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What Type Of Fuel Did WWII Warships Use?

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When people study World War II and the overall conflict, it’s not uncommon to focus one’s attention on tanks, airplanes, and massive ships like the Essex-class aircraft carriers used by the United States Navy. It’s easy to focus on these impressive pieces of military machinery and the people who operated them, but there’s one aspect of that historical conflict that’s rarely discussed: fuel. They say an army marches on its stomach, which remains true of the people doing the fighting, but when it comes to moving massive warships, you need fuel.

Modern warships primarily use three fuel sources: gasoline, diesel, and nuclear power. Yet one of those technologies wouldn’t arrive until the world’s first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus (SSN-571), entered the fleet in 1954. A decade earlier, WWII warships used a variety of fuels to move across the water, depending on a ship’s age and who operated it. There were four main fuel types that WWII warships used, including diesel fuel, gasoline, fuel oil, and coal.

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Coal was mostly gone by the time the war ended, but some of the older ships used in the conflict continued to feature coal furnaces. The U.S. Navy used two of the weirdest ships in the fleet during the conflict: two converted paddle-wheel steamers to train personnel, and both used coal. Most vessels used diesel or heavy fuel oil, while smaller vessels like PT boats used 100-octane aviation gasoline. German U-boats, which caused widespread disruption throughout the Atlantic Ocean, used diesel fuel, as did American subs, so there was a variety of fuel types utilized throughout the conflict.

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The many fuels of WWII warships

Most of the ships that used coal in the early 20th century had either been decommissioned or converted by the time WWII rolled around. The last U.S. Navy battleship fueled by coal was the USS Texas (BB-35), but it was converted to oil-fired boilers in 1925. After coal was largely abandoned for fuel oil, battleships like the USS Iowa (BB-61) had much better fuel efficiency, allowing for larger, faster vessels. The USS Iowa carried 2.5 million gallons of fuel oil to power the mighty warship, and the same fuel kept aircraft carriers in operation.

Essex-class carriers carried 1.5 million gallons of fuel oil, not to mention the 240,000 gallons of aviation fuel needed for their air wing. German U-boats, as well as Allied submarines, used diesel fuel while on the surface for propulsion, which also charged their batteries. While submerged, submarines used their batteries to power electric motors, as their diesel engines needed air to function. Regarding fuel oil, it was the most common energy source for WWII warships on all sides, as most surface vessels used it by 1939.

This included destroyers, frigates, cruisers, corvettes, and more. The world’s navies used different forms of fuel oil for various ships, all of which were distilled from crude oil. Regardless of the type, fuel oil was used to power ships via their steam boilers, and the U.S. Navy didn’t switch from Naval Special Fuel Oil (NSFO) until it adopted the NATO standard F-75/76 in 1969, so NSFO was its primary fuel source throughout WWII.

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Dolphin Emulator Download | TechSpot

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Dolphin is an emulator for the Nintendo GameCube and Wii. It allows PC gamers to enjoy games from both consoles in full HD (1080p), along with a range of enhancements – including support for all PC controllers, turbo speed, networked multiplayer, and more.

To run the Windows version, the 64-bit Visual C++ redistributable for Visual Studio 2022 must be installed.

What games can you plan with Dolphin Emulator?

Dolphin lets you enjoy Nintendo GameCube and Wii games on PC. For a complete list of playable games, you can check out the list here.

What kind of CPU do I need to run Dolphin?

You’ll need a quad-core CPU or better. With four cores, Dolphin has two cores for the main emulation threads, a third core for other tasks, and another core for the OS and background tasks.

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Do I need a powerful GPU to run the Dolphin emulator?

A discrete graphics card that supports DirectX11.1 and OpenGL 4.4 is highly recommended. The more powerful the graphics card, the more pixels and enhancements you can throw at it.

  • Nvidia: A GeForce GTX 1060 or better Nvidia GPU will be able to play Dolphin in HD resolutions with Ubershaders well.
  • AMD: A Radeon RX 570 or better AMD GPU will perform well in Dolphin with Ubershaders. AMD generally favors D3D over OpenGL.
  • Intel: Iris Pro iGPUs will handle Dolphin well in D3D in Windows. Integrated graphics older than HD 4000 are not supported.

How much RAM do I need to run Dolphin?

Dolphin requires at least 2GB of RAM. RAM speed generally has no effect on emulation performance.

Can I use two or more controllers for local multiplayer on Dolphin emulator?

Yes, if you have two or more friends connecting from the same computer, you can give a single computer multiple controllers. You only need to configure the first two ports of the Controller Configuration page.

What operating systems are supported?

Dolphin is a cross-platform emulator that runs on Windows 10 and Windows 11, Linux, macOS (10.15 Catalina and up), and Android (5.0 and above). Dolphin requires 64-bit operating systems to run properly.

What’s New

Welcome to Dolphin 2609’s accompanying Progress Report! Like everyone else, we’ve been doing our best to weather the Techpocalypse brought on by AI, but it’s really come after us in the past few months. Our website has been up and down repeatedly lately, as our defenses are barely holding out under the endless bombardment. But now AI has started to come for the emulator directly, with people using AI to mass-scan open source projects for potential vulnerabilities and overwhelm our volunteer team with very verbose reports. Though draining, once these vulnerabilities are out there, we can’t ignore them. A lot of effort has had to be diverted to deal with them, both in patching them and adjusting our workflows to better manage them. For more information, zip directly to that section with this link here.

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But that’s not all. A vulnerability in macOS allowed our macOS buildbot to be briefly compromised by a generic cryptominer attack. We’ll skip the quick summary and just point you toward the full story below, which you can reach by clicking here. The important thing is that we have determined that no builds were compromised.

We really just want to keep making Dolphin better. Fortunately, despite these headaches and roadbumps, there are still quite a few notable changes to go through, so let’s get to it.

Notable Changes

2606-91 – Android NetPlay by tom-pratt

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Under the hood, our mobile and desktop builds are almost identical. Dolphin is simply Dolphin; the only difference is the UI that lays on top. Despite this, our Android release doesn’t have feature parity with our flagship desktop builds. A lot of features that are missing in the Android GUI that are present in the desktop GUI are mostly missing because they’d be difficult to implement or would have limited value on Android.

NetPlay once fell into both camps.

For those unaware, Dolphin has lockstep NetPlay available to allow for online play in games that only had local multiplayer. Lockstep NetPlay requires perfect synchronization between each instance, and thus Dolphin has to run in a deterministic mode. This means forcing Single Core (or using a slower and even hackier version of Dual Core), setting the same starting time/seed, and making sure the same inputs make it to every machine. Optionally, save data and cheats can also be synchronized for use on NetPlay. If done right, each instance of the emulator will stay synchronized with no further intervention, with Dolphin only passing inputs.

All of these complexities make NetPlay an enticing, but often cumbersome-to-use feature. And given that it would be annoying to create a good GUI for NetPlay on Android and it would make games run slower on already limited hardware, there was no rush to implement it on Android.

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In the 2020s, the scales started to tilt in the other direction. Android devices have gotten stronger and stronger, and though CPU governors and GPU drivers still confound us, many flagship devices can run games in Single Core just fine. Additionally, Jetpack Compose for Android allows for easier and faster development of Android GUIs.

Wanting to share some of his favorite childhood experiences with his own kids, tom-pratt stepped up to the challenge. Using Compose, he built up the NetPlay Android GUI across several pull requests, with an initial bare bones implementation. This made it easier to review and eventually merge, and was quickly followed up with more features, such as controller port configuration for the host, that brings it closer to parity with the desktop implementation.

And now, as of Dolphin 2609, NetPlay is ready for Android users!

Currently, Android NetPlay requires users to be on a standard network (Wi-Fi, Ethernet, etc), but work has been started on adding support for Wi-Fi Direct, which would allow Android NetPlay to function between nearby devices with no network, similar to how the Nintendo DS’s local Wi-Fi play worked.

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Note: Using NetPlay over mobile data is not recommended. Even if you can get it to work, the packet loss and latency are not particularly suitable for lockstep multiplayer.

Cross Platform NetPlay

Can Android and desktop Dolphin play together with NetPlay? Yes, they can! Players can mix and match devices with whatever they have, so phones and laptops can play together just fine! However, there are some limitations that must be kept in mind.

Most full-size desktops use x86-64 processors, while most phones use ARM processors, and Dolphin uses different JITs depending on the host CPU. While our ARM64 and x86-64 JITs are very similar, they are not completely identical, and those JIT differences are likely to cause desyncs. Mixing and matching CPU architectures isn’t a guaranteed failure though – whether these differences lead to a desync or not depends on what instructions games use and in what order.

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Ignoring the JIT problem, there is one more major source of potential desyncs: the Framebuffer! Games that use EFB Access and/or Store EFB/XFB Copies to RAM can get different results from different graphics drivers. If these results mismatch at all, even if it doesn’t directly affect game logic, a timebase desync will usually be reported. Often this won’t outright break NetPlay (at least immediately), but if the difference becomes big enough, the instances will diverge. Given how special Adreno and Mali drivers are, there may even be problems when playing between different kinds of phones in those games!

Complete release notes here.

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Quordle hints and answers for Monday, September 28 (game #1708)

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Looking for a different day?

A new Quordle puzzle appears at midnight each day for your time zone – which means that some people are always playing ‘today’s game’ while others are playing ‘yesterday’s’. If you’re looking for Sunday’s puzzle instead then click here: Quordle hints and answers for Sunday, September 27 (game #1707).

Quordle was one of the original Wordle alternatives and is still going strong now more than 1,500 games later. It offers a genuine challenge, though, so read on if you need some Quordle hints today — or scroll down further for the answers.

Enjoy playing word games? You can also check out my NYT Connections today and NYT Strands today pages for hints and answers for those puzzles, while Marc’s Wordle today column covers the original viral word game.

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UK campaigners who beat AI copyright plan warn Australia

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Campaigners who helped stop the UK from letting AI companies train on copyrighted work without permission have warned Australia not to try the same thing. They spoke to Dan Milmo for the Guardian.

Australia’s government is weighing an opt-out model, under which AI firms could train on creators’ work unless they object. The plan came to light this month in leaked slides from the Attorney-General’s Department, ABC News reported.

The UK dropped a similar plan in March. Technology secretary Liz Kendall said the government no longer had a preferred option, after only 3% of more than 10,000 people who responded to its consultation backed opt-out.

Beeban Kidron, a film director and member of the House of Lords, led the political fight in the UK. She told the Guardian that Prime Minister Anthony Albanese should take note.

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“He should not squander his reputation by selling Australian creatives down the river,” Kidron said.

Composer Ed Newton-Rex, a former AI executive, organised a silent protest album backed by more than 1,000 musicians and a book with no text, signed by 10,000 writers. He said the UK campaign made the government see that the public wanted AI firms to pay for content.

“It will take just a moment for people to understand this is not fair,” Newton-Rex told the Guardian.

However, the tech industry still argues that AI training and fair pay for creators can go together. Antony Walker of trade group techUK told the Guardian that rights holders had been very effective at shouting down the debate in the UK.

In Australia, AI firms including OpenAI and Anthropic have asked the government to ease its rules. OpenAI has said it could not set up an Australian training centre without changes to copyright law, according to ABC News.

Attorney-General Michelle Rowland’s office said it is still consulting on options that give creators meaningful control and fair payment.

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Amazon Echo Show 11 Brings a Small Theater to Your Kitchen Counter

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Amazon Echo Show 11 2025
Amazon billed the newest Echo Show 11, priced at $149.99 (was $250), as a mini entertainment center you can park anywhere in the house, even on the road. Rooms with a wall outlet get the better half of that promise. This late-2025 smart display sits on the same rounded, fabric-wrapped base as the current Echo Show 8, then hangs an 11-inch Full HD touchscreen in front so the glass appears to float. Graphite and Glacier White are the two finishes. At about 10 by 7.2 by 5 inches and 2.9 pounds, you can slide it from kitchen to guest room. A 30-watt brick is the only power source, and the only port on the back is that power jack, so a weekend trip means packing a cord and hunting for an outlet.



This model exists solely because of its screen size. The panel measures around 10.95 inches diagonally and boasts a sharp resolution of 1920 by 1200 pixels, which is a significant improvement over the 8.7 inch HD screen on the comparable Show 8 and the previous Echo Show 10. The color remains visible from the side of a counter, which is beneficial when looking at a recipe while chopping. Adaptive brightness is useful in a bright kitchen, but don’t expect HDR. However, features like as timers, weather, Prime Video, and Netflix make the additional glass worthwhile.


Amazon Echo Show 11 (newest model), Vibrant Full-HD 11″ display with more viewing area and spatial audio…
  • New size, more viewing area: The 11“ smart display features a vibrant Full-HD touchscreen with 60% more viewing area versus Echo Show…
  • Content looks and sounds incredible: Watch shows on Prime Video, Netflix, and more on the vibrant Full-HD 11″ screen and enjoy room-filling spatial…
  • Your everyday assistant: The 11″ display makes it easy to see recipes and calendars at a glance, find meal inspo, and manage your shopping lists. With…


The sound comes from a 2.8-inch woofer and two forward-facing speakers wrapped in this lovely 3D knit fabric. Spatial audio does a good job of broadening the stage and is appropriate for a kitchen or small living room, but Amazon claims it has up to twice the bass of the 2023 Echo Show 8. Vocals are clear on podcasts and phone calls, however. The two speakers are set close together, so you won’t get much stereo width from them. That speaker setup is actually identical to the new Show 8, so the extra money you spent likely only got you a bigger and sharper screen and absolutely nothing better in the audio department.

Amazon Echo Show 11 2025
Amazon’s AZ3 Pro chip, which features a specialized AI engine for Alexa+, is the brains behind this device in the United States, and it does an excellent job of keeping Alexa’s wake phrase sharp even when music is playing. Responses are also prompt. Above the bezel, there’s a 13 megapixel camera that auto frames video calls and feeds Visual ID, allowing the home screen to move to someone’s calendar. However, this time, there is no real camera shutter. There is a button on the side that disables the microphones and camera and illuminates a red LED, which is adequate for regular use, but those who preferred a sliding cover will likely miss it.

Amazon Echo Show 11 2025
The new Omnisense is a quieter update, though. It employs ultrasound, Wi-Fi radar, an accelerometer, light and temperature sensors, and a camera to determine when someone enters the room, who they are, and how far away they are standing. Stand back and you’ll see a simple clock or photo reel. The widgets become visible as you move closer. Routines can be triggered even when a room is empty. You also get built-in Zigbee, a Thread border router, and Matter compatibility, allowing the Show 11 to function as a standalone smart-home hub without the need for additional box on the shelf. It supports Wi-Fi 6E and Bluetooth 5.3 radios.

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Just How Big is the AI Buildout – and How Risky?

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A new Brookings Institution study notes the “strikingly physical” economic footprint of AI’s buildout, from specialized chips and electricity to purpose-built data centers. (Two-thirds of a data center’s costs are IT equipment, with one-third going to real estate and its associated power infrastructure.) “At an average of 3.63 percent of GDP per year, the projected buildout would be larger relative to the economy than the major U.S. canal, railroad, electrification, highway, and telecommunications investment booms.”

This is pushing up prices for workers, electricity, and even commercial real estate (as well as consumer products that use chips), notes the Wall Street Journal, and reducing the construction on new houses and apartment buildings. And in addition, the paper points out, projections for this buildout “would double the electricity consumption of the entire U.S. residential sector.”

The calculations come from Columbia Business School finance/real estate professor Stijn van Nieuwerburgh — and Reuters explains their significance:

Just as the rail and telecoms expansions led to notable bubbles and busts, Van Nieuwerburgh wrote that the extent of the buildout, the still-untested revenue streams, and the intricate financing structure emerging around AI mean it could be primed for a fall. “This is freaking complicated,” he said in a briefing with reporters of the arrangements emerging between AI firms, major tech hyperscalers, banks, private credit lenders, real estate firms, and a host of other players involved in building what he conservatively estimated at 183 gigawatts worth of new data-center capacity over the next seven years, compared with about 57 gigawatts currently installed…. The investment underway already has outstripped what the major players can fund from their own cash flows. The shift to outside financing has increased leverage, redistributed risks across the economy, and made the venture dependent on revenue streams that have yet to be proven, Van Nieuwerburgh noted in the paper, which will be presented on Friday…

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“These developments do not imply that financial distress is imminent. Strong growth in AI applications, high utilization, and continued improvements in model capability could support the projected infrastructure and generate stable cash flows,” he wrote. “But the combination of uncertain demand, rapid technological change, execution bottlenecks, and high leverage creates meaningful downside risk if expectations are revised.” As an example, he wrote that the AI industry will need to be earning about $3.7 trillion in annual revenue by 2032 to achieve the expected return on the investment, and “given current estimates of annual combined revenues of OpenAI and Anthropic of around $100 billion, revenues would need to grow at roughly 80% per year.”

The paper suggests policies that “improve measurement and transparency” for financing.

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

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Going On A Tangent With The Intel 8087’s Hybrid CORDIC Algorithm

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Continuing their reverse-engineering of Intel’s 8087 FPU, [Ken Shirriff] and friends took a look at one of the trigonometric functions, specifically FPTAN.  The most exciting part with such reverse-engineering is probably figuring out which algorithm was used in the implementation, while trying to determine the reasoning behind the final hardware design.

If you’re running a simple MCU or MPU like the 6502 or Z80 without hardware functions you’d likely use an algorithm such as CORDIC or similar, as this requires only basic hardware features like addition, subtraction, bitshift, and look-up tables. One can also use polynomial approximation if there’s hardware support for a potential speed-up, or as is the case in the 8087, create a hybrid approach that targets speed and accuracy.

In the article the exact implementation to get to 64 bits of accuracy is detailed, starting with the 16 bits calculated using CORDIC before switching to the Padé approximant technique involving the ratio of two polynomials. Since after calculating the brunt of the final value with CORDIC the remainder is a fairly small value this polynomial approximation not just very accurate but also fast.

This approach allows the FPTAN and similar trigonometric functions in this FPU to hit a very high level of accuracy and not require the look-up table sizes and additional time required to work through the remaining bits with CORDIC. For those who want to see the full algorithm Intel’s engineers used, [Ken] has the full microcode listing with comments in the article as well.

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As for the exact speed-up from this approach, [Ken] calculates for one value that FPTAN would spend 33% on CORDIC pseudo-division, 47% on CORDIC pseudo-multiplication and a mere 15% on the polynomial approximation along with about 5% overhead.

With the Pentium series of CPUs Intel moved completely away from CORDIC, as it’s clear that as accurate as it may be, it’s hard to scale to a significant number of bits without incurring significant time penalties. With the introduction of SIMD instructions the x87 ISA has further seen its functionality reduced, but this analysis shows once again why the 8087 made such an impact when it was released.

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NYT Connections hints and answers for Monday, September 28 (game #1205)

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Good morning! Let’s play Connections, the NYT’s clever word game that challenges you to group answers in various categories. It can be tough, so read on if you need Connections hints.

What should you do once you’ve finished? Why, play some more word games of course. I’ve also got daily Strands hints and answers and Quordle hints and answers articles if you need help for those too, while Marc’s Wordle today page covers the original viral word game.

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America’s nuclear comeback just reached a milestone that could change where the country’s reactor fuel comes from

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  • X-energy has completed the main structure of its Tennessee fuel plant called TX-1
  • The facility could eventually produce 700,000 TRISO fuel pebbles annually
  • TX-1 will be America’s first new commercial-scale advanced fuel facility in decades

X-energy has completed the main structure of TX-1, a nuclear fuel manufacturing facility located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

The 214,000-square-foot plant, developed by subsidiary TRISO-X, represents the first commercial-scale advanced nuclear fuel facility built domestically in over 50 years.

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2 Of The Worst V12 Engines Ever Made (And 2 Of The Best)

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111 years ago, American automaker Packard unveiled a new model called the Twin Six. At the time, they were in a heated back-and-forth battle with Cadillac, each marque vying for the number-one spot as America’s premier luxury automaker. Cadillac was riding the high of its first V8, but with the Twin Six, Packard introduced the world to the first production V12. 

Since its inception with Packard, the V12 has been lauded as the ultimate form of the combustion engine. Huge power output can be extracted from its high cylinder count; its firing order is inherently balanced, resulting in smooth power delivery and stability in the engine bay; and it’s known for its vocal cords, too. In short, the V12 is perfectly suited to both performance and luxury applications. This grants the V12 a prestige and reputation that is unmatched by any other engine—they’re only found in the world’s finest cars.

The V12 is the statement piece of any automaker’s portfolio, so when you build one, it better be good. Because the V12 holds so much gravity, no holds are barred during its development, and usually, the result is something spectacular. The silky smoothness of a Rolls-Royce V12, or the rabid screams of a Lamborghini V12, are equally distinct, yet successful takes on the engine layout that both perfectly embody their brands’ ethos. However, not every instance is a success story. Here are two of the worst V12 engines ever made, and two of the best.

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Worst: Jaguar 5.3L V12

Today, the Jaguar E-Type is regarded as one of the world’s finest sports cars. Even during its production, the world and Jaguar knew that the E-Type was something special, so when it came time to make a replacement, Jaguar knew they had a near-insurmountable task on their hands. That replacement came in the form of the Jaguar XJ-S, a stately coupe with modernized looks, a relatively cheap price tag, and a 5.3-liter V12. At first, this seemed like a perfectly acceptable successor. A 285 horsepower V12 with a Jaguar badge for just $19,200 felt like a steal, but the truth soon reared its ugly head.

The XJ-S’s V12 was obscenely complex, especially the electronics. One particular problem area was the Marelli ignition system, which functioned as two separate six-cylinder ignitor layouts rather than a holistic 12-cylinder version. The issue was that one half could shut down, leaving unlit fuel in the banks that the working half could ignite at any moment, leading to engine fires. U.S. spec models also had the catalytic converters mounted too close to the exhaust manifolds, which could lead to engine fires.

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Beyond the fire problems, a Road & Track owner’s survey also reported issues with the brakes, alternator, cooling system, fuel pumps, instruments, and more. These engines required constant, expensive maintenance to prevent catastrophic damage, making this V12 a stain on Jaguar’s legacy and adding to their reputation for poor reliability.

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Worst: Lincoln Zephyr V12

Despite entering the market at the tail end of the Great Depression, Lincoln decided to introduce its new V12-powered car, the Zephyr, in 1936. Regardless of the V12’s status as a range-topping engine, the Zephyr was meant to help Lincoln expand their market and move away from the low-volume, coachbuilding model it had followed up until this point. From the outside, the Zephyr is a wonderful thing to look at. Although the looks were polarizing at the time, its streamlined lines and teardrop proportions gave it an undeniable Art Deco panache.

Under the hood, though, the engine couldn’t match the exterior’s confidence. The Zephyr’s V12 had many similarities to Ford’s flathead V8, including its L-head valvetrain layout and twin-water-pump cooling system, but it failed to match Ford’s reliability. Almost all of the issues were caused by, or stemmed from, overheating. Thin cylinder walls that poorly withheld combustion heat, along with an underpowered crankcase ventilation system, made these engines run extremely hot. The water-cooling pathways were too small, further exacerbating heat buildup, which cooked the engine oil into sludge that could damage the engine and sap power. Even in a well-functioning example, the small bore and displacement meant these engines produced only 110 horsepower, which, even for the day, was underwhelming for a V12.

The car was a perfect example of 20th-century American elegance, but its underwhelming, problematic engine held it back, and it faded into obscurity as one of the forgotten cars of the 1930s.

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Best: Ferrari F140

The V12 engine is steeped in the very essence of the Ferrari brand. Since the beginning of the prancing horse, the V12 has been the continuous masterpiece of Maranello, constantly evolving and improving. Each iteration improves upon the last, so it’s no surprise that its most recent version is the best the world has ever seen. Developed in 2002 for Ferrari’s fourth ultimate supercar, the Enzo, the 6-liter V12 was dubbed F140. The engine was pure Formula One, utilizing a 65-degree bank angle that allowed for a larger bore, more space for the intake manifolds, and a shorter engine height, resulting in a lower center of gravity and a compact package. In the Enzo, this naturally aspirated V12 produced 651 horsepower and an operatic shriek.

The F140’s involvement in the Enzo project alone makes it legendary, but that’s just the beginning. Ferrari upped displacement to 6.3 liters, and tossed the F140 in the F12. Later, in the Enzo’s successor, they bumped the power up to 800 horsepower and added an electric motor and a KERS system, introducing the LaFerrari as the brand’s first hybrid. Then, Ferrari updated the engine again for the 812, increasing displacement to 6.5 liters and boosting power to 819 horsepower. This most recent version powers all 812 variants, the Daytona SP3 and other Icona series cars, and the Purosangue, Ferrari’s first SUV. The F140 is the mascot of Italian, high-performance V12s, and it’s been blessing the hearts and ears of Ferrari fans since 2002.

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Best: Mercedes M120

The M120 was developed with similar vigor as the F140, but its goal was different from the beginning. In the late 1980s, Mercedes was due for a new S-Class. An S-Class has to be solid and silky, and that includes the engine; it has to be solid and effortless. This quest for a smooth and stable powerplant gave rise to the M120 V12, and Mercedes brought out all the stops in its development. The engineers wanted power but opted for a naturally aspirated configuration over forced induction, as they felt the linear power delivery of an NA engine was better suited to the S-Class’s task.

Mercedes wanted nothing to come in the way of the M120’s longevity, and meticulously engineered and tested each component until they could comfortably withstand more stress than would ever be placed on them in regular use. Its cooling and oil circulatory systems were simple and robust, as was the rest of the engine. Its 390 horsepower was doled out smoothly and predictably, with torque available across the rev range. In the S-Class, the M120 was like a Navy SEAL playing paintball. It was so capable that you never had to worry about it, and its performance potential was quickly realized, too. Mercedes used an AMG-tuned version of the M120 in the fabled CLK-GTR, as did Pagani in the Zonda. The M120 was solid as a bank vault door, and it conquered both the luxury and performance arenas of V12 greatness.

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Methodology

The V12 engine family is known for excelling as a powerplant for both luxury and performance cars. In luxury applications, their inherent balance between cylinder banks and firing orders lends itself well to smooth running and stability in the engine bay even at high revs. Their high cylinder count means combustion overlaps almost constantly, making the powerband linear and acceleration predictable and easy to control.

As for performance applications, this linear powerband is also beneficial, eliminating power jumps or drops that could disrupt a driver’s instincts. Their high cylinder count and displacement mean their horsepower ceiling is very high as well, without the need for forced induction. 

Engines on this list were chosen based on their adherence or lack thereof to these characteristics. Engines that exemplify the benefits and exceed the expectations of a V12’s capabilities were chosen as the best, while engines that fell short of said capabilities and expectations were chosen as the worst. Beyond V12-specific criteria, engines were also ranked based on general metrics like reliability and maintenance needs.

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Apple finally brought custom EQ to AirPods. It isn’t perfect, but makes a world of difference.

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I just adjusted the frequency response to my favorite Kazakh Hip-Hop track, and my AirPods Pro obliged, blasting soul-pleasing bass beats in my ear canals. In hindsight, I think this is how “Go” by Hatiko Ali was always meant to be listened to. Wading into an entirely different world, I slightly raised the mids and found myself lost in the melodious voice of Shafqat Amanat Ali. 

Just over a week ago, that wouldn’t have been possible. But thanks to iOS 27, and the latest AirPods firmware, Apple has finally added a custom tri-band EQ to give users a flexibility that they’ve been asking for years. It’s not as fleshed out as what you get with the likes of Sony, but the difference is easily noticeable, and utterly satisfying. 

So, what’s the big deal?

It won’t be an overstatement to say that Apple put true wireless earbuds into the mainstream. It’s next to impossible to walk in a buzzy place, a workspace, or even on public transport, and not see a few skulls rocking the distinctly white earbuds sold by Apple. And for good reason. They pair seamlessly, offer a bunch of cool features such as Find My tracking, and deliver fantastic noise isolation. 

Of course, they sound pretty good. Apple, however, has also been pretty stubborn in the sound department, preventing audiophiles from customizing how the AirPods sound. For years, Apple has maintained that the AirPods have been tuned by experts and that they sound just fine out of the box. Apple never served a custom EQ (aka equalizer) for its earbuds, something nearly every other major audio brand offers. 

With the release of iOS 27, Apple has finally made a course correction. So far, you could only pick between three presets in the name of customization: Balanced Tone, Vocal Range, and Brightness. Annoyingly, these settings were buried under Headphone Accommodations. That’s not a name where I would ever go looking to tweak the audio profile of my AirPods. And yeah, it wasn’t enough. 

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Does it make a difference though? 

Absolutely. 

Look, I won’t mince words here. Everyone has a different taste in music, and even when it comes to the same band — or even a track — what you like in a particular song is going to be different from the next person. Likewise, given the flexibility, you might occasionally want to enhance a certain element of a track, like the vocals raised and the background instruments suppressed, in a song. 

I know. I know. Music purists are going to balk at the idea. They would say you should listen to a song the way it was intended to be listened to. Or, to put it more accurately, listen to it the way a music artist is serving it. Simply put, just enjoy it in its pristine state. I disagree with that notion. You should listen to a song in the unique flavor that pleases your senses. There’s a reason lo-fi and slowed-reverb tracks are all the rage. Apple’s tri-band EQ finally gives you that freedom. 

While listening to Nine Inch Nails’ “As Alive As You Need Me To Be” from the “Tron: Ares” soundtrack, I always felt it was a tad chaotic. I wanted to hear the rock ferocity of Reznor’s voice on this track, without it being suppressed by the background instruments. Well, on the EQ page, I pulled down the high-band while raising the mid and low band output. That changed the entire song’s vibe. 

The distinct mechanical grit in Reznor’s voice became more obvious, with all its visceral aggression and layered vocal texture — all against a more pronounced bass chorus. Moving over to “A Drowning” by How to Destroy Angels, an inverted V-shaped EQ graph (bring down the low and high bands, enhance the mids) is the best way to enjoy Mariqueen Maandig’s vocals in all their controlled elegance and chilling precision against the dark backdrop. 

But how? 

Well, as mentioned above, make sure your iPhone is running the latest iOS 27 build, and you have the updated firmware installed on any of the AirPods models listed below: 

Next, pair the AirPods to your iPhone and follow this path: 

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Settings > (Name of your AirPods) > Audio & Routing > Equalizer > Custom.

Thankfully, the EQ changes you make on your iPhone will also reflect when the AirPods are connected to your iPad or Mac. “Custom EQ settings are stored on your AirPods and carry over to any other paired devices,” explains Apple. 

As mentioned above, you don’t necessarily have to go down the path. The AirPods (especially the Pro and Max) are tuned pretty well, and if you just want to enjoy music without losing brain cells over mids, lows, and highs, stick with the pre-applied “Recommended” profile. But if you ever wondered what a track would sound like if certain melodious or instrumental elements were adjusted, head over to the EQ page and play around. Trust me, it’s a rewarding exercise.

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