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New research challenges the idea that memories of childhood maltreatment can’t be trusted

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New research challenges the idea that memories of childhood maltreatment can’t be trusted

People are often treated as unreliable narrators of their own past, and this scepticism runs especially deep around emotionally charged early experiences.

Researchers have long worried that memories of abuse and neglect might shift depending on someone’s mood, mental health or current circumstances, meaning what someone tells a researcher, doctor or social worker one year might not match what they’d say the next.

Our new research, published in Nature Mental Health, suggests that these fears may be overstated. We found that reports of childhood maltreatment remain highly stable over time – at least over a period of a few years.

Childhood maltreatment covers experiences of physical, sexual or emotional abuse or neglect. Most research into how these experiences affect mental and physical health relies on retrospective self-reports. Essentially, it involves asking people to describe what happened to them based on memory.

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These reports show consistently stronger links with mental health outcomes than reports from outside observers. But this has raised an uncomfortable question: are these stronger links genuine, or are they artefacts of people’s current mood, colouring how they remember their past?

Whether memories of maltreatment are stable isn’t just an academic curiosity; it has serious practical consequences. If people’s accounts of what happened to them shift over time, a single snapshot survey could misclassify who did and didn’t experience maltreatment, muddying research findings and making it harder to identify what’s actually driving poor outcomes.

The stakes are just as high outside the lab. Clinical, legal and social care decisions can hinge on someone’s account of childhood experiences, often given only once.

To test this, researchers have asked the same people about their childhood experiences at two or more points in time, then compared their answers. We pulled together 49 such studies, spanning almost 40,000 people, to see how consistent people’s memories really were.

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We found they were remarkably consistent. Over an average gap of two and a half years, people’s memories of maltreatment barely budged, supporting the case for using a single time-point assessment in both research and clinical practice. That said, we still don’t know whether this stability holds over longer stretches of time, so more research is needed.

That’s not to say memory is perfect. About one in five people did change their response over time. This shouldn’t be read as evidence that someone was lying, though.

Memories can shift for all sorts of reasons, such as how someone comes to interpret what happened to them, ordinary quirks of memory, how comfortable someone feels disclosing sensitive information in a given setting, or simple human error.

This is why any record of maltreatment disclosure, whether in research or in clinical practice, should also capture the context in which it was made. This may well shape how consistently that account holds up later.

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Ordinary quirks of memory can cause people to forget.
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Memory also depends on the type of maltreatment

Some experiences also proved harder to remember consistently than others. Reports of neglect changed more often than reports of abuse, perhaps because abuse tends to involve specific, tangible events that anchor themselves in memory, whereas neglect is often about the absence of something – care, attention or resources that simply weren’t there. It’s harder to consistently recall something that didn’t happen than something that did.

Memories were also less stable in large, population-representative studies than among people who volunteered for research or who had been recruited through clinical services. One explanation is that people who sign up for studies on this topic may already have spent time reflecting on their past, and grown practised at answering these types of questions consistently.

People with poor mental health may also think about negative childhood experiences more often, and reflect on them more in treatment, making those memories more accessible and likely to be reported consistently.

Finally, we found that while adults’ memories of childhood maltreatment were very stable over time, young people’s memories of maltreatment were less stable and decreased over longer gaps between assessments.

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This probably reflects the fact that children’s memory systems are still developing. Early memories may be laid down less firmly, leaving them more open to reinterpretation as children mature and come to understand their experiences differently.

Our findings carry a hopeful implication. Childhood and adolescence may be a particularly valuable window for offering support after trauma. Treatments such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy work by helping people to reinterpret traumatic memories and weave them into their broader life story in ways that ease long-term distress.

If young people’s memories are genuinely more malleable, that suggests adolescence could be an especially powerful moment to help them process traumatic memories, before those memories settle into a more fixed shape.

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Tributes left at Clifton Country Park after death of 15-year-old boy

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Tributes left at Clifton Country Park after death of 15-year-old boy

A week on from the tragedy, flowers were left at the scene at Clifton Country Park along with tributes to a young man affectionately known as “Leon the Champion” and “King Leon.”

Police officers have said previously that there are no suspicious circumstances in connection with the incident.

Speaking earlier this week, Detective Inspector Dave Ogden from Salford CID said: “Saturday’s incident is truly heart-breaking, and my thoughts remain with the family and loved ones of the young boy who has so tragically lost his life.

“While we are satisfied there are no suspicious circumstances, this incident is an incredibly upsetting reminder of the serious risks associated with open water.

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Tributes have been left at the scene were a boy tragically died (Image: Phil Taylor)

“We understand people want to make the most of the warm weather, but we would urge everyone to stay safe and avoid entering reservoirs, rivers, canals, or ponds.

“Please take care and enjoy the weather in a safe way.”

Officers confirmed on Monday, June 29, that after a three-day search at Clifton Country Park, a popular visitors’ destination in the region, they had found a body at the scene.

The tragedy occurred at Clifton Country Park in Salford (Image: Phil Taylor)

His body was eventually found and recovered by the North West Under Water Search and Marine Unit.

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They had been called to the scene after a 15-year-old boy was believed to have entered the water and got into difficulty on Saturday, June 27.

Firefighters from Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service were also called to the scene along with paramedics from the North West Ambulance Service.

Flowers and messages have been left at the scene (Image: Phil Taylor)

Salford City Council confirmed earlier this week it was cooperating with an investigation into the incident.

A spokesperson said: “We’re aware of the devastating news that a body has now been recovered by emergency services, following the tragic incident at Clifton Country Park.

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“Our thoughts are with the family and loved ones of the individual at this extremely distressing time.”

Members of the public have been urged to always call 999 in the event of an emergency as soon as it is safe to do so.

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Moston police issue image and appeal amid investigation

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Manchester Evening News

The man could have important information, police say

Officers have released a CCTV image amid an investigation in north Manchester. Greater Manchester Police says it was called out to reports of an attempted burglary on Carron Avenue, in Moston, on Wednesday (July 1).

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An investigation has been taking shape in the last few days. GMP released an image showing a man they wish to speak to on Friday evening. Anyone with information that could assist police is urged to come forward.

A GMP Manchester North spokesperson said: “Officers would like to speak with the man pictured as they believe he could help with an ongoing investigation. We were called to reports of an attempted burglary at an address on Carron Avenue in Manchester on Wednesday, July 1 2026.

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“Anyone with information is asked to contact police on 101 or via https://orlo.uk/lL7xm, quoting crime reference CRI/06A1/0013303/26. Alternatively, the independent charity Crimestoppers can be contacted anonymously on 0800 555 111.”

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York – fire on Tang Hall cycle path sparked deliberately

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Bus fire on A64 at Tadcaster - emergency services called in

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World Cup 2026: England booed on arrival at Mexico City hotel

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near the England team's hotel before their arrival for their World Cup last-16 game with Mexico in Mexico City

England were booed as they arrived at their Mexico City hotel to prepare for their World Cup last-16 game against Mexico.

England face the tournament co-hosts on Sunday (01:00 BST, Monday), a match which will be shown live on BBC One and iPlayer.

There is increased security at England’s hotel after Ecuador, whom Mexico played in the last 32 in Mexico City, lodged a noise complaint with Fifa.

Ecuador players were deliberately kept awake by local supporters, who used loudspeakers, horns and motorcycles outside the team hotel late at night.

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Mexico went on to win 2-0.

Ecuador stayed in the Westin Hotel and England wanted to keep their location undisclosed, but there were concerns that the location would be leaked.

Hundreds of locals were waiting outside their hotel as the team coach arrived on Friday, with some chanting “Mexico” and others booing.

Members of Mexico’s National Guard lined the entrance to England’s hotel, while police officers in riot gear stood next to barriers on the road outside the hotel.

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UK airline Eastern Airways to disappear after 29 years

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UK airline Eastern Airways to disappear after 29 years

Eastern Airways, which operated regional services from airports across the UK, entered administration at the end of last year.

The firm suffered financial difficulties after the loss of a contract with airline KLM.

Now, a potential rescue deal for the company and its affiliated company, Air Kilroe, has fallen through.

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When did Eastern Airways enter administration?

Eastern Airways suspended operations at the beginning of November, with all operated flights cancelled.

Selina Chadha, Consumer & Markets Director at the UK Civil Aviation Authority, said at the time: “We urge passengers planning to fly with this airline not to go to the airport as all Eastern Airways flights are cancelled.

“Eastern Airways customers should visit the Civil Aviation Authority’s website for the latest information.”

Eastern Airways was founded in 1997 and was headquartered at Humberside Airport near the village of Kirmington in North Lincolnshire.

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The airline operated domestic, international and private charter flights, with more than a million passengers flying with the airline per rolling year.

It provided 200 flights per day and employed around 330 staff members at its peak, and as well as routes across the UK, it also had some routes to Ireland and Europe.

The airline also had its own hubs in Aberdeen and Humberside.

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Eastern Airways to disappear after 29 years as rescue deal fails

A potential rescue deal for Eastern Airlines, and its affiliated company Air Kilroe, has now fallen through, meaning administrators are unable to save the airline.

Administrators RSM UK are now set to break up and sell the businesses’ assets separately, according to a report from The Sun.

A joint sale of Eastern and Air Kilroe had been looked at, as the companies had operated under a single business.

At the time the business collapsed, RSM said “high fixed overheads” and its staff base had “ultimately proved too high to be sustainable”.

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Jamie Miller, partner at RSM UK and joint administrator, said at the time: “The unexpected and sudden termination of Eastern’s KLM contract, along with other economic factors, unfortunately left the directors with no choice but to appoint administrators.”

Now, all nine of Eastern Airways’ aircraft fleet have been sold, along with plane parts and components.

Airlines and travel companies that have gone into liquidation or administration in 2026

Four UK airlines have fallen into administration or liquidation this year:

Several airlines also entered liquidation in 2025, according to the UK Civil Aviation Authority, including:

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  • Blue Islands Limited (UK)
  • Air Kilroe Limited t/a Eastern Airways (UK)
  • Play Airlines (Iceland)

Several travel companies have also entered administration this year, including:

Luxury UK holiday company Salamander Voyages shut down back in April after entering administration.

Just last month, Groupia Ltd, which also trades as Groupia Golf, GoHen, StagWeb, Groupia School Trips, and Company Away Days, also fell into administration.

It offered customers “the best” group travel holidays to destinations in the UK and abroad, including Prague, Split, and Barcelona.

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More than 750,000 travellers have used the company since it began back in 2002, booking everything from stag and hen weekends to golf trips, team tours, and spa breaks.

After 24 years in business, Groupia, which is based in Bath, has now fallen into administration.

Nigel Fox and Christopher Marsden of S&W Partners LLP were appointed joint administrators on June 16, according to the Groupia website.

It continues: “The Company has now ceased taking new bookings, and arrangements are in place with ABTOT to support customers with existing bookings.”

Bookings on or before August 31, 2026, are expected to go ahead as planned, the Groupia website says, thanks to an arrangement with ABTOT (financial protection company).

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Any holidays booked with Groupia for after September 1, 2026, have been cancelled.

Have you been affected by any airline or travel company closures so far this year? Let us know in the comments.

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Taylor Swift’s friend Lena Dunham leaves wedding guests gasping with X-rated speech

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Daily Mirror

Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce tied the knot in New York on Friday surrounded by a whole host of famous faces, including Emmy Award nominee, Lena Dunham

Taylor Swift’s wedding party was left gobsmacked as Lena Dunham turned the air blue at the lavish reception. The Bad Blood Billionaire, 36, tied the knot with Kansas Chiefs star, Travis Kelce, also 36, in New York on Friday, surrounded by a whole host of famous faces.

The guest list for the showbiz wedding of the year was kept strictly under wraps. However, Girls star, Lena Dunham – who is best pals with Taylor – was not only on the invite list but was also asked to make a speech at the reception in Maddison Square Garden.

Insiders have revealed that Lena made an X-rated speech while the toast of Tinseltown’s jaws dropped at some of her observations.

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Referencing groom Travis’ American football career, the actress, who had Taylor as a bridesmaid for her wedding in 2021, allegedly joked that the sport was “just straight guys re-enacting gay porn” in front of all of the newlyweds’ family and friends – who included several NFL stars.

According to the Mail, gasps could be heard from the well-heeled guests in the Big Apple, which included actor Bradley Cooper, model, Gigi Hadid – and NFL icon, Tom Brady.

The source claims that while there were “lots of speeches,” but Lena became one of the biggest talking points of the night, as her jokes drew a “divided” response from guests who responded with a combination of “gasps and laughs.”

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Taylor, who has been pals with Lena for years, is said to have seen the funny side of the crude gag and apparently called the Emmy Award nominee a “genius” after her speech.

Taylor and Lena have been pals for more than a decade, with Taylor a bridesmaid at Lena’s wedding to musician Luis Felber in 2021.

Lena also dedicated her 2026 memoir Famesick to the Love Story singer, writing in her dedication: “TayTay — you sing the songs I wrote this book to… and yet somehow, miraculously, you also pick up every desperate call at every desperate hour”.

Speaking to People previously about their friendship, the Too Much creator shared: “It’s a crazy thing, because she’s one of my best friends in the world but she’s also my favourite music.”

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New York was transformed for Taylor and Travis’ big day, with huge billboards surrounding Madison Square Garden revealing the moment they became Mr and Mrs, giving excited fans outside the chance to celebrate with the happy couple.

Taylor’s brother, Austin, served as her Man of Honour, while Travis’ brother, Jason, was his Best Man and actor, Adam Sandler, officiated the wedding.

However, one famous face who was not at the nuptials was Taylor’s former BFF, Blake Lively. The girls were once so close that Taylor is godmother to Blake’s four children, James, Inez, Betty and Olin, whom she shares with Ryan Reynolds. Taylor also included the names of Blake’s children in her songs on folklore, as a special nod to her friend.

However, amid Blake’s legal battle with Justin Baldoni, she and the Bad Blood star appear to have fallen out, with the It Ends With Us actress reportedly ‘snubbed’ from the TayTay’s star-studded wedding.

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For more of the latest showbiz news and gossip, follow Mirror Celebs on TikTok , Snapchat , Instagram , Twitter , Facebook , YouTube and Threads .

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Alternative for Germany party convention to elect leaders as opponents protest

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Alternative for Germany party convention to elect leaders as opponents protest

ERFURT, Germany (AP) — Thousands of protesters aimed to disrupt the national convention of Germany’s far-right Alternative for Germany party on Saturday, with some clashing with police in riot gear outside the meeting.

Alternative for Germany, or AfD, is meeting in the eastern city of Erfurt to elect its leaders, which German parties do every two years. The party seeks to show unity while extending the terms of leaders Alice Weidel and Tino Chrupalla, who have run the party together for four years.

The demonstrations outside the convention reflect how AfD has divided Germany even as it is the nation’s biggest opposition party nationally.

The weekend convention has drawn additional controversy by coinciding with the 100-year anniversary of a Nazi Party meeting held nearby that consolidated Adolf Hitler’s power over the fascist movement. Historians and political opponents say the timing carries powerful symbolism, an accusation the AfD rejects.

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Weidel said recently that “2026 is a year of destiny for AfD.” Mainstream parties say they won’t work with it, a stance often known as a “firewall.”

But AfD is capitalizing on the unpopularity of a government that is trying to reform the sluggish economy. The party has become adept at harnessing discontent with issues well beyond its signature theme of curbing migration, which powered its rise in the mid-2010s.

AfD hopes to win 40% or more of the vote in a Sept. 6 state election in the eastern region of Saxony-Anhalt. That could put the party on course for an absolute majority or in a position where it might try to attract defectors from other parties, paving the way for its first state governor.

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Police uncover suspected drugs and guns stash in Openshaw

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Police uncover suspected drugs and guns stash in Openshaw

Officers from Greater Manchester Police’s Operation Venture team and other specialists had tracked a suspicious moped to Openshaw using a drone on Tuesday, June 30.

There, they arrested four people, three men and a woman, and found what they say is a range of suspicious items.

Inspector Joe Barron, from GMP’s Operation Venture team, said: “This was an excellent joint operation by several different teams, resulting in seven vehicles being seized and thousands of pounds’ worth of drugs being recovered.

“Our officers are always looking to proactively tackle issues across the Manchester area, and this is a case which has produced significant results thanks to that hard work.

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Some of the seized bikes (Image: GMP)

“I would urge anyone with any information about drug supply in their area or, likewise, any suspicions regarding stolen bikes or similar, to please get in touch with us.”

Officers found four motorbikes, including a Surron, and three off-road style bikes in the shed, as well as a suspected stolen quad bike in the front garden.

A duffel bag was also found containing suspected Class A drugs, including heroin and cocaine, while what appeared to be ammunition for a handgun and a knuckle duster were also found.

Officers say five pit bull or XL Bully type dogs were also seized for further assessment.

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Three men and a woman, aged 19 to 45, were arrested on suspicion of possession with intent to supply Class A drugs, possession of offensive weapons, and handling stolen goods.

They remain in custody for questioning.

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How economic pressures are damaging Britain’s ‘zombie firms’

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How economic pressures are damaging Britain’s ‘zombie firms’

The UK’s borrowing costs are higher than the government would like them to be. Economic growth remains weak, and public finances are under constant pressure.

All of this make things difficult for pretty much everybody. But one particularly vulnerable group are the small businesses which survive mainly through continued borrowing.

Known as “zombie” firms, these are companies with persistently weak profitability which struggle to generate enough income to cover their debt costs over long periods of time.

Recent evidence suggests that the pressures on these companies are becoming more acute. Around one in six medium sized businesses in the UK is thought to be at risk of becoming a zombie firm.

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And some sectors are more vulnerable than others. Businesses operating in leisure and hospitality, for example, often need substantial amounts of external finance to support tight margins, leaving them particularly exposed when borrowing costs rise.

But the worry is not simply that borrowing has become more expensive. It is that a combination of higher refinancing costs, weaker growth and geopolitical shocks could really damage firms that were already financially vulnerable.

The current pressure on firms is coming from several directions. One is the sharp increase in long-term borrowing costs across the UK economy.

In May 2026, the cost of borrowing for the UK government rose to its highest level in almost three decades after bond markets reacted to worsening tensions in the Middle East and the possibility of renewed inflationary pressure. Borrowing then tends to become more expensive for businesses as well.

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But not all companies are affected equally. Large firms with strong balance sheets (like a bank or a big pharmaceutical firm) may be able to absorb higher financing costs relatively easily. Companies already carrying high debt and weak profitability are much more exposed.

Many firms borrowed heavily during the long period of exceptionally low interest rates that followed both the global financial crisis of 2008 and COVID. As those loans now mature, refinancing them becomes significantly more expensive. For some businesses, that shift may prove difficult to manage.

Zombie apocalypse now?

The rise in UK borrowing costs is closely tied to geopolitical developments.
Escalating tensions in the Middle East have increased fears of disruptions to energy supplies and shipping routes, particularly around the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea. Higher oil prices can feed quickly into inflation through fuel, transport and production costs.

Businesses that were already struggling with narrow profit margins may now face a devastating combination of higher refinancing costs, rising energy and transport bills, as well as weaker consumer demand and tighter lending conditions.

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On their own, any one of these pressures might be manageable. Together however, they create the kind of environment in which financially fragile firms can quickly come under strain.

COVID led to cheaper borrowing.
1000 Words/Shutterstock

Smaller businesses are likely to face the greatest pressure because they depend heavily on bank lending and often operate with limited financial buffers.

Unlike large corporations, many small and medium-sized enterprises cannot easily raise money through financial markets. Their survival is closely tied to bank lending conditions and day-to-day cash flow.

But British banks may become more cautious as economic uncertainty rises. If lenders become less willing to refinance weaker companies, some firms that survived during the era of cheap credit could struggle to continue operating.

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There is also evidence which suggests that prolonged periods of cheap borrowing can allow financially weak firms to survive longer than they otherwise would have. Some economists argue that this can reduce productivity by trapping labour and capital in inefficient businesses.

The current environment may therefore become a test of which firms remain viable once borrowing costs stay higher. The recent surge in UK borrowing costs is often discussed as a problem for government finances. But it may also signal something broader about the post-crisis economic model that dominated much of the past decade.

For years, exceptionally low borrowing costs helped support companies through periods of economic stress. Now that financing conditions are tightening again and geopolitical uncertainty is rising, some firms may find that survival becomes much harder.

That does not necessarily mean a sudden wave of collapses is imminent. Many businesses remain fundamentally healthy.

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But the combination of higher refinancing costs and external shocks could increasingly expose firms whose survival depended on the unusually cheap borrowing conditions of the past decade. If that happens, the demise of zombie firms may start to become a much more visible feature of the UK economy.

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Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce’s wedding guest list: All the celebrities at glitzy Madison Square Garden ceremony

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Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce's wedding guest list: All the celebrities at glitzy Madison Square Garden ceremony

Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce have tied the knot at a star-studded ceremony at New York’s Madison Square Garden.

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