill bed bugs and their eggs, thanks to the high temperatures proving lethal. If you’re worried about an infestation, then steam cleaning soft furnishings can help. Make sure that you use the upholstery attachment and/or mattress accessory to clean. You should move slowly over the area, taking at least 30 seconds before moving the steam head in order to deliver a killing dose of steam. Make sure that you cover all areas, and press the steam head into crevices and around the bed; for mattresses, cover the sides and underneath, too.

Can a steam cleaner kill coronavirus?
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Karcher commissioned research that showed that enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, can be killed by high temperatures. Spot cleaning for 30 seconds at maximum steam level was enough to kill the virus. This shows that cleaning close-up is required to be effective, so cleaning with a burst of steam can be a good secondary way of disinfecting surfaces, although cleaning with detergent should always be done. Steam can be good on surfaces that are otherwise hard to clean, such as curtains and upholstery.

Using a steam mop is slightly different, as the microfibre cloth absorbs some heat. Steam mops will remove dirt, bacteria and viruses, but the pad should be cleaned at a high temperature in a washing machine to disinfect it after use. In short, then, a steam cleaner can help disinfect surfaces but should be used as an additional tool after traditional cleaning.

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Test Data

  Karcher SC5 easyFix Premium Steam Cleaner Shark Klik n’ Flip Automatic Steam Mop S6003UK Vax Steam Fresh Total Home Steam Cleaner Polti Vaporetto Smart 100_B Bissell Vac & Steam 1977E Beldray Detergent Steam Cleaner

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Full Specs

  Karcher SC5 easyFix Premium Steam Cleaner Review Shark Klik n’ Flip Automatic Steam Mop S6003UK Review Vax Steam Fresh Total Home Steam Cleaner Review Polti Vaporetto Smart 100_B Review Bissell Vac & Steam 1977E Review Beldray Detergent Steam Cleaner Review
UK RRP £499 £149.99 £159.99 £165 £148.99 £39.99
Manufacturer Karcher Tokit Vax Polti Bissell
Size (Dimensions) 301 x 439 x 305 MM 100 x 110 x 1180 MM x x INCHES 270 x 400 x 290 INCHES 280 x 229 x 1181 MM 1170 x 222 x 350 MM
Weight 9 KG 2.3 KG 4.63 KG 5 KG 4.81 KG 2.07 KG
ASIN B077CBLBT3 B01N3930UF B079TNF6QL B01MYDV5WI B08HDJK24W
Release Date 2018 2020 2024 2021 2018 2021
First Reviewed Date 23/07/2018 17/11/2020 10/10/2024 22/02/2021 02/08/2018
Model Number Vax Steam Fresh Total Home Steam Cleaner BEL01097
Accessories Floor cleaning kit, EasyFix + extension tube (2 × 0.5 m), hand nozzle, detail nozzle, round brush (small), microfibre cover for manual nozzle Floor head 2x water filters, 250ml bottle of detergent Mop head with microfibre pad and carpet glider, squeegee tool with microfibre cover, two small round brushes, curved nozzle, scraper tool and two extension tubes Floor head (carpet and hard floors)
Provided heads Carpet glider, floor head (3x mopping pads), 4x cleaning pads, scrubbing brush, deep scrubbing brush, window tool, detail nozzle, grout brush,
Bin capacity litres
Modes Variable steam
Stated Power 1400 W
Run time hrs min
Water tank size 1.5 0.33 0.26 2 0.38 0.35
Floor cleaner type Steam cleaner
Detergent capacity 0.13 litres
Steam cleaner type Cylinder Mop 2-in-1 2-in-1 Mop
Cleaning solution tank Yes Yes
Steam pressure 4.2 bar 4 bar

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Caribbean Dragon Unleashed, Apollo’s Extreme Track Hypercar Finally Rolls Out

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2026 Apollo Evo Production Model
Apollo Automobil rolled its first finished production car onto the Goodwood Festival of Speed grounds in July 2026, and the machine looked ready to rewrite the rules of what a track hypercar can be. Named Caribbean Dragon, this is unit one of just ten Apollo EVOs that will ever leave the German workshop. Twenty years after the original Gumpert Apollo began deliveries, the brand has returned with something sharper, lighter, and more uncompromising than before.



Caribbean Dragon has an incredible 75+ carbon-fiber panels that are all expertly crafted. You see, the paint job alone is a huge operation, with eight coats done by hand that took over 1000 hours. When the sun hits the pearlescent white coat, a diamond dust flake forms, resulting in a little light show. All of this color contrast has a big impact, with the ocean blue of the carbon accents and tinted blue finishes grabbing attention, much like bright sand meets deep water. Apollo CEO Niko Konta believes the name was inspired by comparing the brilliant white and deep blue colors. Forged wheels continue the concept, with white in the front and blue at the back, while blue brake calipers round out the look.

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  • Build the features of this sport car toy – Builders explore lots of engineering concepts as they assemble the articulated V8 engine and the…
  • Realistic door design – The model features a dihedral synchro-helix door system, which allows the doors to rotate 90 degrees while moving outwards…

Underneath the elegant bodywork is a full carbon-fiber monocoque weighing a whopping 165 kg, 15% stiffer and 10% lighter than the Apollo IE. The front and rear carbon subframes, as well as the specific crash components that comprise the chassis, are likewise the subject of extensive engineering. Overall, the dry weight is a lean 1300 kilograms. With adaptive aero generating 1350 kilos of downforce, this car has a bit more grunt than its own mass. The aggressive geometric form, X-shaped front LED lights, and vertical W-shaped rear lamps indicate that the bodywork is going for impact, yet each surface is actually engineered to push air around rather than just look showy.

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Inside the beast is a naturally aspirated 6.3-liter V12 from Ferrari’s F140 family, but it has been completely modified by HWA AG. With 800 metric horsepower and 765 nm of torque, it can reach 8500 rpm using only its own strength. That’s right, no turbo, no electrics, just good old-fashioned power delivered directly to the back wheels via a strong 6-speed sequential gearbox with paddle shifters. According to official numbers, it takes 2.7 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h and has a top speed of 335 km/h, which is impressive for a monster. Carbon-ceramic brakes and Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tyres absorb speed as needed.

2026 Apollo Evo Production Model
The Dragon Skin exhaust system, as Apollo refers to it, is easily visible. It is essentially a one-piece 3D-printed titanium rod, made from a single block of natural titanium, with no welding necessary. It took 123 hours to print alone, as there’s a lot of titanium. The design is also really neat; it’s sturdy, lightweight, can withstand severe temperatures, and fits snugly into the car’s aero package. After a few heat cycles, the titanium develops a gorgeous blue tinge, like to a badge of honor.

2026 Apollo Evo Production Model
Inside the cabin, Brose created the 3D-printed aluminum framework that connects everything, as it is these precise structural pieces that hold the controls together. All of the switchgear, pedals, and other hardware are similarly manufactured in a tidy reinforced framework, reducing weight while still allowing for some fairly complicated designs that standard machining cannot match. This car’s seats are one-of-a-kind, made of bright white and ocean blue leather with blue stitching, and the Apollo emblem is embroidered directly onto each headrest. The cushion patterns are hand-trimmed and look rather special. The steering wheel is solid machined aluminum blended with blue carbon fibre and ocean blue suede, and it’s a stunning piece of craftsmanship. The dashboard is a blend of high-tech digital displays and traditional gauges, with some classic racing-style tell tales to add flair.

2026 Apollo Evo Production Model
Apollo created the EVO with track days in mind, not road excursions. There will be ten automobiles in total, and each one will be hand-built using the Forged software, meaning no two will be alike. Remember that the base model costs a stunning 3 million euros before taxes. The first car was handed over to its new owner at Goodwood, signaling the commencement of deliveries and commemorating the company’s 20th anniversary. Around 70-80% of the car is completely new compared to the IE, as the suspension geometry has been altered, safety measures have been strengthened up to match current LMDH norms, and the entire upper body has been re-engineered from the ground up.

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iPhone 17 Pro survives 3,600-foot fall from a plane

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A Canadian artist dropped her iPhone 17 Pro from a plane at 3,600 feet, then found it sitting face-up and virtually untouched in a canola field. Here’s why this is more common than you’d think.

Heather Cline, a mixed-media artist from Saskatchewan, Canada, routinely takes to the skies with her husband, David, in their small plane. The goal is to gain inspiration for her artwork, which often depicts the Canadian landscape from aerial perspectives.

Recently, during an outing above Regina, Heather decided to use her new iPhone 17 Pro to help gather inspiration for a new project. Her husband wasn’t so sure about her choice.

“I had ordered a grip for it that would make it feel more like a traditional camera but it hadn’t come yet,” Heather says in a video posted to CBC’s Instagram account. “And it was a great day for flying.”

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Heather settled on wearing a lanyard-style case around her neck. Unfortunately, while attempting to take the perfect shot, she inadvertently passed her phone through an airstream, which sucked it out of its case and out of the plane from more than 3,600 feet.

Thinking quickly, David prompted Heather to look for the device with Find My. The pair got a rough idea of where the phone landed and decided to track it down once they landed.

Sure enough, Heather was reunited with her iPhone. And even better: it had miraculously survived the fall and was found unscathed in a canola field.

“I go up, and I think it’s gonna be buried in the dirt, smashed, crazy,” Heather recalls. “I literally look down, the phone’s sitting there, face-up, just up against few strands of canola. And it’s like, pristine.”

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Heather ends the video by laughing and saying that she’ll not be making the same mistake twice and plans on making sure her iPhone is secure before she takes to the skies again.

“Maybe we’ll cable tie it to my hand,” she jokes.

“Not a bad idea,” Dave chimes in.

Free falling

While it might seem improbable that an iPhone could survive a fall from a plane, it’s actually not that far-fetched. It’s not even the first time we’ve heard this story.

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Flat objects, like an iPhone, typically stabilize to fall “flat” fairly quickly during particularly long falls. Not only does this slow the phone down dramatically, it also puts it in the most ideal positioning for impact.

If you’ve ever dropped your phone from a short distance, you’ll know it can be devastating. That destruction is due, in part, because it usually doesn’t fall flat. Edge impacts, especially those on the corners, are far more devastating.

There isn’t enough time for the phone to rotate to flat, so all of the force from the fall can be delivered to a corner or edge. Less area of impact, means all that force is delivered to a small area, very quickly.

So, if you’re wondering why Heather’s iPhone survived a 3,600-foot drop into a crop, and yours broke from four feet onto carpet or concrete, you can blame the physics of aerodynamics and complex impact physics for that.

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We’re not going to write 5000 words on this. Not today, at least, so let’s make it simple.

After some discussions we’ve had with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, some case manufacturers, and Apple over the years, we know that a phone reaches maximum velocity that is notably lower than terminal velocity of a spherical object falling, after about a 335-foot fall.

A six-foot iPhone fall impacts the surface it hits at about half the speed of that 335-foot fall. And, since it hasn’t time had to flatten out on the short fall, a corner or edge impact is far likelier.

Also, the landing surface matters. Concrete stops the phone instantly, causing an immediate energy transfer. Grass or dirt cushions the blow by extending the stopping time, which drastically lowers the peak impact force.

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In the case of airplane drops, it seems that more often than not, the fallen iPhones land on fields or grass, rather than a building, sidewalk, or road. And, they nearly always land on the front or back of the phone, rather than a corner, spreading the force of the fall over a larger surface.

All this contributes to why an iPhone can improbably survive a fall from 3,600 feet. Even if it wasn’t in a case.

It still takes a massive engineering effort to crash-proof an iPhone, and we don’t want to dismiss that. But there are reasons why iPhones can fall from a great distance and survive, while not surviving a short fall.

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AI firms hide behind NDAs to sacrifice millions of books so that they can feed God-like LLMs

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  • ISBNdb ships up to a million books anonymously to AI labs
  • Pre-2022 books are prized because chatbots never touched their text
  • Spine-cutting scanners destroy originals to speed up digitization for training

AI companies are increasingly turning to printed books published before 2022 as preferred training material because those works predate the widespread use of AI-generated content.

Large-scale scanning operations reportedly involve cutting book spines, separating pages, and destroying physical copies to create digital datasets for large language models.

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What Could Replace America’s Ticonderoga-Class Cruisers? Not Even The Navy Knows

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For more than four decades, the U.S. Navy’s Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers have served as some of the fleet’s most capable surface combatants. Designed around the powerful Aegis Combat System, they have played a central role in protecting aircraft carriers, defending against enemy aircraft and missiles, and coordinating complex naval operations around the globe. However, after years of service, the Navy has begun retiring the aging class, with more ships scheduled to leave service over the remainder of the decade.

The challenge is that the Navy has no direct replacement waiting in the wings. Unlike previous generations of warships that were succeeded by clearly defined new classes, the retirement of the Ticonderoga-class vessel leaves a capability gap the service is still working to address. While several options are being considered including relying more on destroyers, no single platform is expected to immediately assume every mission currently performed by these cruisers. That uncertainty has made the future of the Navy’s large surface combatant fleet one of the most closely watched questions in modern naval planning.

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Why the Ticonderoga fleet is disappearing

The Navy originally built 27 Ticonderoga-class cruisers beginning in 1983 at a cost of roughly $1 billion each. Over time, however, age has taken its toll. 20 of these ships have already been decommissioned while the remaining seven vessels are expected to retire by 2030 as maintenance costs continue to rise and the ships become increasingly expensive to modernize. Although several cruisers have received temporary service-life extensions, Navy officials have made clear that the class is approaching the end of its operational life.

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That doesn’t mean the Ticonderoga-class cruiser has become ineffective. On the contrary, they remain among the Navy’s most capable air-defense platforms. The problem is that keeping 40-year-old warships mission-ready has become increasingly difficult and costly, particularly as newer technologies continue to emerge. Earlier efforts to modernize portions of the fleet ultimately proved unable to keep every cruiser in service. As a result, retirement has become less about combat capability and more about balancing readiness, maintenance demands, and long-term fleet modernization.

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What could replace the Ticonderoga-class?

For now, the Navy’s most practical solution is not another cruiser at all. Instead, many of the Ticonderoga’s responsibilities are expected to transition to the latest Flight III Arleigh Burke-class ships such as the USS Ted Stevens sporting the DDG (guided missile destroyer) classification. Equipped with the advanced SPY-6 radar and the latest version of the Aegis Combat System, these new destroyers can assume many of the fleet air-defense and command responsibilities traditionally handled by the retiring cruisers. While they cannot replicate every capability of the Ticonderoga class, they provide the Navy with an effective bridge while longer-term plans continue to develop.

Looking further ahead, the Navy expects its future DDG(X) program to eventually become the next generation of large surface combatants. However, that program remains years away, with the first ships not expected until the early 2030s. Until then, the Navy finds itself in the unusual position of retiring one of its most successful classes of warships without a direct one-for-one successor ready to take its place. Upgraded destroyers may help fill much of the gap, but exactly what ultimately replaces the Ticonderoga-class remains an open question — one that will shape the future of the U.S. surface fleet for years to come.

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Glass That Closes a Circuit When You Press It

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Turning Glass Into Touch-Sensitive Button Project
Ordinary glass stops electricity cold. It lets light through and blocks current completely. That combination works fine for windows and phone screens, yet it leaves the material useless as any kind of switch. A thin coating of indium tin oxide changes the rules. The layer is only 10 to 300 nanometers thick, nearly invisible, and still conductive enough to carry current from one edge of a small pane to the other.



Sokol ordered a pack of this coated glass for another project and decided to use a couple of the sheets as buttons. He took his multimeter to test the coating and was thrilled to see that it performed as predicted. One side of each sheet measured around 20 ohms, but the uncoated side remained nice and open, as you would expect from plain glass. The conductive coating is only applied to one side of the glass, so bear this in mind when using it.


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The button is made up of two of these panes, with their coated sides facing each other and a thin sheet of paper between them as a spacer. One pane is grounded, while the other is connected to an Arduino pin equipped with a pull-up resistor that keeps the pin at 5 volts even when the circuit is open. As long as the two conductive layers are apart, the pin reads high and the built-in LED remains dark; however, press down on the stack, and the glass flexes just enough for the coatings to make contact. Then current begins to flow, the pin drops to zero, and the LED illuminates immediately.

Turning Glass Into Touch-Sensitive Button Project
That’s the entire system, so no fancy sensors or drivers, just the old ITO film. The paper spacer keeps the surfaces from touching until you exert pressure, at which point the glass springs back and breaks contact when you let go. The whole thing is a little rudimentary and rough around the edges, but it does the job.

Turning Glass Into Touch-Sensitive Button Project
The same two sheets can do more than simply turn on and off. You can use the same concept to create a resistive touchscreen by applying a voltage gradient to one of the coatings, with half at 5 volts and half at zero. When the other coating makes contact, it detects the voltage where it touches and transmits it to an analog pin, which is where you receive your readout indicating where the push occurred. You can add another gradient to the opposite layer, resulting in two-dimensional placement. Sokol points out that a more polished version of this would require copper tape for consistent edges, external resistors for stable gradients, and larger glass, but the core concept is already present in the simple button.
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PSB iQ2 Speaker Review: Brilliant Sounding Wireless Speakers with a Fatal Flaw?

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I’ve been a fan of PSB Speakers since I first auditioned the brand’s M4U 2 headphones back in 2013. Over its 50-plus years of operation, the Canadian outfit has consistently shown a knack for squeezing big sound into small packages. Never was that more apparent than in 2023’s Alpha iQ, a surprisingly versatile pair of powered bookshelves that pull more dynamism and musical expression out of a four-inch woofer and micro-tweeter than they have any right to.

The follow-up iQ1 and iQ2 stand firmly on the Alpha’s shoulders, offering similarly potent musicality and connectivity packed into miniature cabinets, with a woofer-tweeter stack swap that always throws my brain for a loop. The new pairs also share the Alpha’s flair for stylish minimalism, especially the pricier iQ2, which adds upgrades such as a wireless connection between the speakers and a more refined veneer in colors like Ember Red and Sandstone Beige.

PSB Speakers iQ2 Colors
PSB Speakers iQ2 Colors

While the iQ’s hardware is all PSB, daily operation relies heavily on BluOS’s powerful software, which handles virtually all controls and audio settings, provides access to more than 20 streaming services, and even supports multiroom audio with rock-solid stability. Unfortunately, I can’t say the same for the iQ2’s HDMI eARC TV connection, which proved doggedly inconsistent throughout my review. The iQ2 worked great for other use cases, but without a stable way to connect seamlessly to a TV in today’s market, the package falls well short of its promise.

Setup: Long Haul Connection

psb-speakers-iq2-pair-front
PSB Speakers iQ2 (front)

Setting up the iQ2 isn’t a major hassle for tech-savvy users, but it’s not the push-button start you’ll get from multi-room setups like Sonos, recent app issues notwithstanding. PSB’s quick guide lays out a three-step process that includes simply plugging in the speakers and downloading the BluOS app for Wi-Fi setup, but the online manual hints that Ethernet is the best option where available. As if that were an omen, the iQ2 balked at my network’s 5 GHz Wi-Fi band during an AirPlay connection, leading to multiple stallouts.

Swapping to my split-off 2.4 GHz band fixed the issue, prompting an update and a paint-drying 20 minutes or so of total connection time between the speakers. The process included blasting surprisingly loud music from the primary speaker, which houses the connection hub, to designate it as the right or left channel, but I appreciate the ability to swap the orientation as needed. Users with particularly troublesome rooms should note that the iQ2 doesn’t offer dedicated calibration.

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Controls and Usability: HDMI Issues

psb-speakers-iq2-pair-back
PSB Speakers iQ2 (rear)

There’s also a learning curve for those new to BluOS, or even those like me who’ve been away for a few years. For example, going into the Players tab to find the iQ2’s settings unlocks basic playback controls and options like adding a subwoofer, but there’s no way to select an input. For that, you’ll need to consult the Music tab, which includes all physical inputs, input settings such as allowing the speakers to switch automatically when a signal is detected, and access to BluOS’s 20-plus streaming services and internet radio.

It feels overengineered for a pair of speakers, but that’s because the BluOS ecosystem is designed to let you group the iQ2 with more than 60 other compatible players throughout your home from brands like NAD, DALI, and Bluesound. The app is stable and thoughtful, with features such as haptic volume control, but I wish PSB included a physical remote for quicker access to inputs and other settings. Call me old-fashioned. You do get a few controls on top of the primary speaker, including play/pause, volume, and two programmable presets.

Controls aside, the iQ2’s hardware troubles were the real frustration. HDMI eARC is designed to provide a seamless, high-resolution connection between your TV and speakers, but the iQ2’s implementation was a mess. I experienced audio cutouts across multiple TVs, including instances where the TV recognized the speakers as a source but played no sound. PSB Speakers’ PR team told me this is a known issue and pointed to a firmware fix, but it didn’t work for my review pair.

Design & Features: Elegant Minimalism

The beige PSB IQ2 speaker sits on a stand near a record console.
PSB Speakers iQ2

The iQ2 make a great first impression, especially in the Sandstone color I reviewed, looking both stylish and understated. The cabinets feel well built, and their fingerprint-resistant veneers ensure that the refined aesthetic holds up. There’s solid heft to the compact cubes, though at under 10 inches tall, they looked almost comically small against the 75-inch Micro RGB TV I first paired them with, especially with their little magnetic hats that serve as acoustic grilles.

That said, the iQ2’s wireless connection means they can easily adapt to larger screen sizes, and there’s nothing comical about their 270 watts of Class D amplification. That works out to 90 watts for each speaker’s four-inch polypropylene mid-bass driver and 45 watts for each 0.75-inch aluminum-dome tweeter. PSB claims a frequency response of 65 Hz to 20 kHz, and the speakers dive toward that lower number with more authority than their size suggests.

A column of inputs on the back of the Primary speaker includes HDMI eARC, optical, USB-C playback, USB-A for external drives, a dual line-in/MM phono RCA input adjustable in the app, Ethernet, and a subwoofer output.

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Streaming support includes Spotify Connect, TIDAL Connect, Qobuz Connect, and Apple AirPlay 2. You’ll find many more options in the BluOS app, including Deezer, Napster, and iHeartRadio, to name a few, but not Apple Music. Other streaming options include access to internet radio stations, local network files at up to 24-bit/192 kHz, and Bluetooth with aptX Adaptive.

Listening: Mighty Minis

psb-speakers-iq2-with-grilles
PSB Speakers iQ2

I started testing the iQ2 via lossless Spotify Connect and was quickly reminded why PSB holds a special place in my mind’s cluttered library of audio brands. A bit like Canadians themselves, the iQ2 are unassuming at first, but digging deeper reveals an effective mix of confidence and depth. Their sound signature is clean, smooth, and effortlessly natural, with accurate stereo imaging and more bass than you’d expect from micro speakers.

With the iQ2 playing in the background as my pre-toddler arrived home from daycare, I was constantly distracted by their penchant for drawing out instrumental timbres, from satiny brass and woodwinds to gritty electric guitars and poppy percussion. They do a good job of leaning into different genres, with enough finesse to give each instrument its own space, from the dual vocals in Too Short’s “Money in the Ghetto” to the cacophonous horns in The Beatles’ “Good Morning.”

The warm midrange can make more laid-back mixes sound a little flat, but its keener topside adds some excitement to higher-register instruments and effects without feeling sharp or brittle. The sweet yet pointed treble makes easy work of speedy transients like the reverberating synths in Sweet Spirit’s “Baby When I Close My Eyes,” fluttering the effect back and forth across the stereo image with a deft touch that stands out more readily than in options like SVS’s Prime Wireless Pro.

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Bass is firm and well-rounded, if not particularly revelatory, until you remember the size of the drivers, which outflex just about any four-inch woofers I’ve encountered, including options like U-Turn’s more rugged-sounding Ethos speakers. Even some larger 5.25-inch drivers provide less mid-bass punch. It’s enough groove to be tantalizing, but if you’re after raw emotional power, you’ll need a subwoofer. As usual, my SVS 3000 Micro was a great pairing, firming up the lowest frequencies with richer musicality and some sledgehammer punch while opening more space in the upper registers.

Turning to vinyl with my Orbit Theory turntable, the speakers showed off solid detail and dynamics on my go-to albums, such as Brubeck’s Take Five. Paul Desmond’s buzzy sax in “Blue Rondo” was rendered with keen precision, pulling out most of his breathy overtones. Joe Morello’s stick work had an expressive touch in moments such as his multitone tom play during the title song’s drum solo. I was less impressed when moving to the iQ2’s internal MM phono stage, which was both quieter and less precise than the Theory’s internal preamp, though that seems to be a common issue with powered speakers in this class. You can often do better with an external preamp.

Moving to TV and films, when the HDMI eARC port was working, the iQ2 proved more than up to the task of providing exciting sound effects at the sides of the stereo image and clear dialogue at the center, elevating the subtle diction in well-mixed productions like House of the Dragon. Again, the speakers brought a natural liveliness to effects such as stone hallways and bridges, crackling fires, and the woody creak of the show’s many oversized doors.

PSB Speakers iQ1 in Black
PSB Speakers iQ1

The Bottom Line

On paper, the PSB iQ models, especially the iQ1, provide a ton of value. You’ll spend a lot more to get the pricier iQ2’s wireless connection and fancier cabinets, but both models offer impressive connectivity and features matched by surprisingly good performance, especially in smaller rooms.

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If not for the HDMI eARC issues I encountered, either pair would be a top pick for those after a compact system with connectivity to spare, not to mention the ability to group it with other systems in the BluOS family. As it stands, I can’t recommend the iQ1 or iQ2 until PSB Speakers can ensure simple, reliable connections for all your components.

For those seeking alternatives to the cheaper iQ1, I recommend SVS’s steadfast Prime Wireless Pro, which offers well-rounded sound and great connectivity in sleek, piano-gloss cabinets. If your budget is more in line with the iQ2, KEF’s LSX II provides similarly stylish design and colorways, along with even better sound performance. Neither pair offers multiroom capabilities, however, so if that’s important, you may need to look elsewhere or wait for PSB to provide a real fix.

Pros:

  • Smooth and natural tonal balance
  • Good instrumental separation
  • Powerful bass for their size
  • Stylish, well-built cabinets in multiple colors
  • Loads of connectivity options
  • BluOS multi-room audio support

Cons

  • Setup and basic control could be simpler
  • HDMI eARC cutouts are a mess
  • Upgraded cabinets and wireless connection are pricey
  • May need a subwoofer for larger rooms
  • No included remote
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Our Ratings

★★★★★★★★★★ Sound Quality

★★★★★★★★★★ Build Quality

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★★★★★★★★★★ Usability

★★★★★★★★★★ Value

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The chips that wire GPUs together are the new prize. Xsight raised $300m to sell an open one.

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The AI boom made GPUs famous. The dull chips that wire thousands of those GPUs together are quietly becoming just as valuable.

Xsight Labs, an Israeli chipmaker, has raised more than $300 million at a $2.8 billion valuation, it said on Thursday. Fidelity led the round. That is more than five times what the company was worth in 2021, a jump it made in a single year.

Xsight builds the plumbing of the AI data centre. Its two chips, the E1 processor and the X2 switch, shuttle data between servers, memory and networks. As models grow, moving that data has become one of the industry’s tightest bottlenecks, and the wiring between GPUs is now a prize of its own.

Taking on Nvidia’s other monopoly

Nvidia does not just sell the GPUs. It also dominates the networking layer, which it bought its way into with Mellanox. Xsight’s pitch is the opposite of that closed kit.

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Its chips are open and programmable. They run standard Linux and SONiC, and operators can rewrite the X2 switch in software after it ships, instead of waiting for new silicon. The market wanted “a high-performance alternative to closed, legacy architectures,” said chief executive Yossi Meyouhas. Xsight joins a wave of startups chipping at Nvidia’s grip on the AI stack.

Already in orbit

This is not a lab project. Several global network operators have picked Xsight’s silicon, including SpaceX’s Starlink. Last week its processors passed a test aboard SpaceX’s new Starlink V3 satellites, Globes reported. Programmable chips suit space, where engineers fix a fault in software rather than swap out the hardware.

The selling point is efficiency. The E1 is the first 800-gigabit data processor to ship, and runs under 75 watts. The X2 moves 12.8 terabits a second while drawing 40% less power than older switches. As AI’s electricity bill balloons, every watt saved is a pitch.

A serial exit machine behind it

The pedigree helps. Veterans of EZchip, the Israeli networking firm Mellanox bought in 2016, founded Xsight in 2017, CTech reported. Its chairman is Avigdor Willenz, a serial chip entrepreneur who has sold past companies to Marvell, Amazon and Intel.

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His backers followed him in. The round drew Fidelity, Intel Capital, T. Rowe Price, Battery Ventures and Valor Equity Partners, among others. The cash will fund the next chip generations and a bigger sales push at Tier-1 hyperscalers.

The money pouring into AI infrastructure is no longer chasing only GPUs. It is chasing everything around them, from power stations to the wires in the rack. Xsight is betting the winners in networking will be the open ones.

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Amazon’s next big business, Satya Nadella’s DIY app, and a VC’s rallying cry for Seattle tech

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This week on the GeekWire podcast: Microsoft and Amazon both reported quarterly numbers, and both stocks rose on cloud results that beat expectations. Is all that AI spending paying off? And in related news, Microsoft sees a rare annual headcount decline, hitting product R&D hardest. 

Plus: Satya Nadella builds a Power BI dashboard out of an analyst’s research report, and touts it on the earnings call to make a bigger point. Jeff Bezos names Amazon’s chips business as the long-awaited fourth pillar. And AI House managing director Jacob Colker delivers a much-needed pep talk for Seattle tech, calling on the region to recognize and build on its strengths. 

Related stories and links

Microsoft and Amazon earnings

Amazon’s fourth pillar

A rallying cry for Seattle tech

The Washington tech ecosystem

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Browser-based 3D Editor Covers The Basics While Staying Local

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Got an idea and want to make a simple 3D model, but don’t want to install a full-fledged CAD modeling suite and queue up a few hours of tutorial videos? Check out SketchForge, a 3D modeling program that runs locally in one’s browser without any need for an account, or external services.

SketchForge takes a more WYSIWYG approach to 3D modeling by making it easy to put an object together with primitive shapes, and making it extra easy to specify dimensions and align parts with one another. There’s also a sketch feature that makes it easier to create more complex shapes by making a 2D drawing, then extruding or revolving it into a solid. We like that it has STEP format export as an option, making it easy to import your creation into another CAD program of your choice later. Most 3D printer slicers natively support the STEP format nowadays, too.

It’s a bit reminiscent of Tinkercad in concept, but entirely local. It’s still new, but there’s a demo online that gives a good idea of its capabilities if you’d like to give it a spin.

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We’re reminded of CaDoodle, another project that takes the “Tinkercad, but local” approach but as a standalone executable, instead of browser-based.

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Sam Altman is still making the case for parenting via ChatGPT

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OpenAI CEO Sam Altman seemed excited to share what he called a “cool use case” on Friday, posting that parents could “connect your family calendars and explain your kids’ interests” to the company’s new product ChatGPT Work, then “every morning for the drive to school, have it make a podcast that talks about one kid’s soccer game that afternoon, one kid’s upcoming birthday, some news, etc.”

Altman’s post prompted lots of virtual eye-rolling, including a simple response from Alex Hirsch, creator of the animated series “Gravity Falls”: “What if you just talked to your children”?

Hirsch’s question seems to have gone even more viral than Altman’s initial post — while Altman’s comment has been reposted around 300 times and liked around 9,600 times (as of Saturday morning), Hirsch’s response has been reposted 9,000 times and received 122,000 likes.

This isn’t the first time a tech CEO has promised that AI can shield users — and specifically users’ morning commutes — from the messy realities of human experience. Last year, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella said he’d stopped listening his favorite podcasts during his morning drive; instead, he asked an AI chatbot about those podcasts.

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Altman’s post also echoed comments he’s made about parenting in the past, most notably when he appeared on “The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon” and declared, “I cannot imagine having gone through figuring out how to raise a newborn without ChatGPT.” (Though he was also quick to acknowledge, “Clearly, people did it for a long time, no problem.”)

Getting parents on-board seems to be a priority for OpenAI, which recently posted a job listing for a product manager with experience building trust-sensitive consumer experiences for parents and families.

But while the company has added safety features for parents, it also faces multiple lawsuits from parents and families alleging that ChatGPT played a role in loved ones’ delusions and suicides. (The company has said it’s “continuously improving how our models respond in sensitive interactions.”)

When you purchase through links in our articles, we may earn a small commission. This doesn’t affect our editorial independence.

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