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The Blockchain Trilemma

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The Blockchain Trilemma

The Blockchain Trilemma


Blockchain is a technology that has emerged partly to provide greater freedom and fluidity in managing money. Moreover, it acts as a technology that accelerates the exchange of information and valuable assets between participants in a process, eliminating the dependence on intermediaries. 

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As for the characteristics of Blockchain technology, we could highlight three: 

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  • Immutable and shared: It only allows information to be added. Therefore, it is a record of information that cannot be modified. In addition, an identical copy of the information is distributed to all participants.

  • Decentralised and scalable: There is no central operator, which makes it highly reliable as there is no single point of failure or attack. In addition, participants are organised by common consensus to validate stored information. Moreover, it has the ability to grow naturally, so the platform’s power can grow progressively and based on demand. 

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  • Secure and robust: blockchain technology uses cryptography to store information, which makes it immune to fraud. It is also worth mentioning that it draws on increased computational power by combining the computing power of all connected computers. 

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What is this trilemma about?





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However, there is a problem linked to this technology: the so-called Blockchain Trilemma, a term coined by Vitalik Buterin. It consists of any developer having to sacrifice one of these characteristics to make room for the other two:




Scalability:

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In the blockchain, scalability refers to how large a network can expand in the future while maintaining the current transaction speed and performance level. When scalability and decentralisation operate together, security suffers because security prevents innovations that would allow the decentralised network to scale. This occurs because decentralised networks are difficult to scale since they require much effort to operate.

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Security:




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Blockchain networks are not entirely secure, as a hacker can modify a blockchain and manipulate transactions if he gains control of more than half of the network (51%). Therefore, the more nodes there are in a blockchain, the more secure it is.




Decentralisation

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Most protocols use Proof of Work (PoW) to achieve greater decentralisation. This means that much energy is needed to operate, making transactions per second very low and, therefore, more difficult to scale.



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Solutions to the Blockchain Trilemma





In trying to solve this problem, some projects do so at layer 1, while others seek to address their weaknesses through a layer 2 solution.

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Layer 1:


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Layer 1 networks refer to blockchains, while layer 2 protocols refer to a third party’s integration of a layer 1 blockchain. For example, Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ethereum are layer 1 blockchains.


Layer 1 scalability solutions augment the base layer of the protocol itself to improve its scalability. They change the rules of the protocol to increase the speed and capacity to process transactions while adapting to process more data and serve more users.

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For example, a layer 1 scalability solution could increase the amount of data contained in each block on the blockchain.

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An example of a layer 1 enhancement is sharding, which in a nutshell, consists of dividing the state of the entire network into different data sets called shards. In this way, nodes have to maintain less of the network, which makes their work more manageable.


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These network shards are processed at the same time in parallel, allowing sequential work. Individual shards provide evidence to the main blockchain and interact with each other to share addresses, balances and other data using inter-shard communication protocols.


Layer 2:

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Layer 2 solutions refer to a network that operates on top of a blockchain to improve its scalability and efficiency. This type of solution passes part of the transaction load to an adjacent system that handles most of the network processing and reports back to the main blockchain upon completion of the results. In this way, the main blockchain is decongested.

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For example, the Lightning Network is a layer 2 solution created to improve the transaction speeds of the Bitcoin network.


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Other layers 2 examples are:


– Nested blockchains

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Nested blockchains are one blockchain built on top of another. A nested blockchain generally includes a primary blockchain that sets the parameters and a secondary network where executions occur. 

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– Sidechains


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These are a sidechain associated with the primary blockchain via a bidirectional connection. The purpose of sidechains is focused on managing a large number of transactions, as a sidechain could support the primary chain in validating different transactions in blockchain networks. In this way, the primary chain finds enough time to solve security problems.


– State Channels

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State channels facilitate the option of transacting without regard to the primary chains, allowing miners to spend less time on verification.

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State channels do not rely on verifying transactions at layer 1 of the blockchain and use smart contracts to do so. Once a transaction is completed, state channels ensure that the resulting state is stored in the primary layer. 


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– Rollups


Rollups are layer 2 protocols that can perform computations outside the primary chain. In addition, rollups can help manage transactions without any interference at the primary layer. As a result, rollups guarantee the higher performance of blockchain transactions while ensuring cost reduction. 

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Conclusions


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A blockchain should have security, decentralisation and scalability. However, achieving a perfect balance in these three factors is difficult, which causes the Blockchain Trilemma: trying to improve scalability makes security and decentralisation suffer. On the other hand, improving the latter causes scalability to suffer.


The idea is to look for a second-layer solution that gets this problem out of the way. In this way, we can get scalability in these solutions while the first layer takes care of decentralisation and security.

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Aave DAO Approves $25M Grant and Token Allocation for Aave Labs

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Crypto Breaking News

Aave Labs, the core development team behind the Aave protocol, has secured a substantial financing package from its own DAO to accelerate growth and product development. In a governance vote that closed with strong support, the Aave community approved a plan that allocates $25 million in stablecoins to Aave Labs, complemented by a grant of 75,000 AAVE tokens. The framework, dubbed “Aave Will Win,” envisions a shift toward a DAO-funded operating model with revenue generated by Aave products flowing into the DAO treasury.

The proposal passed on Saturday with nearly 75% in favor. Under the terms, the stablecoins will be disbursed over 12 months, while the 75,000 AAVE tokens will vest linearly over four years. The governance dashboard confirms the timing and vesting schedule, marking a formal reconfiguration of how Aave allocates resources for development and growth.

In announcing the decision, Aave founder Stani Kulechov used social media to frame the moment as a watershed for the protocol. “Aave Will Win is the most important proposal in Aave’s history and it just passed with a landslide,” he wrote on X. “If you own AAVE, you own not just the economic rights of the protocol, but the brand, the users, and the integrations. This is the direction we are committing to, a multi-year journey. The foundation is set. Now it’s time to build. Aave will win.”

Beyond the immediate funding, the framework sets out a broader reorganization. Aave V4 is designated as the protocol’s long-term technical foundation, and a new foundation would steward the Aave brand. Aave Labs would focus exclusively on Aave-related products, while the DAO treasury would receive revenue from products such as Aave Pro, ensuring ongoing financial support independent of the centralized development entity.

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In parallel, the framework provides room for separate governance proposals to fund growth and development tied to product launches and milestones. These could take the form of targeted grants or milestone-based disbursements, allowing the community to steer investments toward specific features or initiatives without reworking the core operating model each time.

Historically, Aave’s governance has been a balancing act between centralized development control and decentralized decision-making. The current plan marks a notable shift: it moves the funding engine from Aave Labs’ balance sheet toward a DAO treasury funded by the protocol’s own activity, explicitly tying future success to broad community governance and alignment of incentives among developers, users, and builders.

Key takeaways

  • DAO-backed funding of Aave Labs: $25 million in stablecoins disbursed over 12 months to support operations and growth.
  • Incentivized ownership: 75,000 AAVE tokens vest over four years to align developer incentives with long-term protocol success.
  • DAO treasury model: Revenue from Aave products would flow to the DAO treasury, signaling a shift toward a DAO-funded operating model.
  • Aave V4 and brand stewardship: The framework codifies Aave V4 as the core technical foundation and creates a separate foundation to manage the brand.
  • Process and governance dynamics: The proposal followed a historical arc of governance debates, including prior concerns about funding size, token allocations, and revenue definitions.

What the vote changes for Aave Labs and the broader DAO

The core aim of the Aave Will Win framework is to de-emphasize centralized control in day-to-day operations while expanding the community’s role in funding and guiding development. By moving revenue from products such as Aave Pro into the DAO treasury, the community gains a more direct stake in the protocol’s ongoing evolution. This could translate into faster iteration on user-facing tools, tighter alignment between feature delivery and community priorities, and potentially more resilient funding during market downturns, as treasury resources are not solely dependent on a single entity’s balance sheet.

At the same time, the plan introduces new governance dynamics. The 75,000 AAVE tokens carry voting power and represent a tangible commitment by the community to align incentives with long-term outcomes. Some participants voiced concerns during the lead-up to the vote about the size of the funding package and the concentration of voting power in tokens, which could influence future protocol decisions. The governance process also flagged questions about how revenue is defined and counted for treasury allocations.

Looking back, the path to this moment included earlier tensions within the Aave ecosystem. A major governance delegate, the Aave Chan Initiative, stepped back from the DAO due to governance standard concerns and voting dynamics. Earlier in the year, a proposal to transfer brand assets and intellectual property to a DAO structure likewise failed, underscoring the challenges of translating aspiration into an operational model that the entire community can rally around. The team has argued that the new structure would streamline operations, accelerate development, and position Aave to compete more effectively as fintechs and institutions increasingly move on-chain in regulated environments.

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Implications for investors, users, and builders

From an investor and builder standpoint, the framework represents both opportunity and risk. On the upside, a formalized, DAO-backed funding mechanism could unlock more aggressive product development cycles, improved coordination across teams, and clearer long-term incentives for engineers and product teams. For users, the potential is a faster cadence of feature releases, improved risk management tools, and more robust integrations with on-chain products as the ecosystem matures around a centralized yet widely distributed governance model.

However, the transition is not without uncertainties. The DAO treasury’s performance will hinge on the protocol’s revenue streams and the community’s ability to govern effectively in a broader regulatory and macroeconomic context. Governance fatigue, misaligned incentives, or disputes over future revenue definitions could complicate execution. Market participants will want to watch how the separate grants tied to specific product launches are structured and how quickly they translate into tangible deliverables.

Macro context matters as well. Aave remains one of DeFi’s largest players by total value locked, with DeFiLlama data showing a multi-billion dollar footprint. A successful transition to a DAO-led operating model could serve as a blueprint—and a test case—for other major DeFi projects exploring similar governance and funding arrangements in an increasingly regulated, investor-driven landscape.

What comes next

With the “Aave Will Win” framework approved, attention shifts to the execution phase. The DAO will need to translate the approved funding and vesting schedules into concrete operational milestones, establishing governance processes for ongoing treasury management, grant distribution, and product roadmaps. The community will also be watching for how the new Aave foundation and the renamed or restructured Aave Labs interface with product teams, risk management, and compliance-related considerations as markets evolve.

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As Stani Kulechov signaled, the foundation has been set for a multi-year journey. The coming quarters will reveal how effectively the protocol can scale its governance-driven model without sacrificing speed and user-centric innovation. Investors and builders should remain attentive to how the DAO governs revenue definitions, how milestones are operationalized, and how the broader ecosystem responds to a more decentralized yet financially empowered Aave.

Overall, the vote represents a deliberate step toward embedding the protocol’s growth within a community-led framework. If the model succeeds, it could recalibrate expectations for how DeFi projects fund development and align incentives across developers, users, and strategic partners in the years ahead.

Watch for forthcoming governance proposals that will detail the distribution of growth and development grants, the specifics of the Aave V4 roadmap, and the formal establishment of the new foundation to steward the brand. The coming updates will indicate how quickly this ambitious transition translates into measurable product outcomes and wider market adoption.

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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Bitcoin price dips as U.S. Iran tensions push oil back above $100

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PlanC Flags $75K–$80K as Potential Bitcoin Cycle Bottom

Bitcoin price dropped to a session low of $70,617 as investors reacted to the announcement of a naval blockade from the White House after peace talks between the United States and Iran failed to reach a meaningful resolution.

Summary

  • President Trump confirmed an immediate naval blockade of the Strait of Hormuz after diplomatic negotiations in Pakistan collapsed over Iran’s refusal to terminate its long-term nuclear program.
  • Oil prices jumped to $105 per barrel as the U.S. Navy received orders to destroy Iranian naval mines and intercept commercial vessels attempting to pay illegal transit tolls.

The sudden decline coincided with a message from U.S. President Donald Trump on Truth Social, where he confirmed that the blockade would be implemented immediately. This move follows a total breakdown of diplomatic efforts in Islamabad last week. 

Despite Pakistan brokering high-stakes talks between U.S. and Iranian officials, the negotiations collapsed over a fundamental disagreement regarding Iran’s uranium enrichment levels.

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The peace process was further strained by reports of ceasefire violations occurring almost as soon as the initial window opened. After a final 21-hour meeting, President Trump signaled that the talks had failed specifically because Iran would not dismantle its long-term nuclear program. 

Regarding the failed negotiations, Trump stated that the nuclear issue was the only point that “really mattered.”

The economic fallout of the conflict became evident as U.S. futures markets opened this morning. Oil prices surged nearly 10% to hit $105 per barrel, placing further downward pressure on Bitcoin as traders moved away from riskier assets. 

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The Strait of Hormuz remains a critical flashpoint, as the narrow waterway handles approximately 20% of the world’s oil trade.

Beyond the nuclear dispute, Iran has introduced several demands, including billions in war reparations and the release of frozen assets held in international bank accounts. 

The situation has been complicated by reports that Iran is using naval mines to intimidate commercial ships and demanding transit tolls—some of which were allegedly requested in Bitcoin.

Trump has rejected these terms, characterizing the tactics as “world extortion.” In response, he has authorized the U.S. Navy to intercept any vessels paying these tolls and to actively destroy any mines found in the shipping lanes.

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While Bitcoin has since recovered slightly to trade above $71,000, market analysts warn of continued volatility. The $70,000 mark remains a significant psychological floor for the asset. If the price fails to hold above $68,000, analysts suggest a deeper correction could be on the horizon, potentially pushing the market down toward the $62,000 range.

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Strategy signals another bitcoin buy as company needs just 2% annual BTC growth to cover dividends

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Strategy signals another bitcoin buy as company needs just 2% annual BTC growth to cover dividends

Strategy co-founder Michael Saylor signaled an imminent bitcoin purchase on Sunday, posting “think bigger” alongside the company’s BTC acquisition tracker that has preceded every major buy since 2020.

The company has made 105 bitcoin purchases since it began accumulating in August 2020. Its most recent, on April 6, added 4,871 BTC for $329.8 million. Total holdings stand at 766,970 BTC acquired at a blended cost basis of $75,644, roughly $5,000 above the current market price and representing $14.5 billion in unrealized losses that Strategy disclosed in a first-quarter SEC filing.

MSTR is buying at a pace that dwarfs new supply. Strategy accumulated 46,233 BTC in March, while miners produced approximately 16,200 BTC, meaning a single company absorbed nearly three times the bitcoin that the entire global mining network generated in the same period.

Meanwhile, Saylor also disclosed that Strategy’s breakeven annual return rate on its STRC preferred equity product is approximately 2.05%. If bitcoin appreciates faster than that over time, the company can cover its preferred dividends indefinitely without issuing new MSTR shares.

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The number quantifies both the appeal and the fragility of the funding model. A 2% hurdle is low by historical bitcoin standards, but it assumes bitcoin never goes sideways or down for an extended period while the dividends keep compounding.

STRC is the mechanism that makes the buying machine run. The preferred equity product saw hundreds of millions in new inflows around its recent ex-dividend date, providing the capital for continued accumulation. Strategy keeps buying as long as investor appetite for STRC holds.

Bitcoin traded at $71,800 on Monday, according to CoinDesk data, up 7.9% on the week and holding above $70,000 for the fourth consecutive day since the Iran ceasefire was announced.

Whether Saylor’s “think bigger” translates into a purchase large enough to move the market depends on the size. At Strategy’s recent pace of 40,000-plus BTC per month, the next filing could push total holdings past 800,000 before the end of April.

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Aave DAO Grants 25M in Stablecoins to Aave Labs in Governance Vote

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Aave DAO Grants 25M in Stablecoins to Aave Labs in Governance Vote

Aave Labs, the core development team behind the Aave protocol, has been granted $25 million in stablecoins, alongside a token allocation of 75,000 AAVE by its decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) as part of the “Aave Will Win” framework. 

The vote passed Saturday with nearly 75% in favor. The stablecoin allocation will be paid in installments over 12 months, while the 75,000 AAVE tokens will vest linearly over four years, according to the governance dashboard. 

The Aave Will Win framework aims to accelerate the protocol’s growth, with the DAO funding development and Aave Labs focusing on building and scaling. The stablecoins directly fund Aave Labs’ operations, while the token allocation serves as an incentive for developers to help grow the protocol.

Other elements of the framework, including the growth and development grants tied to specific product launches and milestones, will have separate governance proposals. 

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Aave is one of the largest DeFi protocols in the industry, with its total value locked exceeding $25 billion, DeFiLlama data shows. The framework marks a major shift in funding allocation. 

The vote passed on Saturday with nearly 75% in favor. Source: Aave

Most important proposal in protocol’s history, founder says 

Following the vote, Aave founder Stani Kulechov said in an X post Saturday that Aave Will Win is the “most important proposal in Aave’s history” and it “just passed with a landslide.” 

“If you own AAVE, you own not just the economic rights of the protocol, but the brand, the users, and the integrations, he added. “This is the direction we are committing to, a multi-year journey. The foundation is set. Now it’s time to build. Aave will win.”

Source: Stani Kulechov

Under the framework, which passed on April 5, Aave Labs would shift to a DAO-funded operating model, with revenue generated by Aave products, such as Aave Pro, flowing to the DAO treasury rather than being retained by Aave Labs. 

The proposal also sought ratification of Aave V4 as the protocol’s long-term technical foundation and outlined plans for a new foundation to steward the Aave brand. Aave Labs would also focus only on Aave-related products, with the goal of streamlining operations, accelerating development and building more competitive offerings. 

“Fintechs are entering DeFi, institutions are coming on-chain, and regulatory clarity is emerging in certain markets that allows us to go directly to consumers,” Aave Labs said.

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“The protocols that win the next decade will be those that move fast, build great tools and products and capture new markets before competitors,” it added.

Proposals met with friction before 

Some community members have previously raised concerns about the size of the funding package and the inclusion of 75,000 AAVE tokens, which carry voting power, and the definition of what counts as revenue. 

Related: Chaos Labs taps out as Aave’s risk provider, decision ‘not made in haste’

The Aave Will Win framework passed a temperature check on March 1, and soon after, a major governance delegate, the Aave Chan Initiative, announced it would wind down its involvement with the DAO due to concerns about governance standards and voting dynamics during the proposal process.

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In January, another proposal to transfer control of Aave’s brand assets and intellectual property to its DAO failed, prompting debate within the Aave community over the protocol’s long-term direction and governance structure.

Magazine: Bitcoin quantum-safe without upgrade? CZ’s 2031 crypto vision: Hodler’s Digest, April 5 – 11