Crypto World
What is self-custody? Cold wallets versus exchanges
Self-custody means holding your own keys instead of trusting an exchange to hold them for you. After FTX, Celsius, and Mt. Gox, the case is obvious. Yet most people still leave their crypto on a platform. Here is why, and how to change it.
Summary
- Self-custody means you control the private keys to your crypto, so no exchange, company, or third party can freeze, lose, or spend your funds. The trade is that you carry full responsibility for keeping those keys safe.
- The alternative is custodial storage, where an exchange holds your keys for you. It is convenient and offers support and recovery, but it exposes you to counterparty risk if the platform is hacked, goes insolvent, or freezes withdrawals.
- The phrase “not your keys, not your coins” captures the core lesson from collapses like FTX, Celsius, and Mt. Gox, where users who left funds on a platform lost access when it failed.
- Self-custody wallets come in two forms: hot wallets, which stay connected to the internet for convenience, and cold wallets, which keep keys offline for maximum security, usually on a hardware device.
- Despite the risks, surveys show most users still keep crypto on exchanges, because self-custody means managing a seed phrase and accepting that a lost phrase or a phishing mistake can mean permanent loss.
Self-custody is one of the founding ideas of crypto and one of the least practiced. The promise of Bitcoin and the systems that followed was that you could hold value directly, without a bank or a broker standing between you and your money. Self-custody is that promise made real: you hold the keys, and no one else can touch your funds. The catch is that holding the keys means holding all the responsibility, and after years of exchange collapses that wiped out users who trusted platforms to hold their crypto, most people still do exactly that. This guide explains what self-custody is, how it differs from leaving crypto on an exchange, the difference between hot and cold wallets, how to set it up, and the real risks on both sides.
What self-custody means
To understand self-custody, you first have to understand what a crypto wallet actually holds. Your crypto does not sit inside your wallet the way cash sits in a leather one. The coins live on the blockchain, a public ledger copied across thousands of computers. What you truly own is the private key, a secret piece of data that authorizes moving those coins. Whoever controls the private key controls the crypto. A wallet is really just a tool for storing and using that key.
Self-custody, also called non-custodial storage, means you hold the private keys yourself. You alone can authorize transactions, and no company sits between you and your funds. Because no third party has your keys, no exchange bankruptcy, no regulatory seizure, and no corporate decision can freeze or take your crypto. You have complete control, and with it complete responsibility, since there is no help desk that can recover your funds if you lose your key.
The opposite arrangement is custodial storage, the default when you buy crypto on an exchange. There, the platform holds the private keys on your behalf. You see a balance in your account, and you can trade and withdraw, but the exchange controls the keys and therefore the crypto. You are trusting the company to safeguard your funds and to let you access them when you want. That trust is convenient, and it is also the entire source of the risk that self-custody is designed to remove.
Not your keys, not your coins
The phrase that has circulated in crypto for years is “not your keys, not your coins,” and it is the single most important idea in this whole subject. It means that if you do not control the private keys, you do not truly control the crypto, no matter what balance an app shows you. When your funds sit on an exchange, what you own is a claim against that company, not the coins themselves. As long as the company is solvent and honest, the claim is as good as the coins. When it is not, the difference becomes everything.
History has proven the point repeatedly. When large exchanges and lenders collapsed, users who had left their crypto on those platforms found they could not withdraw, and many never recovered their funds. The failures of Mt. Gox years ago, and of FTX, Celsius, and other platforms more recently, all delivered the same lesson: a balance on a platform is only as safe as the platform, and platforms fail. In each case, users who held their own keys were untouched, while those who trusted a custodian shared in its collapse.
This is the argument for self-custody in one sentence: it removes counterparty risk. There is no company that can go bankrupt with your coins, no platform that can freeze your account, no custodian that can be hacked and drained. The price of removing that risk is taking on the responsibility yourself, which is exactly where the difficulty, and the reason most people still avoid it, begins.
Hot wallets versus cold wallets
Within self-custody, wallets divide into two families based on whether they are connected to the internet. A hot wallet is a self-custody wallet that stays online, usually as a phone app or a browser extension. It is convenient: you can send, receive, and interact with on-chain applications quickly, which makes it well suited to small balances and daily use. The trade is exposure, because anything connected to the internet is more reachable by attackers, malware, and phishing.
A cold wallet keeps the private keys offline, most often on a dedicated hardware device that looks like a small USB stick. The keys are generated and stored on the device and never leave it; when you want to send crypto, the transaction is signed on the device itself, so the secret key is never exposed to your internet-connected computer or phone. This offline design makes cold wallets far more resistant to remote attacks, which is why they are the standard for larger amounts and long-term holding. The trade is convenience, since using one takes more steps and the physical device can be lost, damaged, or stolen.
It is worth separating two ideas that are often confused. Hot versus cold describes internet exposure. Custodial versus non-custodial describes who holds the keys. A hardware cold wallet is non-custodial and offline. An exchange account is custodial and online. You can have self-custody that is hot, such as a phone wallet, or self-custody that is cold, such as a hardware device. The safest arrangement for meaningful sums is self-custody that is also cold, because it combines your control of the keys with their isolation from the internet.
The seed phrase
At the center of nearly every self-custody wallet sits the seed phrase, and understanding it is non-negotiable. When you set up a wallet, it generates a sequence of 12 to 24 ordinary words, called the seed phrase or recovery phrase. Those words are a human-readable form of your master key. From them, the wallet derives all of its private keys, which means the seed phrase can restore your entire wallet on any compatible device if your phone breaks or your hardware wallet is lost.
That power cuts both ways. Anyone who obtains your seed phrase can recreate your wallet and take everything in it, from anywhere in the world, with no way to reverse the theft. And if you lose your seed phrase and lose access to your device, your funds are gone permanently, because no company holds a copy and no one can regenerate it for you. The seed phrase is the thing you are really protecting in self-custody, and the rules are strict: write it down and store it offline in a secure place, never type it into a website or share it with anyone, and never store it as a photo or in a cloud account where it could be leaked or hacked.
The seed phrase is also the reason self-custody feels intimidating, and it should command respect rather than fear. It replaces the bank’s password-reset and fraud-reversal safety nets with a single artifact that you alone are responsible for. Most catastrophic self-custody losses trace back to a seed phrase that was lost, exposed, or handed to a scammer, so mastering how to store it safely is most of the battle.
How to set up self-custody
The path is more approachable than it sounds. Start by deciding how much you are protecting and for how long. Small amounts you actively trade can live in a hot wallet or on a regulated exchange; larger amounts you intend to hold belong in cold storage. That decision drives which wallet you set up.
To set up a hot wallet, download a reputable wallet app or extension, triple-checking that you are on the official site to avoid the fake wallet apps that scammers publish. The wallet will generate your seed phrase; write it down on paper, store it securely offline, and never save a digital copy. To set up a cold wallet, buy a hardware device directly from the manufacturer or an authorized seller, never secondhand, then follow its setup to generate and record the seed phrase on the device. Once the wallet exists, you fund it by sending crypto to its receiving address.
A concrete example shows the flow. Suppose you hold Ether on an exchange and want to move it into self-custody. In your wallet, you find your receiving address for Ether and copy it. On the exchange, you choose to withdraw Ether, paste in your wallet’s address as the destination, confirm the network is correct, and review the fee before sending. After the network confirms the transaction, the Ether now sits in your self-custody wallet, controlled by your keys, and it will stay there untouched until you decide to move it. That single transfer is the moment custody changes hands, from the exchange to you.
The mixed approach
In practice, most experienced users do not choose between an exchange and self-custody; they use both, with a deliberate split. The common model is to keep the bulk of holdings in cold self-custody, isolated from the internet and from platform risk, while keeping a smaller working balance on an exchange or in a hot wallet for active trading and quick access. A frequently cited starting ratio is roughly 70% in cold storage and 30% on a platform or hot wallet, adjusted to how actively you trade.
The logic is that different funds have different jobs. Money you may need to move or trade at short notice benefits from the speed and liquidity of an exchange, and keeping only a small operational balance there limits how much is exposed if the platform fails. Money you intend to hold for the long term has no reason to sit exposed to counterparty risk, so it belongs in cold storage where your keys, offline, protect it. Splitting deliberately captures the convenience of a platform for the funds that need it while keeping the majority safe.
This is also the arrangement that shows up at the level of large holders and institutions, who typically hold reserves in cold storage, sometimes behind multiple required approvals, and keep only operational liquidity on exchanges. The broader on-chain trend of crypto leaving exchanges and moving into private wallets, often read as a sign of accumulation, is the same behavior at scale: participants moving coins they intend to keep off platforms and into custody they control.
Newer options and the responsibility trade
The seed phrase problem has driven a wave of newer wallet designs aimed at keeping self-custody while removing its sharpest edge. Multi-party computation, or MPC, wallets split the signing key into several encrypted shares held in different places, so there is no single seed phrase to lose or steal, and no one share can move funds alone. Some seedless wallets use this approach with familiar phone-based security like biometrics, letting beginners hold their own keys without memorizing or safeguarding a 24-word phrase. These designs aim to make self-custody accessible to people who found the seed phrase too risky to manage.
Even so, self-custody remains a trade-off instead of a free upgrade, and that is why most people still leave crypto on exchanges despite the risks. Surveys of crypto users capture the gap clearly: a large majority say self-custody is important and many fear a major exchange breach, yet most still keep their assets on centralized platforms and only a minority use a cold wallet. The reasons are convenience and fear of self-inflicted loss. An exchange offers password resets, customer support, and the comfort of not being solely responsible, while self-custody offers control at the cost of accepting that a lost phrase or a single phishing mistake has no undo.
The honest framing is that self-custody removes counterparty risk and replaces it with personal responsibility. Neither approach is strictly correct for everyone. A beginner with a small balance may reasonably start on a reputable exchange while learning, and a long-term holder with meaningful sums has a strong case for cold self-custody. The goal is to match the method to the amount, the time horizon, and your own comfort with responsibility, and to make that choice deliberately rather than by default.
The main risks to manage
Self-custody shifts the risks instead of removing them, so it helps to name what you are now guarding against. The first is seed phrase loss: misplace the phrase and lose your device, and the funds are unrecoverable, so secure, redundant, offline backups matter.
The second is exposure: a seed phrase photographed, stored in the cloud, or typed into a website can be stolen, so it must stay offline and private. The third is phishing and scams, the most common way self-custody users actually lose funds, where attackers trick you into entering your seed phrase on a fake site, signing a malicious transaction, or downloading a counterfeit wallet app.
The fourth risk is physical, since a hardware device can be lost, damaged, or stolen, which is why the seed phrase backup, stored separately from the device, is what actually protects you rather than the device itself. Practical defenses follow directly from these risks: store the seed phrase offline in more than one secure location, never share it or enter it anywhere online, verify every website and app through official channels, and treat any unexpected request for your phrase or an urgent prompt to sign something as an attack until proven otherwise.
The reassuring part is that these risks are manageable with discipline, and none of them involve trusting a company that could fail. The custodial user worries about the platform’s security, which they cannot see or control. The self-custody user worries about their own practices, which they can. For many people, trading a risk they cannot control for one they can is the entire appeal, and the reason the phrase “not your keys, not your coins” has outlasted every platform that tested it.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does self-custody mean in crypto?
Self-custody means you hold the private keys to your crypto yourself, so you alone can authorize transactions and no exchange or company can freeze, lose, or spend your funds. Your coins live on the blockchain, and the private key is what controls them. The trade is that you take on full responsibility for keeping those keys safe, with no help desk to recover them if lost.
What is the difference between a custodial and a non-custodial wallet?
A custodial wallet, such as an exchange account, has a third party hold your private keys for you. It is convenient and offers support and recovery, but it exposes you to counterparty risk if the platform fails. A non-custodial wallet, meaning self-custody, has you hold the keys, removing counterparty risk but making you solely responsible for security. The distinction is simply who controls the keys.
What does “not your keys, not your coins” mean?
It means that if you do not control the private keys, you do not truly control the crypto, regardless of what balance a platform shows you. Funds on an exchange are a claim against that company, not the coins themselves. If the company is hacked, goes bankrupt, or freezes withdrawals, that claim can fail, as users learned when platforms like FTX, Celsius, and Mt. Gox collapsed.
What is the difference between a hot wallet and a cold wallet?
A hot wallet is a self-custody wallet that stays connected to the internet, usually as a phone app or browser extension. It is convenient for small amounts and daily use but more exposed to online attacks. A cold wallet keeps the private keys offline, typically on a hardware device, signing transactions without exposing the key to the internet, which makes it far more secure for larger, long-term holdings.
What is a seed phrase and how should I protect it?
A seed phrase is a sequence of 12 to 24 words generated when you set up a wallet, and it is a human-readable master key that can restore your entire wallet on any compatible device. Anyone who obtains it can take your funds, and losing it can mean permanent loss. Write it down, store it offline in secure locations, never share it, and never save it online or as a photo.
Is self-custody safer than keeping crypto on an exchange?
It removes counterparty risk, the danger that a platform is hacked, goes insolvent, or freezes withdrawals, which is a real and repeatedly proven threat. But it adds personal responsibility, since a lost seed phrase or a phishing mistake has no undo. Self-custody is safer against platform failure and riskier against your own errors, so the right choice depends on the amount, your horizon, and your discipline.
Can I use both an exchange and self-custody?
Yes, and most experienced users do. The common approach keeps the bulk of holdings in cold self-custody, protected from platform risk, while keeping a smaller working balance on an exchange or hot wallet for trading and quick access. A frequently cited split is around 70% in cold storage and 30% on a platform, adjusted to how actively you trade. Different funds get matched to different needs.
What are MPC or seedless wallets?
Multi-party computation wallets split the signing key into several encrypted shares held separately, so there is no single seed phrase to lose or steal and no one share can move funds alone. Some seedless wallets use this with phone-based security like biometrics, letting users hold their own keys without safeguarding a 24-word phrase. They aim to keep the control of self-custody while reducing the seed phrase risk.
Disclaimer: This article is for information and educational purposes only and does not constitute financial, investment, or security advice. Self-custody carries the risk of permanent loss if keys or seed phrases are lost or stolen. Nothing here is a recommendation to use any specific product or service. Always do your own research and consider consulting a qualified professional before making decisions about storing digital assets. Information is accurate as of July 1, 2026, and may change.
Crypto World
FBI Director Kash Patel caught sleeping on required disclosure of six-figure MSTR investment
FBI Director Kash Patel failed to timely disclose a six-figure purchase of stock in Strategy (MSTR), the world’s largest publicly-listed bitcoin holder, according to a report by nonpartisan news outlet NOTUS.
Patel supposedly purchased between $100,001 and $250,000 worth of MSTR on Nov. 21, but did not report the trade to regulators until May 26.
The reason for the delay? miscommunication. Patel informed the Office of Government Ethics that he “inadvertently omitted” the transaction due to an unspecified “miscommunication.”
According to the Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge (STOCK) Act, high-ranking executive branch officials need to publicly disclose individual stock trades over $1,000 within 45 days from the transaction.
The trade has drawn intense scrutiny from government watchdogs due to Strategy’s BTC accumulation business and its previous business with federal agencies.
The company, which according to NOTUS has done millions of dollars in business over the years with the Justice Department, calls itself as a “Bitcoin Treasury Company,” and aggressively accumulates BTC as its primary reserve asset. Since 2020, the company has built a coin stash of 847,363 BTC, worth over $50 billion as of this writing.
Crypto World
France Reports 77 Crypto Wrench Attacks in 2026
French Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez has promised a “more ambitious” approach to tackling crypto ransom attacks after confirming there were 77 kidnapping, extortion or attempted extortion incidents linked to crypto in the first half of 2026.
Nuñez said Tuesday that the 77 incidents recorded so far this year are up sharply from the 45 recorded in all of 2025, according to local outlet BFM Business.
“These are serious matters, and your concern is legitimate,” he told the Association for the Development of Digital Assets (ADAN) as he promised more government support.
France has become one of the biggest hot spots for crypto wrench attacks, where criminals use physical violence to coerce victims into handing over crypto. Approximately 11% of French people own cryptocurrencies, according to ADAN, which equates to about 7.3 million people.
France’s rapid alert and protection system
Earlier this year, French authorities launched a dedicated prevention platform and a rapid-alert and protection system for crypto holders and professionals, which has attracted 724 sign-ups so far, Nuñez said.
Nuñez said that emergency measures have resulted in 200 arrests, with one recent attacker being arrested within eight hours on Friday, thanks in part to the victim using an emergency identification hotline.
Related: StarkWare introduces ‘Private KYC’ to address personal data breaches
Nuñez promised a “more ambitious” three-part plan to reinforce security measures for the crypto sector. This includes stronger intelligence-sharing, since criminal networks are often based abroad, a deeper partnership with ADAN and better operational coordination between security services.
French wrench attacks on the rise
Blockchain security firm CertiK reported in May that wrench attacks globally were up 41% in the first four months of 2026, compared with the same period last year, with most attacks in Europe.
The firm said France is the “epicenter” of attacks because of the presence of several flagship industry companies and their executives, a “culture of flexing and voluntary doxxing that remains deeply embedded in the community,” and proven exposure from numerous sensitive data leaks.
David Balland, co-founder of French hardware wallet maker Ledger, was kidnapped and held for ransom along with his partner in January 2025 before being rescued by police.
Ledger suffered one of the industry’s most damaging data breaches when its customer database was hacked in 2020, resulting in the leak of more than 270,000 personal records and a wave of phishing and wrench attacks that continue to this day.
“France ranks among the most targeted countries in the world for this type of breach,” CertiK said.

Europe is becoming a hotbed for wrench attacks in 2026. Source: CertiK
Magazine: Bitcoin slides to $58K, XRP hits $1 but onchain data promising: Market Moves
Crypto World
KOSPI Drops Below 8,000, Triggers Yet Another 2026 Trading Halt
The KOSPI sank below 8,000 on July 2. The drop pushed the Korea Exchange (KRX) to activate a sell-side sidecar within minutes of the opening bell.
The Korea Exchange suspended program trading on KOSPI-listed shares for five minutes. Heavy selling in semiconductor stocks drove the move. The benchmark opened 4.46% lower and kept falling from there.
Another Halt in a Record-Breaking Year
The index had dropped 534.25 points, or 6.43%, to 7,769.16 by 9:51 a.m. local time. A sell-side sidecar triggers automatically once KOSPI 200 futures fall 5% or more for at least one minute.
Thursday’s pause is far from an isolated event. The exchange has repeatedly triggered sidecars and circuit breakers throughout 2026. Volatility this year has already topped the 2008 financial crisis, when the KOSPI set its prior annual sidecar record of 26 halts.
By late June, the KRX had logged close to 30 sidecar activations and five circuit breakers this year alone. Both figures already beat that 2008 tally.
Chipmakers Bear the Brunt
Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix together make up roughly half of the KOSPI’s market capitalization. The two chipmakers have repeatedly driven these swings. Their shares extended losses again Thursday, tracking a global chip stock selloff that started on Wall Street overnight.
The Nasdaq Composite slid 0.66% Wednesday. The VanEck Semiconductor ETF lost 5.4%. Micron Technology and Sandisk each dropped more than 10%. The rout followed weeks of sharp reversals in the KOSPI’s chip-driven rally, a rally that had pushed the index to record highs earlier this year.
Semiconductor stocks still dominate the index. Traders now face a familiar question: will Thursday’s selloff deepen further, or fade as quickly as prior swings have this year.
The post KOSPI Drops Below 8,000, Triggers Yet Another 2026 Trading Halt appeared first on BeInCrypto.
Crypto World
Senator Lummis Calls to Stop ‘Baseless Attacks’ on the Clarity Act
Senator Cynthia Lummis defended the Clarity Act against Senator Elizabeth Warren, rejecting claims that the digital-asset bill creates illicit finance loopholes and pointing to more than 16 safeguards written into the legislation.
The Wyoming Republican responded after Warren argued that adversaries exploit crypto to move billions and that the bill would weaken standards. Their clash comes as the Senate races against a narrow legislative calendar.
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Lummis Points to Built-In Safeguards
Lummis countered that the Clarity Act strengthens illicit finance rules rather than weakening them. She listed specific provisions in a public rebuttal.
Lummis noted that Section 201 applies the Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering (BSA/AML) rules to crypto. Section 303 adds new sanctions aimed at Iran. Section 305 lets exchanges freeze dirty money.
“If you don’t like crypto, then say it, but stop these baseless attacks,” she said.
Illicit finance concerns have become a central sticking point for the legislation. Law enforcement groups and Catholic coalitions pushed back in separate letters last month.
Their objections targeted Section 604, the bill’s developer safe harbor. Critics say broad exemptions could weaken oversight of criminal fund flows.
Clarity Act Passage Odds Slide on Polymarket as Deadline Nears
Meanwhile, the timing raises the stakes for the bill. The Senate returns from recess on July 13, leaving a narrow window before the August break.
The bill must clear the Senate by then to stand a chance of becoming law this year. That path requires 60 votes, including at least seven Democrats.
Prediction markets have turned cautious. On Polymarket, the odds of the Clarity Act becoming law in 2026 fell to 39%, down from 64% in early June.
Analysts have shifted, too. Galaxy Research now puts the odds of the CLARITY Act becoming law in 2026 at 50%, down from 60% on June 5, citing the shrinking Senate calendar.
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The post Senator Lummis Calls to Stop ‘Baseless Attacks’ on the Clarity Act appeared first on BeInCrypto.
Crypto World
Tether freezes USDT in 131 ISIS-K-linked TRON wallets: Chainalysis
Tether has frozen USDT balances in 131 TRON wallets linked to ISIS-K after U.S. sanctions officials added more than 100 crypto identifiers tied to the group.
Summary
- Tether froze USDT balances across 131 ISIS-K-linked TRON wallets after OFAC updated its sanctions identifiers.
- Chainalysis said the TRON wallets received over $1.4 million and sent over $880,000 since 2023.
- The action adds pressure on VASPs to update sanctions screening for newly listed crypto addresses.
The move places stablecoin issuer controls at the center of a new terrorism-financing action involving TRON and Monero addresses.
Chainalysis said the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control updated its ISIS-K designation on July 1. The update added 134 crypto wallet identifiers, including 131 TRON addresses and three Monero addresses.
“Tether has frozen the balances on all 131 TRON addresses,” said Chainalysis.
The official OFAC update lists the wallets under ISIL Khorasan, also known as ISIS-K. The group is the Islamic State’s Afghanistan and Pakistan branch. OFAC had already designated ISIS-K as a terrorist group before adding the new crypto wallet identifiers.
Chainalysis tracks Tether flows across TRON wallets
Chainalysis said the 131 TRON addresses had received more than $1.4 million since 2023. The same wallets sent out more than $880,000 over that period. The blockchain analytics firm said several listed wallets had exposure to mainstream services and also sent funds to Syria-based crypto exchangers.
The report said ISIS-K’s media branch, al-Azaim Media Foundation, has used websites and messaging platforms to seek crypto donations. Chainalysis said it had collected past donation addresses on TRON, Monero, and Bitcoin. The firm also noted that earlier public terrorism-financing campaigns often used smaller donations, rather than a few large transfers.
Stablecoin freeze role keeps growing
The latest freeze follows a wider rise in issuer-level enforcement around USDT. As previously reported, Tether’s T3 Financial Crime Unit passed $450 million in frozen suspected illicit assets since its 2024 launch. The unit is backed by Tether, TRON, and TRM Labs, and focuses on USDT activity on the TRON network.
Moreover, Tether froze more than $514 million across 370 addresses during one 30-day period earlier this year. Most of the frozen funds were on TRON. BlockSec data cited in that report showed Tether blacklisted 4,163 addresses in 2025, freezing $1.26 billion across Ethereum and TRON.
Sanctions pressure reaches compliance teams
The ISIS-K action also comes after other terrorism-linked wallet freezes this year. Victims with U.S. terrorism judgments asked a New York court to order Tether to turn over 344,149,759 USDT held in two OFAC-blocked TRON wallets linked to Iran’s IRGC. That case centers on whether frozen stablecoins can be transferred to judgment creditors.
Chainalysis said the July 1 actions require virtual asset service providers and financial institutions to update sanctions screening and transaction monitoring. The firm also said it labeled the relevant addresses in its products. The step gives compliance teams a way to detect exposure to the newly listed ISIS-K wallets and related networks.
Crypto World
Circle CEO Rebuts OUSD Pitch, Defends USDC's Network Effects After Stock Slide

Circle co-founder and CEO Jeremy Allaire published a lengthy rebuttal on X on July 1 to the pitch behind OUSD, the stablecoin launched by the Open Standard consortium, arguing that USDC's advantages in distribution, liquidity and regulatory licensing are not easily replicated. "We've had lots of… Read the full story at The Defiant
Crypto World
South Korea’s K Wave Media exits Bitcoin after 10,000 BTC goal
K Wave Media has sold its remaining Bitcoin holdings, ending a short-lived treasury push that once aimed to turn the Nasdaq-listed Korean media company into a major corporate BTC holder.
Summary
- K Wave Media sold its remaining 88 BTC to repay $6 million in debt obligations.
- The company once said it wanted to expand Bitcoin holdings toward 10,000 BTC quickly afterward.
- K Wave’s filing shows it halted Bitcoin strategy while shifting focus toward AI infrastructure investments.
The sale came less than a year after the company said it had access to up to $1 billion in financing for its Bitcoin strategy.
K Wave sells 88 BTC to repay debt
In a June 30 SEC filing, K Wave said it liquidated 88 Bitcoin held in its treasury and used the proceeds to repay $6 million of Initial Notes. The transaction was tied to an April 29 amendment to its securities purchase agreement with Anson Funds.
The same filing says K Wave sold all of its Bitcoin holdings on May 6. It also says the company has not abandoned its treasury strategy, but has decided to halt it and focus on AI infrastructure. That shift puts its Bitcoin balance at zero after it once marketed itself as a Korean media company with a Bitcoin-backed treasury model.
Company once aimed for 10,000 BTC
K Wave’s exit marks a sharp turn from its July 2025 announcement. At the time, the company said it had secured $1 billion in total capital capacity through a $500 million convertible note agreement with Anson Funds and a $500 million standby equity purchase deal with Bitcoin Strategic Reserve.
The company said it had completed an initial purchase of 88 BTC and planned to scale its holdings.
“Our objective is clear: to scale our holdings toward 10,000 Bitcoin as soon as possible,” said CEO Ted Kim.
The company also said at least 80% of net proceeds from the first Anson tranche had to be used to buy Bitcoin.
AI strategy replaces Bitcoin plan
K Wave later changed course. As previously reported, K Wave redirected up to $485 million from its Bitcoin treasury plan toward AI infrastructure, including data centers, GPU compute operations, and possible acquisitions. Its shares fell about 25% after that update.
The SEC filing adds more detail to that pivot. K Wave said it has started a strategic transformation toward AI infrastructure and is pursuing data centers, GPU clusters, AI cloud platforms, power systems, cooling systems, and related technology assets. The company also expects shareholders to consider the planned sale of Play Company and the disposal of its Solaire stake.
K Wave is also dealing with Nasdaq compliance issues. The filing says Nasdaq notified the company in January that its shares failed to meet the $1 minimum bid rule. Nasdaq sent another notice in June after the company failed to meet the required $15 million market value of publicly held shares.
Treasury firms face wider pressure
K Wave’s move adds to stress across the digital asset treasury sector. As crypto.news reported, Sequans sold half of its Bitcoin as debt pressure tested its treasury plan. That report also cited K Wave’s earlier Bitcoin-to-AI shift as another case of public firms rethinking BTC reserves.
The wider model has also come under review. Crypto.news explained that Bitcoin treasury companies often depend on investor demand, share premiums, and access to fresh capital. When those conditions weaken, debt and dilution can make the structure harder to maintain.
Previously, crypto.news reported that Strive’s Ben Werkman warned that a long Bitcoin downturn could force some treasury firms to restructure, especially those that relied on convertible debt. K Wave’s sale shows how a company can move from an aggressive BTC target to debt repayment and a new business focus within one year.
Crypto World
Analyst Flags Risk of Further BTC Declines After Worst June Since 2022
Bitcoin ended June at $58,526, sliding 20.5% over the month and recording its weakest monthly performance since June 2022. The retreat left the flagship cryptocurrency trading below its 200-week moving average near $62,000, but still above a key on-chain valuation metric known as realized price (around $52,000), a configuration that some analysts interpret as a warning that the market may not have reached a full bear-market bottom.
Crypto analyst PlanB, creator of the stock-to-flow pricing model, argued that this price positioning matters because previous bear-market troughs occurred below realized price. In a post shared this week, PlanB said the setup suggests Bitcoin’s downside could continue, potentially revisiting the realized-price area and beyond.
Key takeaways
- Bitcoin’s June close at $58,526 placed it below the 200-week moving average (about $62,000) while remaining above realized price (~$52,000).
- PlanB says earlier bear-market bottoms formed below realized price, implying the market may still be searching for its bottom.
- Analysts at Bitrue Research Institute and Bitget Wallet both described the June-to-$60,000 region as a developing bottom zone, but with risk of further drawdowns.
- Benjamin Cowen suggested Bitcoin may see a cycle-bottom window tied to the US midterm election year, historically aligning with accumulation phases in 2018 and 2022.
Why June’s “in-between” level is drawing attention
PlanB’s argument centers on what he views as the relationship between price and realized price during bear markets. According to the stock-to-flow analyst, Bitcoin’s historical bear-market bottoms have not simply arrived after price fell below major moving averages; they also tended to appear after price moved to levels beneath realized price.
In earlier posts, PlanB highlighted that if Bitcoin breaks down below realized price, it would align with that prior pattern. He referenced the possibility that Bitcoin could fall to $52,000, which would correspond closely with realized price.
From an investor perspective, this distinction can be important because realized price is often used as an on-chain proxy for the average cost basis of coins in circulation. When market price trades above realized price, the market may still be able to bounce; when it slips below, the distribution of holders’ costs versus current valuations tends to become more unfavorable, which can prolong bearish conditions.
Realized price explained—and what it signals
Realized price is calculated by valuing all Bitcoin outputs (typically discussed in terms of unspent transaction output or UTXO cohorts) at the price when each coin last moved on-chain. The result is an aggregate measure of the average acquisition price for the existing supply.
Because realized price reflects holder cost basis, it is frequently used to identify potential support areas during downtrends. The idea is that when price is substantially below realized levels, the market is effectively pricing Bitcoin below what many holders paid when they last moved coins, which can coincide with capitulation phases and supply shakeouts.
Against that backdrop, June’s outcome—still above realized price but no longer above the 200-week moving average—has led analysts to frame the current range as transitional rather than conclusive.
Analysts see a bottom developing, but not confirmed
Andri Fauzan Adziima, research lead at Bitrue Research Institute, told Cointelegraph that Bitcoin’s June close carried a signal consistent with prior cycles. He said the month’s finish above realized price but below the 200-week moving average “signals the bear bottom is still ahead per prior cycles.”
Adziima added that he is watching for a potential capitulation period in late 2026 before a subsequent move higher—while also arguing that the decline could be shallower this cycle due to the role of institutions.
Meanwhile, Lacie Zhang, research analyst at Bitget Wallet, characterized the current consolidation around $60,000 as an area that may be approaching a bottom. She told Cointelegraph that if further downside occurs, the market could build “strong historical and technical support” around $55,000.
Taken together, these views reflect a common tension in market bottoms: technical indicators and on-chain benchmarks can both suggest stabilization, yet neither can confirm capitulation has fully played out. In this case, the “middle” positioning—between the 200-week moving average and realized price—is leaving room for additional volatility before a more durable floor forms.
Cycle-bottom theory tied to US midterms
Beyond on-chain valuation levels, some analysts are also looking at macro calendar effects. ITC Crypto founder Benjamin Cowen speculated that Bitcoin may see a cycle bottom this year, pointing to the fact that it is a US midterm election year.
Cowen argued that the second half of midterm years often marks an accumulation zone and a market cycle bottom, noting that such timing previously coincided with bear market bottoms in 2018 and 2022. The next US midterms are scheduled for Nov. 3, with all House of Representatives seats and about a third of Senate seats up for election.
While this framing is not the same as a realized-price breakdown model, it can influence how traders time risk—particularly when they treat the calendar as a factor that shapes liquidity and positioning. Investors watching this thesis would likely focus on whether Bitcoin’s downtrend stabilizes into accumulation rather than continuing to grind toward or below realized price.
For now, the key takeaway from all perspectives is that June’s close did not neatly resolve the debate. Bitcoin is weak enough to be below its long-term trend proxy, but it has not yet fallen to the on-chain valuation zone that PlanB says has marked prior trough formation.
Traders and long-term holders will likely watch whether Bitcoin can hold above realized price around $52,000 and whether weakness extends toward $55,000 support. The market’s next step—whether it stabilizes into accumulation or breaks below realized valuation—may determine if this is merely consolidation or the start of a more complete bear-market bottom.
Crypto World
ENS Community Member Proposes Dissolving DAO After Founder Blocks Security Council Renewal

Christoph Jentzsch proposed on X that ENS DAO dissolve itself rather than continue operating under what he called a broken governance structure. "As it seems, the ENS DAO is broken," he wrote. "I would propose turning this into a win, by actually dissolving it. Its goals have been accomplished, the… Read the full story at The Defiant
Crypto World
Solana launches onchain governance with validator voting
Solana Foundation has introduced Solana Governance Proposals, a new onchain process for validators to move major network questions into stake-weighted votes.
Summary
- Solana validators can now move core governance questions into stake-weighted onchain votes through SGPs directly.
- A proposal needs 15% active stake support before it can enter formal network voting period.
- Validators need at least 100,000 SOL delegated to take an SGP onchain under current rules.
The system gives validators a formal route to submit, support, and decide governance items that may shape Solana’s future protocol direction.
Meanwhile, the Solana Governance Proposals repo says SGPs are documents proposed by Solana validators for stake-weighted, onchain voting through the svmgov program. The process is for high-level questions that ask whether the network should move in a certain direction, rather than detailed technical changes. This keeps SGPs focused on broad network direction only.
A validator vote account needs at least 100,000 SOL staked to take an SGP onchain. The proposal then needs support from at least 15% of active stake before it can enter voting. The Solana Governance documentation says validators create proposals, other validators support them, and voting weight is proven through Merkle proofs against an onchain stake snapshot.
The process separates signals from code
The SGP process sits beside Solana Improvement Documents, which cover detailed protocol design. In simple terms, SGPs ask whether Solana should pursue a direction, while SIMDs explain how a change would be built. The repo says, “A ‘yes’ on an SGP is a mandate to proceed.”
The lifecycle moves from idea to draft, support, voting, acceptance, and activation. Once a proposal reaches the 15% support threshold, it enters a fixed 11-epoch process. That includes seven epochs for discussion, one epoch for a Node Consensus Network snapshot, and three epochs for voting.
There is no quorum rule. A proposal passes only if “For” votes reach at least 66.67% of “For” plus “Against” stake. The repo also says SGPs are not mandatory for every technical change. If validators do not reach support, developers can continue through normal SIMD review.
Governance arrives as upgrades continue
The launch comes as Solana continues to test large infrastructure changes. As previously reported, the Alpenglow upgrade entered community validator testing in May. Alpenglow aims to cut confirmation times to about 150 milliseconds and remove Proof of History and onchain vote transactions from Solana’s core process.
The new SGP route could give validators a clearer way to request network-wide direction before developers prepare technical work. The GitHub repo uses Alpenglow as an example of a proposal that could have first taken a directional vote before later SIMDs defined the build path. That example shows how Solana may use SGPs when validator input is needed before engineering details are complete.
Recent Solana activity adds context
Solana’s validator set has also been tied to other recent network tools. As crypto.news reported, DoubleZero launched Edge in April with 379 validators publishing shreds and about 43% of Solana’s total stake covered at launch. The project aims to deliver Solana block data through private fiber paths.
Solana has also seen renewed market activity around network use. Crypto.news reported that Solana’s tokenized stock activity helped drive an 18% weekly SOL rebound in late June. Earlier, crypto.news reported that Galaxy Digital proposed a voting model for Solana inflation, showing that validator voting design has already been part of the network’s policy debate.
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