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Tech Moves: Amazon PR leader joins Bastion; Accolade SVP steps down; Elevate Capital names partner

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Rebekah Nicodemus. (LinkedIn Photo)

— Former Amazon communications leader Rebekah Nicodemus is now the head of Bastion America, the newly launched U.S. office of Bastion, a marketing agency based in London focused on the video game industry. The company expects to have a Seattle hub while recruiting employees based around the nation.

Nicodemus was at Amazon for nearly a decade, most recently in the role of communications lead for Amazon Web Services. The majority of her tenure was with Amazon Games. Prior to Amazon, Nicodemus was with the Los Angeles office of the PR firm Grayling.

“We’ve worked closely with Rebekah while she was at Amazon and know that her drive to achieve is perfectly compatible with the Bastion client-first approach,” Ravi Vijh, Bastion’s managing director, said in a statement.

Joseph Williams, a longtime Seattle-area leader at the intersection of tech and public service, is now governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC) practice director at Artemis Connection. Artemis is a strategy consulting firm serving leaders across business sectors.

Williams most recently served as interim director of the Washington State Broadband Office within the Department of Commerce. He is also of the volunteer executive director of Northwest Quantum Nexus, a group supporting quantum research.

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Rebekah Bastian, left, and Alison Cerezo. (Photos via Bastian and LinkedIn)

— Seattle startup mpathic announced new C-suite additions as it expands product offerings. The company provides software to AI developers and companies to better ensure the safety of artificial intelligence platforms that serve young people seeking mental health and medical support.

  • Rebekah Bastian is now chief marketing officer at mpathic. Bastian is the founder and former CEO of the career and life navigation platform OwnTrail and former vice president of community and culture at Zillow Group. She was most recently senior VP of marketing and product at Glowforge.
  • Alison Cerezo, who has been with mpathic since 2023, was promoted to chief science officer. Cerezo was previously a principal investigator at the California Department of Public Health and an associate professor at University of California, Santa Barbara.
Ben Nahir. (Elevate Capital Photo)

Ben Nahir is now a partner at Elevate Capital, a venture capital firm based in Hillsboro, Ore. Nahir, who lives in the Seattle area, has been with Elevate since 2018 and previously worked at TiE Oregon, an organization supporting entrepreneurs through mentorship and angel investment.

“Ben has played an integral part in expanding Elevate’s portfolio and advancing its mission to empower underrepresented founders,” Elevate said in a statement. “Over the past four years, he has excelled as a venture principal after three years as a senior associate.”

Liz Ferega has left her role as SVP of revenue and growth leadership at Accolade. Ferega was with the company for more than six years. Accolade provides healthcare delivery, navigation and advocacy services through employers. The company, which went public in 2020, is based in Seattle and the Philadelphia area. Ferega was working from St. Petersburg, Fla.

Lisa Chin was named CEO of Juma, a San Francisco-based nonprofit working to break the cycle of poverty by empowering youth in Seattle and California tech hubs. Chin was the founding executive director of Year Up Seattle, a workforce training program focused on IT, software, business and customer experience roles.

Samantha Temple Neukom. (LinkedIn Photo)

Samantha Temple Neukom, a longtime Seattle-area corporate strategist with clients including Microsoft, Apptio and others, is making a career move — but she’s mum on what it’s going to be. Her most recent role was founder and CEO of the brand strategy firm Northbound, which she operated for more than 13 years.

“This ending has come with clarity, which I could not have reached had it not been for the many leaders, clients, and friends who offered their experience, network, and wisdom as I inquired about my own growth, purpose, and next chapter,” Neukom said on LinkedIn.

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Megan McNally, a longtime legal advisor to startups, opened a new law practice called Edgewater Business Law PLLC. McNally founded the FBomb Breakfast Club, a peer support community for women founders and business owners, and runs the FBomb Angels Investment Club.

— The Washington Technology Industry Association (WTIA) appointed Brianna Rockenstire as events manager. Rockenstire was previously director of the Center of Excellence for Information & Computing Technology, a Bellevue, Wash., organization focused on supporting workforce development through community and technology colleges.

Kory Mathews, a recently retired Boeing executive with nearly 40 years with the company, joined the board of directors at Natilus. The San Diego-based aerospace manufacturer is building highly efficient aircraft to carry passengers and cargo. Natilus on Tuesday announced $28 million in new funding.

— B.C.-based General Fusion appointed Wendy Kei as a strategic advisor. The energy company recently announced a deal to go public via a $1 billion SPAC agreement. Kei serves on multiple boards, including as board chair for Ontario Power Generation and was most recently CFO of a Canadian diamond mining company.

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Facebook is offering Meta AI-powered animations for profile photos

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Meta has been going all in on AI, whether people want it or not, and now it’s bringing more features in that vein to Facebook. The network’s latest move is to let people use Meta AI to animate their profile photos. Because what better way to express your individuality than to use a pre-canned AI-generated animation on your own face?

Meta AI is also coming for your Facebook Stories and Memories. The network’s Restyle lets you use gen-AI to change up the aesthetic of your posts. You can once again use pre-canned stylings or give the AI assistant your own prompt.

In the company’s own words, the new tools that will create “share-worthy moments that spark meaningful interactions and conversations with friends.” I guess meaning is in the eye of the beholder. If you’re desperate to behold even more AI slop, Meta recently said its Vibes feed of exactly that content will be getting a standalone app.

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The next wave of spec-monster phones could get a 100-megapixel selfie camera

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The latest generation of Android flagships from Vivo, Oppo, and even Samsung include one 200MP sensor, used as the primary camera or the telephoto camera. However, the next generation of Android flagships could include three 100MP sensors.

You heard that right. According to Chinese tipster Digital Chat Station, “some” (that could be more than one) smartphone makers are “testing three 100-megapixel lenses” or cameras.

Three 100MP cameras? That’s the rumor

Although the tipster doesn’t specify the nature of these cameras, they could very well be the primary, telephoto, and ultrawide shooters. This is one of the most interesting approaches I’ve heard of lately. Here’s why.

It might sound like a 100MP primary sensor and a 100MP telephoto sensor is a downgrade from the current 200MP standard at first. But only the Oppo Find X9 Ultra has been confirmed to feature two 200MP cameras on the back.

The others, including the Vivo X300 Pro, the Find X9 Pro, and the Galaxy S25 Ultra (or even the upcoming Galaxy S26 Ultra, for that matter), include only one 200MP primary sensor, which, by the way, uses pixel binning to default to a lower resolution for increased low-light performance, saving space and capture time.

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Having 100MP primary and telephoto sensors would still allow brands to capture at a lower default resolution, upscale significantly when needed, and take less storage or capture time than a 200MP sensor would.

The ultrawide camera could finally get a serious update

So far, I haven’t talked about the ultrawide sensor, because it maxes out at 50MP on the flagships. Hence, a 100MP ultrawide camera (if our interpretation of the tweet is right) would be a dramatic upgrade.

It could enable more detailed macro shots (if the sensor doubles as a macro shooter) or greater post-capture reframing potential. In addition to the rear-facing cameras, the leaker also claims that a “100-megapixel front-facing camera,” with a “small-pixel sensor,” is in the works.

Given that the Galaxy S26 series seems to be stuck with a 12MP front camera, and Chinese flagships use a 50MP sensor on their most expensive variants, a 100MP selfie shooter could deliver a noticeable upgrade.

Since it’s a small-pixel sensor, low-light photography might be an issue, but I guess smartphone makers should be able to fix it with computational trickery.

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Google’s Personal Data Removal Tool Now Covers Government IDs

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Google on Tuesday expanded its “Results about you” tool to let users request the removal of Search results containing government-issued ID numbers — including driver’s licenses, passports and Social Security numbers — adding to the tool’s existing ability to flag results that surface phone numbers, email addresses, and home addresses.

The update, announced on Safer Internet Day, is rolling out in the U.S. over the coming days. Google also streamlined its process for reporting non-consensual explicit images on Search, allowing users to select and submit removal requests for multiple images at once rather than reporting them individually.

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Why US Navy Avenger-Class Minesweepers Have Been Pulled From The Middle East

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The U.S. Navy has a lot of different types of warships, and while its aircraft carriers, destroyers, and different types of submarines are well known, they’re hardly the only vessels in service. In addition to the better-known ships, the Navy also operates minesweepers, or as they’re technically known, “mine countermeasure ships” (MCMs). As the name implies, these are ships designed specifically to clear naval mines from critical waterways, and they’ve been around for a long time.

As of writing, the Navy operates four Avenger-class MCMs, having retired the remaining ten of its 14-ship fleet. These vessels entered service in the 1980s and were used during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. As of early 2026, the remaining four Avenger-class ships are forward-deployed in Japan, though an additional four had remained in operation in the Persian Gulf until they were decommissioned late the previous year: The USS Devastator, USS Dextrous, USS Gladiator, and the USS Sentry. In January 2026, the Navy contracted a heavy lift vessel to carry these ships out of the area, removing them from the Middle East entirely.

There are several reasons for this move, but chief among them is the age of the Avenger-class and the fact that they’ve been replaced with highly complex Independence-class Littoral Combat Ships. Mine-clearing is still a vital function of U.S. Navy operations, but time in service for the Avenger-class has largely come to an end. Removing them from the Persian Gulf was in accordance with U.S. Navy force transition efforts, and it required a great deal of planning and support to finalize their departure. All four are set to be dismantled and scrapped.

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How Avenger and Independence-class ships compare

The U.S. Navy began operating its fleet of 19 Independence-class Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) in 2010. The vessels are designed for high-speed operation in the littoral zone (close to the shore). They feature an angular trimaran (three-hulled) design, can reach speeds of up to 52 mph, and are capable of carrying out numerous operations, including chasing down pirates. In terms of mine-clearing, Independence-class ships are modular and carry a variety of systems, including a mine countermeasure module. Others include anti-submarine warfare and surface warfare modules.

LCS mine countermeasures utilize aviation and uncrewed surface and underwater vehicles with an assortment of sensors. These work in tandem to detect and neutralize a variety of mines in the littoral environment and are deployed outside of the area of the ship, keeping it safe from potential mines; working together, they can isolate beach and buried mines along the shore. For comparison, Avenger-class ships have a top speed of around 16 mph and operate a remote mine countermeasure system with a remotely operated vehicle. These worked together to find, classify, and neutralize a variety of mines.

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While capable, Avenger-class ships had limited operability in littoral zones and couldn’t detect the same variety of mines as Independence-class vessels. The older MCMs were also considerably smaller and constructed of wood and fiberglass, while Independence-class vessels are composed primarily of aluminum. The newer class of ships utilizes a technologically superior mine countermeasure system that has been updated significantly since its introduction, ensuring mission operability improves as the US Navy’s LCS fleet continues to fulfill its many duties around the world.



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Malicious 7-Zip site distributes installer laced with proxy tool

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Malicious 7-zip site pushes malware that turns devices into proxies

A fake 7-Zip website is distributing a trojanized installer of the popular archiving tool that turns the user’s computer into a residential proxy node.

Residential proxy networks use home user devices to route traffic with the goal of evading blocks and performing various malicious activities such as credential stuffing, phishing, and malware distribution.

The new campaign became better known after a user reported that they downloaded a malicious installer from a website impersonating the 7-Zip project while following instructions in a YouTube tutorial on building a PC system. BleepingComputer can confirm that the malicious website, 7zip[.]com, is still live.

Wiz

The threat actor registered the domain 7zip[.]com (still live at the time of writing) that can easily trick users into thinking they landed on the site of the legitimate tool.

Furthermore, the attacker copied the text and mimicked the structure of the original 7-Zip website located at 7-zip.org.

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Malicious website dropping the trojanized 7-Zip
Malicious website dropping the trojanized 7-Zip
Source: BleepingComputer

The installer file was analyzed by researchers at cybersecurity company Malwarebytes, who found that it is digitally signed with a now-revoked certificate originally issued to Jozeal Network Technology Co., Limited.

The malicious copy also contains the 7-Zip program, thus providing the regular functions of the tool. However, the installer drops three malicious files:

  1. Uphero.exe – service manager and update loader
  2. hero.exe – main proxy payload
  3. hero.dll – support library

These files are placed in the ‘C:\Windows\SysWOW64\hero\’ directory, and an auto-start Windows service running as SYSTEM is created for the two malicious executables.

Additionally, firewall rules are modified using ‘netsh’ to allow the binaries to establish inbound and outbound connections.

Eventually, the host system is profiled with Microsoft’s Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) and Windows APIs to determine the hardware, memory, CPU, disk, and network characteristics. The collected data is then sent to ‘iplogger[.]org.’

“While initial indicators suggested backdoor‑style capabilities, further analysis revealed that the malware’s primary function is proxyware,” Malwarebytes explains about the malware’s operational goal.

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“The infected host is enrolled as a residential proxy node, allowing third parties to route traffic through the victim’s IP address.”

According to the analysis, hero.exe pulls config from rotating “smshero”-themed C2 domains, then opens outbound proxy connections on non-standard ports such as 1000 and 1002. Control messages are obfuscated using a lightweight XOR key.

Malwarebytes found that the campaign is larger than the 7-Zip lure and also uses trojanized installers for HolaVPN, TikTok, WhatsApp, and Wire VPN.

The malware uses a rotating C2 infrastructure built around hero/smshero domains, with traffic going through the Cloudflare infrastructure and carried over TLS-encrypted HTTPs.

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It also relies on DNS-over-HTTPS via Google’s resolver, which reduces visibility for defenders monitoring standard DNS traffic.

The malware also checks for virtualization platforms such as VMware, VirtualBox, QEMU, Parallels, as well as for debuggers, to identify when it’s being analyzed.

Malwarebytes’ investigation started after noticing research from independent security researchers who analyzed the malware and uncovered its true purpose. Researcher Luke Acha discovered the purpose of the Uphero/hero malware.

The xor-based communication protocol was reverse-engineered and decoded by s1dhy, who confirmed the proxy behavior. Digital forensics and incident response (DFIR) engineer Andrew Danis connected the fake 7-Zip installer to the larger campaign impersonating multiple software brands.

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Malwarebytes lists indicators of compromise (domains, file paths, IP addresses) and host-related data observed during their analysis.

Users are recommended to avoid following URLs from YouTube videos or promoted search results, and instead bookmark the download portal domains for the software they use often.

Modern IT infrastructure moves faster than manual workflows can handle.

In this new Tines guide, learn how your team can reduce hidden manual delays, improve reliability through automated response, and build and scale intelligent workflows on top of tools you already use.

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Here’s how Rivian changed the rear door manual release on the R2

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There’s been a lot of pushback on electronic door handles lately, as multiple carmakers — especially Tesla — have been accused of making manual door releases too hard to find and access during an emergency. Rivian is one of the companies that reportedly decided to change this on its upcoming R2 SUV, and a spate of first-look videos released Tuesday finally give us a look at what the company has changed.

First off, the front doors open from the inside in the same way as in the existing R1 vehicles. There is an electronic button that opens the door, and there’s a manual door-release latch tucked into the front part of the interior handle.

The rear doors also have an electronic button, as well as a change to the rear manual release.

On R1 vehicles, passengers have to first pull a panel off the door to access a “release cord” that operates the manual latch. On the new R2 SUV, Rivian moved this release cord to that same front-of-the-handle position as the front seat manual releases — though it’s still tucked behind a piece of plastic that must be popped out, making it slightly harder to access than the front door manual releases.

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The R2 SUV isn’t set to go into production for another few months, so the company has not put out proper instructions on how to access this release. But here’s an image from a new video published by JerryRigEverything’s Zack Nelson:

Screenshot, JerryRigEverything

He doesn’t pull out the actual cord, but it’s the best illustration I’ve seen so far of what passengers will need to do if they are in an R2 that has lost power for whatever reason, limiting the vehicle’s electronic door release.

The manual release is still behind a piece of plastic, and it’s not the most obvious or accessible way to open a door from the inside. But it’s at least in a more logical spot than just being hidden behind a panel.

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These kinds of situations don’t happen often. But when they do, it’s typically during a major crash. That means every moment can be the difference between life and death.

Rivian is not alone in reworking how hard it is to access the manual releases. The most high profile example is Tesla. Bloomberg News found at least 15 deaths in crashes where there is evidence that occupants (or rescuers) were unable to open the doors. The company has said it will change how it designs its handles in order to address the problem.

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And electronic door latches can present other issues. Last year, Ford had to issue a recall to fix a power-delivery problem for the electronic latches on the Mustang Mach-E.

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This GoPro and Lens Bundle Is $200 Off

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If you’ve been thinking about documenting your life, whether it’s the exciting or mundane stuff, this might just be your moment. This GoPro Hero 13 Black bundle includes a variety of useful accessories, as well as a full suite of interchangeable lenses. It’s currently marked down to just $550 on Amazon, a $200 discount from its usual price.

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GoPro

Hero 13 Black – HB Series Lens Collection

The biggest change to this generation of GoPro action cameras is the interchangeable lens system, and this kit comes loaded with basically every lens an aspiring filmmaker could ask for. That includes the ultrawide lens mod, which boosts the field of view to 177 degrees, an anamorphic lens and filters, and a macro lens for beautiful close-up shots. While it doesn’t come with a ton of attachments, it does have a case for carrying everything, and basic adhesives to get you started.

The downside here is that GoPro is still using the same sensor and processor as previous models, for better or worse. It’s one of the highest resolution and frame rate offerings you can get, with its 27-megapixel sensor producing up to 5.3K video, and up to 120 fps, although only for five seconds at a time at the highest resolution. Unfortunately, this GoPro, like others before it, still struggles in dim lighting. That said, there are some improvements to the HDR that our reviewer Scott Gilbertson said made a big difference when it came time to start editing.

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Even with an upgraded battery, the stamina can be lackluster, lasting just one or two hours depending on how warm the camera gets. Thankfully, a new pass-through charging port allows you to hook up a power bank and keep filming for much longer. There are some other quality-of-life upgrades too, like a magnetic mounting system that makes swapping from surf to sand even easier.

The Hero 13 Black is our favorite GoPro, but there’s a whole world of action cameras for your next adventure, so make sure to check out our full guide if you’re curious about other options. Otherwise, this big bundle includes everything you need to get out and start shooting for just $550.

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A warning to Seattle: Don’t become the next Cleveland

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Cleveland, Ohio. (Photo by Leo_Visions on Unsplash)

Consider a successful mid-sized American city. One with decades of population growth. Median household incomes on par with or exceeding New York City. A bustling port in a prime location. Bold civic architecture. A vibrant arts and cultural scene. And home to some of the world’s biggest and most valuable companies.

That could be Seattle. It also describes Cleveland about 75 years ago. In the 1950s, Cleveland was an epicenter for the era’s “Big Tech.” Industrial giants like Standard Oil, Westinghouse, Republic Steel, and Sherwin Williams were all founded in Cleveland. Like engineering outposts in Seattle, other leading companies including General Motors and U.S. Steel were well represented locally. 

Yet Cleveland’s success unraveled remarkably quickly. Within 20 years, when the Cuyahoga River caught fire in 1969, the city was seared into history as “the mistake on the lake.” The population has declined by 60% since 1950 (and is still shrinking). Cleveland has gone from the seventh largest U.S. city in the country to the 56th. Median household incomes are now less than half the national average — and less than 40% of the Seattle area. 

Today in Seattle tech circles there is great trepidation about the region’s next act. Seattle is not punching above its weight in the AI era the way we did in the software era. We might not even be punching our weight.

Entrepreneurs, executives, investors, and technologists are departing, either because they don’t think they can be competitive here in the white-hot AI market and/or are concerned about a deteriorating business environment. And the exodus appears to be accelerating.

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You might take solace that our little corner of the country hosts two of the world’s five biggest companies (which is a little crazy). But it is easy to believe both Amazon and Microsoft are past peak employee count, as they become more capital-intensive and lean into AI-driven productivity. Other local tech companies and engineering centers are also shrinking, while new job listings have plummeted

While the tech sector confronts existential dread, the political class in Seattle and Washington state seems oblivious. They don’t have much to say about creating jobs or nurturing industries of the future (or even of the present). Revenue is their focus above all else, with considerably less emphasis on how our taxes translate into efficient and effective provision of government services.

Charles Fitzgerald at the GeekWire Cloud Summit in 2019. (GeekWire File Photo / Kevin Lisota)

The traditional Seattle civic partnership between business and government has frayed. Few lessons have been learned from Boeing’s slow-motion migration out of the Seattle area (Washington is now home to just over a third of Boeing employees, and due to decrease further).

Relations between the tech industry and government are rocky, with the industry seen almost exclusively as a bottomless source of revenue. It would be shocking — but not surprising — to one day learn Amazon and/or Microsoft are moving their headquarters out of the state. (Bellevue already looks like Amazon’s HQ1 in all but name).

The tech boom has been an immense boon for Seattle, as the city attracted talent from all over the world. Seattle’s population has grown by almost 40% in the 21st century, and the City of Seattle rode that tailwind. The city’s inflation-adjusted budget grew over three times faster than the population over the same period. 

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That growth raises some obvious questions. Are city services three times better? How long can government spending keep outgrowing the population? What happens if population growth slows — or even reverses?

Meanwhile, city issues loom large in the desirability of doing business in Seattle. Downtown is barren, with record vacancies. Public safety, housing and homelessness are perennial hot topics, but progress is scarcer. After the recent election, we’re apparently going to take another shot at those persistent problems with progressive panaceas that have seen limited success, both locally and elsewhere. 

Amazon’s Spheres, with the Space Needle in the background. (GeekWire File Photo / Kurt Schlosser)

Completely missing from any discussion is the crisis in our schools, where the majority of fourth and eighth graders in Seattle are not proficient in reading or math. Education is one of the most effective solutions to many social ailments — and a mandatory prerequisite for an advanced civilization — yet we’ve seemingly given up.

Which brings us back to Cleveland. When its fortunes began to shift, Cleveland’s politicians made a bad situation worse. A confrontational, short-term posture from government made it easy for companies to put Cleveland plants at the top of their closure lists. Contrast that with another Rust Belt city, Pittsburgh, where politicians and business worked together to accept and manage the inevitable transition. They defined the post-industrial playbook for cities — one Cleveland belatedly adopted. 

Seattle has always been a lucky city. Prosperity has often come from unexpected sources. The Alaska gold rush was, quite literally, a gold rush. Bill #1 (Boeing) made Seattle synonymous with aerospace. Proximity to Alaska gave us a competitive container port, while rival ports like Portland and San Francisco dried up. Bill #2 (Gates) catalyzed a software industry in Seattle (and beyond). Jeff (Bezos) famously drove to Seattle in his Chevy Blazer, where he pioneered e-commerce and created a million and a half jobs along the way.

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Maybe the luck holds and the next big thing just shows up. It could be space, energy, robotics, biotech or something unimaginable today. Hopefully we get lucky again, but hope, as they say, is not a strategy. 

So I’ll offer a catchphrase as you think about Seattle’s next act: Don’t be Cleveland.

(I want to be very clear that I mean no offense to Cleveland. The people there today are still digging out of a hole created decades ago. Let’s learn from them and not repeat the errors of their forebears.)

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AI Boom Fuels DRAM Shortage and Price Surge

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If it feels these days as if everything in technology is about AI, that’s because it is. And nowhere is that more true than in the market for computer memory. Demand, and profitability, for the type of DRAM used to feed GPUs and other accelerators in AI data centers is so huge that it’s diverting away supply of memory for other uses and causing prices to skyrocket. According to Counterpoint Research, DRAM prices have risen 80-90 precent so far this quarter.

The largest AI hardware companies say they have secured their chips out as far as 2028, but that leaves everybody else—makers of PCs, consumer gizmos, and everything else that needs to temporarily store a billion bits—scrambling to deal with scarce supply and inflated prices.

How did the electronics industry get into this mess, and more importantly, how will it get out? IEEE Spectrum asked economists and memory experts to explain. They say today’s situation is the result of a collision between the DRAM industry’s historic boom and bust cycle and an AI hardware infrastructure build-out that’s without precedent in its scale. And, barring some major collapse in the AI sector, it will take years for new capacity and new technology to bring supply in line with demand. Prices might stay high even then.

To understand both ends of the tale, you need to know the main culprit in the supply and demand swing, high-bandwidth memory, or HBM.

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What is HBM?

HBM is the DRAM industry’s attempt to short-circuit the slowing pace of Moore’s Law by using 3D chip packaging technology. Each HBM chip is made up of as many as 12 thinned-down DRAM chips called dies. Each die contains a number of vertical connections called through silicon vias (TSVs). The dies are piled atop each other and connected by arrays of microscopic solder balls aligned to the TSVs. This DRAM tower—well, at about 750 micrometers thick, it’s more of a brutalist office-block than a tower—is then stacked atop what’s called the base die, which shuttles bits between the memory dies and the processor.

This complex piece of technology is then set within a millimeter of a GPU or other AI accelerator, to which it is linked by as many as 2,048 micrometer-scale connections. HBMs are attached on two sides of the processor, and the GPU and memory are packaged together as a single unit.

The idea behind such a tight, highly-connected squeeze with the GPU is to knock down what’s called the memory wall. That’s the barrier in energy and time of bringing the terabytes per second of data needed to run large language models into the GPU. Memory bandwidth is a key limiter to how fast LLMs can run.

As a technology, HBM has been around for more than 10 years, and DRAM makers have been busy boosting its capability.

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chart visualization

As the size of AI models has grown, so has HBM’s importance to the GPU. But that’s come at a cost. SemiAnalysis estimates that HBM generally costs three times as much as other types of memory and constitutes 50 percent or more of the cost of the packaged GPU.

Origins of the memory chip shortage

Memory and storage industry watchers agree that DRAM is a highly cyclical industry with huge booms and devastating busts. With new fabs costing US $15 billion or more, firms are extremely reluctant to expand and may only have the cash to do so during boom times, explains Thomas Coughlin, a storage and memory expert and president of Coughlin Associates. But building such a fab and getting it up and running can take 18 months or more, practically ensuring that new capacity arrives well past the initial surge in demand, flooding the market and depressing prices.

The origins of today’s cycle, says Coughlin, go all the way back to the chip supply panic surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic . To avoid supply-chain stumbles and support the rapid shift to remote work, hyperscalers—data center giants like Amazon, Google, and Microsoft—bought up huge inventories of memory and storage, boosting prices, he notes.

But then supply became more regular and data center expansion fell off in 2022, causing memory and storage prices to plummet. This recession continued into 2023, and even resulted in big memory and storage companies such as Samsung cutting production by 50 percent to try and keep prices from going below the costs of manufacturing, says Coughlin. It was a rare and fairly desperate move, because companies typically have to run plants at full capacity just to earn back their value.

After a recovery began in late 2023, “all the memory and storage companies were very wary of increasing their production capacity again,” says Coughlin. “Thus there was little or no investment in new production capacity in 2024 and through most of 2025.”

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The AI data center boom

That lack of new investment is colliding headlong with a huge boost in demand from new data centers. Globally, there are nearly 2,000 new data centers either planned or under construction right now, according to Data Center Map. If they’re all built, it would represent a 20 percent jump in the global supply, which stands at around 9,000 facilities now.

If the current build-out continues at pace, McKinsey predicts companies will spend $7 trillion by 2030, with the bulk of that—$5.2 trillion—going to AI-focused data centers. Of that chunk, $3.3 billion will go toward servers, data storage, and network equipment, the firm predicts.

The biggest beneficiary so far of the AI data center boom is unquestionably GPU-maker Nvidia. Revenue for its data center business went from barely a billion in the final quarter of 2019 to $51 billion in the quarter that ended in October 2025. Over this period, its server GPUs have demanded not just more and more gigabytes of DRAM but an increasing number of DRAM chips. The recently released B300 uses eight HBM chips, each of which is a stack of 12 DRAM dies. Competitors’ use of HBM has largely mirrored Nvidia’s. AMD’s MI350 GPU, for example, also uses eight, 12-die chips.

chart visualization

With so much demand, an increasing fraction of the revenue for DRAM makers comes from HBM. Micron—the number three producer behind SK Hynix and Samsung—reported that HBM and other cloud-related memory went from being 17 percent of its DRAM revenue in 2023 to nearly 50 percent in 2025.

Micron predicts the total market for HBM will grow from $35 billion in 2025 to $100 billion by 2028—a figure larger than the entire DRAM market in 2024, CEO Sanjay Mehrotra told analysts in December. It’s reaching that figure two years earlier than Micron had previously expected. Across the industry, demand will outstrip supply “substantially… for the foreseeable future,” he said.

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Future DRAM supply and technology

“There are two ways to address supply issues with DRAM: with innovation or with building more fabs,” explains Mina Kim, an economist with the Mkecon Insights. “As DRAM scaling has become more difficult, the industry has turned to advanced packaging… which is just using more DRAM.”

Micron, Samsung, and SK Hynix combined make up the vast majority of the memory and storage markets, and all three have new fabs and facilities in the works. However, these are unlikely to contribute meaningfully to bringing down prices.

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Micron is in the process of building an HBM fab in Singapore that should be in production in 2027. And it is retooling a fab it purchased from PSMC in Taiwan that will begin production in the second half of 2027. Last month, Micron broke ground on what will be a DRAM fab complex in Onondaga County, N.Y. It will not be in full production until 2030.

Samsung plans to start producing at a new plant in Pyeongtaek, South Korea in 2028.

SK Hynix is building HBM and packaging facilities in West Lafayette, Indiana set to begin production by the end of 2028, and an HBM fab it’s building in Cheongju should be complete in 2027.

Speaking of his sense of the DRAM market, Intel CEO Lip-Bu Tan told attendees at the Cisco AI Summit last week: “There’s no relief until 2028.”

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With these expansions unable to contribute for several years, other factors will be needed to increase supply. “Relief will come from a combination of incremental capacity expansions by existing DRAM leaders, yield improvements in advanced packaging, and a broader diversification of supply chains,” says Shawn DuBravac , chief economist for the Global Electronics Association (formerly the IPC). “New fabs will help at the margin, but the faster gains will come from process learning, better [DRAM] stacking efficiency, and tighter coordination between memory suppliers and AI chip designers.”

So, will prices come down once some of these new plants come on line? Don’t bet on it. “In general, economists find that prices come down much more slowly and reluctantly than they go up. DRAM today is unlikely to be an exception to this general observation, especially given the insatiable demand for compute,” says Kim.

In the meantime, technologies are in the works that could make HBM an even bigger consumer of silicon. The standard for HBM4 can accommodate 16 stacked DRAM dies, even though today’s chips only use 12 dies. Getting to 16 has a lot to do with the chip stacking technology. Conducting heat through the HBM “layer cake” of silicon, solder, and support material is a key limiter to going higher and in repositioning HBM inside the package to get even more bandwidth.

SK Hynix claims a heat conduction advantage through a manufacturing process called advanced MR-MUF (mass reflow molded underfill). Further out, an alternative chip stacking technology called hybrid bonding could help heat conduction by reducing the die-to-die vertical distance essentially to zero. In 2024, researchers at Samsung proved they could produce a 16-high stack with hybrid bonding, and they suggested that 20 dies was not out of reach.

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The end of flu is closer than you think, and this bad season shows why

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This story was originally published in The Highlight, Vox’s member-exclusive magazine. To get access to member-exclusive stories every month, join the Vox Membership program today.

Let’s start with the bad news.

There’s a decent chance, perhaps as high as 11 percent if you’re unvaccinated, that some time over the course of this winter, you’ll be overcome with chills, followed by extreme fatigue, body aches and cough, and culminating in a sudden spike in fever. Congratulations: you have the flu.

Every winter in the US has its share of flu cases, but this season is shaping up to be particularly bad. Early this week the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention put the flu season in the “moderately severe” category, with an estimated 11 million illnesses, 120,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths so far. Here in New York, where I live, the city kicked off 2026 by setting records for flu-related hospitalizations.

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While what we’re experiencing is not a “super flu,” it is a particularly bad one, thanks in part to the emergence of a subgroup of the well-established H3N2 flu virus called subclade K. It carries a bunch of mutations that seem to have rendered the current flu vaccine somewhat less effective. (Though far from completely ineffective — more on that below.) Nor does it help that only around 44 percent of US adults have taken the flu shot so far, well below vaccination rates before the Covid pandemic. The decline has been particularly sharp for children, who are more vulnerable to the flu, which has resulted in higher than normal pediatric hospitalizations.

As bad as this season is shaping up to be, chances are most of us will suffer through it and then forget until the next year comes around. After all, it’s just the flu, right? But even normal influenza is far more than just a seasonal nuisance. The World Health Organization estimates that there are around 1 billion flu infections in a given year, which can lead to as many as 5 million severe cases and up to 650,000 flu-related respiratory deaths per year, mostly among the very young and the very old.

The burden of flu goes beyond those numbers: CDC research indicates that flu infections can raise the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Plus all those sick days add up to as much as 111 million lost work days in the US alone, while childhood infections lead to more school absences and a knock-on effect for parents forced to stay home.

Oh, and chances are decent that the (inevitable) next global pandemic will come from a mutant flu virus, just like past pandemics in 2009, 1968, 1957, and the granddaddy of them all, 1918, which killed at least 50 million people around the world.

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So that’s the bad news. The good news? There are ways to protect yourself right now — and even more promising, glimmers on the scientific frontier of a world without flu.

What works — and what doesn’t — with the flu shot

The simplest way to keep safe is, of course, to get your flu shot. Like right now — even though the flu season is well underway, it’s worth getting your shot if you haven’t yet. Early data from the UK found protection rates against hospital admission of 70 to 75 percent for children and 30 to 35 percent in adults. That’s normal: The standard flu vaccine isn’t great at preventing cases, but it is very effective in reducing the severity of illness. Throw in the fact that you can now easily get an at-home flu test and secure the antiviral Tamiflu early in an illness, and you do have the power to ensure your case is milder.

But it is true flu shots are not our most effective class of vaccine. That largely has to do with the nature of the flu, and how the shots are made.

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Influenza is what you might call a “promiscuous” virus. Strains are constantly evolving, and can easily swap genetic material through a process called reassortment to create new, potentially more dangerous viruses. Because of that, international health officials have to create a new vaccine strain every year, hoping that it will match the strain actually circulating months later when vaccines are available for distribution.

If the dominant strain changes during those months, the vaccine will be less effective. And any vaccine that has to be taken over and over again on an annual basis is going to be a harder sell to the public, even before taking into account rising anti-vax sentiment.

There’s already progress being made to reduce the time between when a vaccine strain is selected and when it can be produced, chiefly by using rapid mRNA platforms rather than growing vaccines in eggs, as has been done for decades. But even better: What if it were possible to create a flu vaccine that was effective against a wide variety of different flu strains?

The dream of a universal flu vaccine

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A “universal” flu vaccine is one that would be at least 75 percent effective against influenza A viruses and provide durable protection for at least a year (though ideally longer). In other words, it would be a vaccine that would act more like the almost perfectly protective measles vaccine and less like, well, a flu shot.

Such “universal” flu coverage would not be one single breakthrough, but a portfolio of strategies for outsmarting a virus that mutates faster than our annual vaccine calendar. The first bucket is universal (or universal-ish) vaccines: instead of training antibodies mainly against flu’s fast-changing hemagglutinin (HA) “head,” researchers are trying to steer immunity toward viral targets that mutate less.

One major approach focuses on the HA stem or stalk, a region of the virus that changes more slowly; early human trials of stem-focused designs suggest these vaccines can be safe and elicit broadly reactive immune responses. Another vaccine strategy uses mosaic/nanoparticle displays that present HA antigens from multiple strains at once, aiming to teach the immune system to recognize flu’s common features rather than this year’s exact variant; the government’s FluMos program is an example now in early clinical testing.

A third line leans on broader immune mechanisms: targeting neuraminidase (NA) (the N in HN flu viruses), or boosting T-cell responses to internal proteins that rarely change, which may not always prevent infection but could make illness far less severe when the virus drifts.

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There’s also the “universal without a vaccine” lane: prevention and treatment that don’t depend on your immune system’s memory. Cidara, a San Diego-based biotech company, has developed a long-acting preventive designed to provide season-long protection by chemically linking multiple copies of a neuraminidase inhibitor to a long-lasting antibody. Preclinical work has shown broad resistance to influenza A and B, and the company’s approach is promising enough that it is now in the process of being acquired by pharma giant Merck.

Even more sci-fi: using gene editing to create all-purpose flu treatments. Scientists in Australia are working on using the gene editing tool Crispr to develop an antiviral nasal spray that could shut down a wide variety of flu viruses.

We shouldn’t have to live with the flu

Historically, the US hasn’t allocated nearly enough money to universal flu prevention research, though in May the Trump administration surprised scientists with plans to spend $500 million on an approach that relies on older vaccine technology. Except in those rare years when a flu pandemic boils over, we tend to treat flu as something we just have to suffer through.

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But hundreds of thousands of people globally each year won’t survive their bouts with the flu, and millions more will suffer because of the viruses. We’ve managed to all but knock out past killers like smallpox, the measles, and the mumps (Well, provided we agree to take our vaccines.) There’s reason to believe that influenza can be next.

A version of this story originally appeared in the Good News newsletter. Sign up here!

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