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15 Harbor Freight Finds Under $2 That Are Actually Worth Buying

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Harbor Freight’s reputation as a budget-friendly tool shop is well documented. For many, it’s the go-to place when you need something specific but don’t want to pay big bucks for it. Screwdrivers, drills, generators, saws, if you need it in your workshop or on your truck, Harbor Freight probably has it. But wander the aisles for more than a few minutes, and you’ll realize something else: Harbor Freight is a surprisingly good place to stock up on the random odds and ends that tend to grow legs in your garage and disappear when you need them.

One of the biggest mistakes people make when shopping at Harbor Freight is not paying attention to the little extras. Those smaller items you burn through, like zip ties, batteries, magnets, tarps, clamps, and shop towels, can usually be found at Harbor Freight. And in most cases, buying them here feels like paying less than full price. We chose these items based on their availability at Harbor Freight, a regular retail price of under $2, and whether they’re genuinely useful to the average person. These are the types of items where quality isn’t always the most important factor. You just need them to work as intended, and things like name-brand or premium materials matter less than a good deal. Here are 15 Harbor Freight finds under $2 that are worth buying and surprisingly well-made considering their price.

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Magnesium fire starter

Matches are a dime a dozen, and lighters are portable, cheap, and convenient. But this magnesium fire starter has its perks, too. Lighters and matches don’t work well under damp conditions, and often not at all. If that’s all you have on hand, you might get nothing more than a flicker.

This magnesium fire starter works differently. Even when it’s wet or cold, you can get a decent fire going by sparking magnesium shavings. Magnesium ignites easily, which is why it makes sense to use it as a fire starter. This fire starter from Harbor Freight includes a serrated edge to create the magnesium shavings. Place the shavings on top of dry tinder, such as grass or pine straw, then strike the flint to create sparks. The sparks will light up the magnesium and ignite your tinder. From there, you can feed the tinder pile to grow your fire bigger. Not bad for a $1.69 Harbor Freight find.

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19-gallon XXL bag

If you’re swimming in reusable tote bags from every retail store you shop at, it’s fair to wonder what makes Harbor Freight’s XXL bag different and why it’s a good buy at $0.99. Just like many other reusable tote bags, this one is made from durable propylene. It’s strong enough to carry everything from groceries to clothing to bulky items. It has two long handles that slip over your shoulder. And naturally, it’s reusable, which makes it arguably better for the environment compared to single-use plastic or paper bags.

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The real difference is in its shape. Most reusable bags you find in retail stores come in one standard boxy shape. But Harbor Freight’s XXL bag has slightly tapered sides. It’s wider than it is deep, which may help with weight distribution. The unique shape also gives it more use cases, such as carrying firewood or kindling, transporting leaves to a burn pile, collecting flowers, or bagging longer items that don’t like to sit upright in a regular bag.

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Multipurpose scissors

Scissors are one of those things you always seem to need more of. Some people keep a pair in every room in the house. They’re one of the most useful tools you’ll ever own. That might also be why scissors are one of the tools that tend to disappear the most. No matter how many pairs you have, it’s always a struggle to find them when you need them.

Harbor Freight’s multipurpose scissors are proof that a cheap pair of scissors can do the job just as well as an identical big-name brand. They’re an average size, easy to grip and hold, and work as you expect. Even better, they sell for $1.29, so you can afford to stock every room in the house if that’s your goal. Or, just get a few pairs at a time and always have a backup option when you can’t find your daily cutters.

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Super strong quick setting epoxy

Simple supplies like epoxy are things you don’t think about until you need them. And once you do need them, it’s usually when you’re in the middle of a project, and stopping to go to the store for that one item feels like the biggest inconvenience. Maybe you’re preparing a broken handle or fixing a cracked plastic part. Whatever the case, quick-setting epoxy is a lifesaver. It works reliably and consistently, and you don’t really need much experience to use it correctly.

Harbor Freight carries super strong quick setting epoxy, and it’s cheap enough that you can stock up on it now instead of when you really need it. It dries in only five minutes, according to Harbor Freight’s website, and works on a variety of materials: glass, wood, stone, ceramic, paper, plastic, and metal. The bond it forms is quick and permanent, and it dries clear, so you might be the only one who knows it’s there. You can get a two-step pack of super-strong, quick-setting epoxy from Harbor Freight for $1.79, which includes the resin and hardener.

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Super glue gel, 3 pack

Super glue is one of those household essentials that ends up solving more problems than you expect. Just a drop is all it takes to bond materials like plastic, metal, ceramic, and even wood. It cures quickly, making it perfect for repairing broken coffee mug handles, sealing a loose piece of trim, or fixing a small crack before it spreads. It works well for quick repairs around the house, and you’ll never be upset about having a few extras lying around.

Arguably, the super glue gel is a step up from normal super glue. The thicker, gel-like texture gives you a little more control over where you apply the glue. Regular super glue is thin and watery, and often ends up in places you didn’t intend. It’s even better when you can get essentials like super glue gel for cheap. Harbor Freight sells a three-pack of gel tubes for $1.99. It’s nothing fancy; just general-purpose super glue gel for those random chores that come up every now and then. According to the website, it dries in 3 seconds and doesn’t run or drip when used vertically.

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Steel detail brush

Whether you own your home or rent, you know there’s no shortage of things that need cleaning. The more you clean, the more things you find that need a good scrubbing. Those dirty spots tend to stick out more once you start cleaning the things around them. Some things only get cleaned a few times a year, or less, not because they don’t get dirty, but because they’re hard to access (and no one wants to do the job). That’s often the case with things like sliding door tracks, windowsills, outdoor furniture, swing sets, and just about anything else exposed to the elements.

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Detail brushes are the unsung heroes for these types of jobs. You can usually find detail brushes in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials, and they’re usually just a couple of bucks each. Some are better suited for specific jobs than others. For example, this steel detail brush uses stiff metal bristles that can scrub through rust and paint. Use it as a prep tool before you paint, or to remove caked-on dirt and grime and make it look new again. Harbor Freight sells this brush for $0.99, and has many other types of detail brushes for around the same price. You can build up a whole set of brushes for just about any task for pretty cheap.

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Tack cloth

Tack cloth might not be on your normal shopping list, but it’s cheap enough at Harbor Freight for you to give it a try. And once you do, you might be surprised at how often you reach for it. A tack cloth is a lightly sticky cloth designed to pick up fine dust, lint, sanding residue, or other debris that regular cloths tend to leave behind. If you’re sanding wood, cutting tile, prepping trim for paint, or cleaning a surface before finishing, for example, a quick wipe with a tack cloth helps remove the tiny particles that can make your project look less professional. It grabs the dust instead of moving it around, so this is an easy way to make sure your surface is truly clean.

Since tack cloths are usually used once and then tossed, you don’t want to spend a lot of money on them. That’s one good reason to buy it from Harbor Freight. A tack cloth here costs $1.49. It doesn’t leave residue behind, despite being sticky to the touch. It’s a small, inexpensive, and incredibly handy accessory to have nearby.

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Tub of orange hand soap

When your hands are covered in grease, oil, or grime, you’ll be glad to have the right soap on hand. Anyone who’s worked with yucky gunk knows that not all soaps are created equal. Some are made to cut through the nastiest substances; others will take several minutes and multiple washes and still not leave you with a fresh, clean feeling.

Soap with orange oil in it has been the mechanic’s go-to for decades. The citric acid breaks down oil and grime without taking off layers of your skin. It’s gentle on your hands but also effective. Harbor Freight sells a big tub of orange soap for $1.99. There’s no petroleum or solvents, so it’s safer for the planet and your skin. And because it’s something you’ll reach for again and again, it makes sense to buy it in a large amount. In this case, it’s a 1-pound tub.

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Utility blades with dispenser

Sometimes, the simplest tools end up being the most useful. A utility blade dispenser is a good example. Utility blades come in handy for many types of tasks, from scraping paint to trimming tape to opening boxes or removing stickers. Most DIYers keep a box of blades on hand for whatever use comes up.

But it’s the dispenser that makes the real difference. Utility blades are sharp, and keeping them loosely organized in a box isn’t safe. No one wants to reach into a box full of blades and try to grab one with their bare hands. This dispenser makes it safer to switch to a new blade without risking your skin. When you need a new blade, just gently slide one out. The others stay in place until you’re ready for them, and they won’t tip or spill. The blades are a standard size and fit most regular utility knives. They’re also a good option if you’re building a mobile workbench and want to keep all your dangerous tools and accessories contained. 

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Mini pick and hook set

Some tools don’t look like much, but once you use them, you start reaching for them more and more. That’s often the case with this mini pick-and-hook set. When you see it, you might not think you have a use for it. But at $1.99, it’s cheap enough to pick up without a plan. Buy now and figure out what to use them for later.

These mini picks and hooks work well for jobs that need precision. Think tasks like pulling off gaskets, chipping away the dirt and grime from tools, or cleaning out tight grooves, for example. The bright orange handles make them easy to spot in a crowded toolbox. This set includes tools with various tips and angles, so you can fix a problem from whatever position works best. This cheap set can actually solve dozens of small but frustrating problems around the house, and it will quickly prove its value after just a few uses.

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3-pack magnetic bulldog clips

Magnetic bulldog clips are simple items that are surprisingly useful. These all-metal clips come with a sturdy magnet on the back, allowing you to attach papers, forms, notes, or photos to any metal surface. You can easily turn any filing cabinet, refrigerator, toolbox, or metal storage rack into a message board with this type of clip. Because they’re small and easy to lose, it makes sense to have some extras lying around on purpose. Buying a few packs makes sense, especially when you can find them on the cheap.

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Harbor Freight sells a three-pack of magnetic bulldog clips, each a slightly different size. They’re made of steel with a zinc-plated finish, so they’ll resist rust and last for a long time. The heavy-duty magnets help to keep the clips from slipping or moving when you don’t want them to. And at $1.99, it’s a decent value for something you’re likely to use every day.

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Jumbo bike/utility hook

If you’re struggling to park your car in your garage because of bicycles, canoes, kayaks, and other big toys taking up space, you’ll appreciate the simplicity and the price of these jumbo bike/utility hooks. Each hook is just $1.99 at Harbor Freight, and they’re one of the quickest solutions to cleaning up your garage and allowing you to reclaim your parking spot.

The large hook screws directly into the wall or into overhead rafters. You can position them just about anywhere you like. Each hook is coated with a no-mar PVC coating that won’t scratch your belongings, and each can hold up to 100 pounds. Use them to hang bikes, fishing gear, toys, water skis, boat tubes, garden hoses, folding chairs, or anything else that’s cluttering your garage. If it’s bulky and awkward to store neatly, it might be better off hanging. These hooks are an inexpensive way to make use of your vertical space and clear the floor.

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Ultrabright portable LED work light

Any DIYer will agree that there’s no such thing as too many flashlights. There’s always a need for good lighting when you’re working, and sometimes you just can’t find a flashlight when you need one. This ultrabright portable LED work light and flashlight solves that problem. They’re cheap enough so you can buy one for every toolbox and every room in the house without feeling the financial crunch.

This small but mighty flashlight and work light can run for up to 48 hours. And unlike many portable LED lights that now run on rechargeable batteries, this one just takes three AAA batteries. If it dies on you, you don’t have to wait hours for a charge to start using it again. And unlike most regular flashlights, this one includes a magnetic base and a swivel mounting hook, so you can set it up and use it hands-free. Stock up on these at Harbor Freight for $1.79 each. It’s one of many examples of how Harbor Freight’s cheap alternatives beat other, more expensive versions.

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QuikFind tape measure

Kind of like flashlights, there’s no such thing as too many tape measures. That’s because, also like flashlights, these tools have a habit of disappearing the moment you need them. While you might not need one for every room in the house, finding a good, cheap tape measure gives you the flexibility to buy a few extra to stash away for later.

This QuikFind Tape Measure is $1.97 and measures up to 16 feet. It has a few surprising features for being so cheap, including a thicker blade for longer standout, a wrist strap for carrying, a thumb lock, and a thick casing to withstand drops. This item is currently a clearance item, so it’s unclear whether it will be continued at Harbor Freight. If it does disappear from shelves, there are several other cheap alternatives for under a few dollars that come in varying lengths. Harbor Freight keeps churning out new products every month, too, so there are likely to be other alternatives in the future. 

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Swivel twist-focus headlamp

You might think you look ridiculous wearing a headlamp. But if it works, and it helps you do whatever job you’re doing better, is it still ridiculous? Probably so, but hey, at least you’ll be able to see what you’re doing while keeping your hands free.

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This swivel twist-focus headlamp from Harbor Freight is about as inexpensive as they come at $1.97. It gives you light exactly where you need it, plus you can keep both hands free to handle whatever task you’re doing. The adjustable headband fits any head and keeps the lamp in place while you work. It runs on two AA batteries, so there’s no waiting period to recharge your light. There’s also a large on/off button on the side, which is easy to feel for without removing the headlamp. This is another item on clearance, and it’s not clear if it’s just being repackaged or going away forever. If it’s the latter, rest assured, similar options are available for under $5.

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How We Chose These Cheap Harbor Freight Finds

We only considered items that were available at Harbor Freight and cost under $2. We deferred to the online price for these items for consistency, but we acknowledge that local store prices may vary between locations. Beyond the basics, we also only considered items that are genuinely useful and have earned multiple 4-star and 5-star ratings from customers. The final list includes items that most customers could find useful, regardless of whether you own or rent your home or whether you’re a frequent DIYer or handle one-off projects on occasion. 



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Flagship Rematch: Ryzen 7 5800X3D vs. Core i9-12900K

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Four years on, we revisit the Ryzen 7 5800X3D vs Core i9-12900K with modern games and DDR4 vs DDR5 configs. The result: still neck and neck, but memory choice now makes a real difference.

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The first CD recorder was shockingly expensive – guess how much

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Before CDs went mainstream, recording one cost a small fortune. Made by Denon in 1991

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I Was Cooking Bacon Wrong for Decades, and You Probably Are Too

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Stop fighting a losing battle with a grease-spattered stovetop. If you’re buying high-end bacon, you want a perfect crunch without the 20-minute cleanup. The real problem with a frying pan isn’t the taste, though. It’s all that popping and the errant grease spots that mark your skin and kitchen walls. 

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In an effort to find the best, cleanest way to make bacon for a Sunday brunch or BLT, I tried several methods, including the stovetop, oven and air fryer.

It turns out I’ve been doing it all wrong. 

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A frying pan

  • Cooking time: 10 minutes
  • Hassle: 8/10
  • How much bacon: 7-8 strips
Strips of bacon cooking in a greasy black pan on the stove.

I grew up on pan-fried bacon but my test revealed there’s a better way. 

Mike Mackinven/Getty Images

This is the way I grew up cooking bacon and it’s perfectly fine. There isn’t much skill needed to fry bacon in a pan, although just about every batch I’ve ever made sends a healthy splatter over the stove. In more unfortunate instances, that infernal grease lands directly on my skin or clothes, presenting two distinct but equally aggravating problems.

Pan-fried bacon soaks up a ton of grease, which is why many turn to paper towels to drain it after cooking.  Pan-frying these strips of pork belly also tends to curl them into little bacon balls. While that has no impact on the taste, it can make for a suboptimal presentation.

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bacon in a frying pan

I can feel the splatter bombs just looking at this photo.

David Watsky/CNET

Another drawback of cooking bacon in the frying pan is its limited capacity. A 10-inch frying pan can hold only about 7 average-sized strips of bacon at a time, although you can add more as they shrink during cooking. 

Then there’s the matter of cleaning said pan after use. It’s not recommended to put most cookware in the dishwasher, so you’ll have to manage that grease-soaked surface yourself.

The oven 

  • Cooking time: 18 minutes
  • Hassle: 6/10
  • How much bacon: 10-12 strips
9 strips of bacon on a cooking tray.

Oven bacon is best for cooking large batches. 

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CNET

While it requires more prep, oven-cooked bacon has clear advantages over pan-frying. For one, there is little concern about capacity, as a standard cookie sheet or baking tray can hold nearly a full package of bacon, making the oven ideal for cooking large quantities.

Using a baking tray and rack allows grease to drip off. That makes for crispier, less greasy results, but it does present a headache when it’s time to clean. Cookie sheets and baking trays don’t fit well in the sink, and there’s typically enough grease that you don’t want to run them through your dishwasher.

You can line the baking tray with aluminum foil, but it takes a lot of foil, and most of the time, bacon grease finds its way under or through it anyway.

Oven-cooked bacon takes longer than bacon cooked in a frying pan — about 18 minutes — but if you’re planning to cook a whole package and don’t want to tend to the stove while it cooks, your oven is the best bet.

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The air fryer

  • Cooking time: 7 minutes
  • Hassle: 4/10
  • How much bacon: 6-7 strips
bacon in an air fryer shot from above.

Thanks to its quick cooking time and hassle-free execution, the air fryer is my new go-to for making bacon.

David Watsky/CNET

There’s almost nothing I won’t try to make in the air fryer but, astoundingly, this is my first attempt at bacon. I anticipated a quick cook, because air fryers sizzle most food about 25% faster than a standard oven. 

The air fryer proved to be my favorite way to make bacon, with one big caveat (more on that later). My favorite glass-bowl air fryer cooked those strips in about 7 minutes at 375°F — faster than the oven and the frying pan. Because air fryers include a crisping rack, grease naturally drips into the vessel below, so there was no need to nestle it in a paper-towel lasagna. 

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air fryer shot from the side with bacon on crisping tray

The crisping tray drained excess fat while the bacon cooked.

David Watsky/CNET

The bacon turned out perfectly crispy and kept its shape better than when fried in a pan. 

And the mess was minimal. Because the air fryer cooking chamber fits easily in my sink, I was able to wash it in seconds with a sponge and soapy water. My glass bowl air fryer chamber is also dishwasher-safe so another option would have been to wipe the grease and stick it all in the dishwasher.

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air fryer bacon

Air fryer bacon is really crispy, y’all.

David Watsky/CNET

The big caveat: Capacity

I use a modest 4-quart air fryer so I can only fit about six strips in at a time. That’s plenty for my partner and me but if I were making bacon for a group, I would have had to cook in batches or invest in a larger model.

That said…

Not having to keep watch over a sizzling, splattering pan or negotiate a grease-filled baking tray pulled from the oven is worth running it back another time to feed a group. There’s also no preheating needed, unlike with an oven, and the sheer speed and cleanliness gave the air frier the edge over the other methods I’ve tried. 

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Sky Smart Home vs Ring: how much can you save with Sky’s new smart doorbell bundle?

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Sky has mastered all things TVs and broadband, and now it’s stepping into the world of smart home with its latest venture, Sky Smart Home — a service that could challenge rivals such as Ring and Blink.

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We Love the Bose QuietComfort Ultra 2, Especially at $50 Off

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Bose’s QuietComfort Ultra 2 earbuds are the best noise-canceling earbuds you can buy. Right now, they’re $50 off, which matches the best price we tend to see outside of special events like Black Friday and Cyber Monday. If you want to wait until November, they might hit $200 again, but otherwise $250 is a very fair deal—especially since they pop back up to $300 regularly. The discounted price applies to all five color options, including Black, Deep Plum, Desert Gold, Midnight Violet, and White Smoke (another rarity, as usually only the vivid colors go on sale).

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QuietComfort Ultra 2 Earbuds

Sometimes you just need to quiet the world. Whether it’s to play 10 hours of Coconut Mall on a loop to help you lock in and meet your Friday deadlines (thanks to my colleague Julia Forbes for that suggestion); muffle the crying babies, sniffling neighbors, and mysterious, potentially concerning clunking noises on an airplane; or to help you better appreciate the mix on Space Laces’ Vaultage 004 EP, active noise cancellation makes a huge difference to your listening experience.

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The Bose QuietComfort Ultra 2 earbuds also have some of the best active noise cancellation you can find. They sound great out of the box, thanks to a custom sound profile based on the shape of your ears, but you can customize the EQ by using the app. The app also allows you to tweak touch controls and spatial audio.

The battery life lasts for about six hours, or 24 with the charging case. And while the noise cancellation can’t be beaten, these also have a pass-through feature called Aware mode, which filters in outside noise but smooths the loudest bits. That means you’ll be able to hear what’s going on, but you won’t be startled. True-crime podcast listeners, this one’s for you.

In fact, just about the only drawback we can find is that these might not be ideal for folks with super-small ears. Otherwise, they’re great all around, with solid call quality, excellent sound overall, and a sleek aesthetic. We think they offer good value at full price, so an extra $50 off is especially nice.

If you’re in the market for new headphones, but these don’t exactly fit what you’re looking for, we have plenty of other recommendations. Check out our guides to the Best Wireless Earbuds, Best Headphones for Working Out, Best Noise-Canceling Headphones, and Best Open Earbuds for additional hand-tested picks.

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Space-tech Mbryonics plans for new production facility in Shannon

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Mbryonics has been tapped for the final leg of an ESA space communication project.

Galway space-tech Mbryonics is building out a second manufacturing facility in Shannon to keep up with a growing demand for its services.

The new 40,000 sq ft manufacturing facility called Photon-2 will produce thousands of terminals by 2027, the company said.

Mbryonics specialises in tools for space-based communication, having risen to become one of Ireland’s most notable space-techs in the 12 years since its founding.

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Last September, the company opened the Photon-1 production facility in Dangan, Galway, and announced 125 new jobs to be created by 2027.

The latest expansion comes as Mbryonics continues its work with the European Space Agency (ESA) on communication-related projects – the most recent being the ‘High-throughput Digital and Optical Network (Hydron)’, which is building an advanced laser-based satellite system to extend fibre-based internet into space.

The project is divided into parts – or ‘Elements’ – with the first establishing a constellation of satellites in low Earth orbit, the second extending this capability into higher orbits, and the third, which brings industry into the network to validate the technology.

After a successful contribution to the second part of this project, Mbyronics was tapped for the final leg, in collaboration with Kepler Communications.

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Specifically, the company’s optical terminal and its ground station test bed have been selected to demonstrate full interoperability with other optical terminal providers during the in-orbit demonstrations and to also verify on-ground interoperability verification.

“Hydron will serve as the world’s first multi-orbital optical communications network with a terabit per second capacity, offering resilient and efficient data transfer to address the challenges of bringing connectivity to multiple users securely, quickly and reliably,” said Laurent Jaffart, the director of resilience, navigation and connectivity at ESA.

John Mackey, the CEO of Mbryonics, added: “The internet was built by making different networks talk to each other, and that’s exactly what we’re enabling in space.

“Just as we demonstrated in DARPA Space BACN, this ESA award allows us to showcase how our laser communication technologies enable satellites from different providers to communicate seamlessly in orbit.

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“We are delighted to partner with Kepler, and other ecosystem providers, on this strategic engagement with the European Space Agency.”

Don’t miss out on the knowledge you need to succeed. Sign up for the Daily Brief, Silicon Republic’s digest of need-to-know sci-tech news.

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Blue Origin successfully re-uses a New Glenn rocket for the first time ever

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Blue Origin has successfully reused one of its New Glenn rockets for the first time ever, marking a major milestone for the heavy-launch system as Jeff Bezos’ space company looks to compete with Elon Musk’s SpaceX.

But the overall mission’s success may be in question. Roughly two hours after the launch, Blue Origin revealed that the communications satellite that New Glenn carried to space for AST SpaceMobile wound up in an “off-nominal orbit,” meaning something may have gone wrong with the rocket’s upper stage. In other words, it appears the company missed the mark.

“We have confirmed payload separation. AST SpaceMobile has confirmed the satellite has powered on,” the company wrote on X. “We are currently assessing and will update when we have more detailed information.”

AST later said Blue Origin’s rocket placed its satellite into an orbit that was “lower than planned,” so the satellite will have to be de-orbited.

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According to a timeline provided by Blue Origin prior to the launch, the upper stage of New Glenn should have performed a second burn roughly one hour after the rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida. It’s unclear if that second burn ever happened, or if there were other problems with it, before the AST satellite was deployed.

The company accomplished the re-use feat Sunday on just the third-ever launch of New Glenn, and a little more than one year after the first flight of the new rocket system, which has been in development for more than a decade.

Making New Glenn reusable is crucial to its economics. SpaceX’s ability to re-fly Falcon 9 rocket boosters is one of the main reasons why it has come to dominate the global orbital launch market.

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While Blue Origin has already sent a commercial payload to space with New Glenn — Sunday was the second-such mission — the company wants to use the rocket for NASA moon missions, and to help both it and Amazon build space-based satellite networks. Blue Origin is currently finishing getting its first robotic moon lander ready for an attempted launch later this year.

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The booster that Blue Origin re-flew on Sunday was the same one the company used in the second New Glenn mission in November. During that mission, the New Glenn booster helped put two robotic NASA spacecraft into space for a mission to Mars, before returning to a drone ship in the ocean. On Sunday, Blue Origin recovered the rocket booster a second time on a drone ship roughly 10 minutes after takeoff.

Any trouble deploying AST’s satellite could present a risk to Blue Origin’s near-term plans for New Glenn. Blue Origin has a deal with the communications company to send multiple satellites to orbit over the next few years as it works to build out its own space-based cellular broadband network.

This story has been updated with new information from Blue Origin and AST SpaceMobile.

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The Supreme Court will decide when the police can use your phone to track you, in Chatrie v. US

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Check your pocket. You’re probably carrying a tracking device that will allow the police — or even the Trump administration — to track every move that you make.

If you use a cellphone, you are unavoidably revealing your location all the time. Cellphones typically receive service by connecting to a nearby communications tower or other “cell site,” so your cellular provider (and, potentially, the police) can get a decent sense of where you are located by tracking which cell site your phone is currently connected with. Many smartphone users also use apps that rely on GPS to precisely determine their location. That’s why Uber knows where to pick you up when you summon a car.

Nearly a decade ago, in Carpenter v. United States (2018), the Supreme Court determined that law enforcement typically must secure a warrant before they can obtain data revealing where you’ve been from your cellular provider. On Monday, April 27, the Court will hear a follow-up case, known as Chatrie v. United States, which raises several questions that were not answered by Carpenter.

For starters, when police do obtain a warrant allowing them to use cellphone data, what should the warrant say — and just how much location information should the warrant permit the police to learn about how many people? When may the government obtain location data about innocent people who are not suspected of a crime? Does it matter if a cellphone user voluntarily opts into a service, such as the service Google uses to track their location when they ask for directions on Google Maps, that can reveal an extraordinary amount of information about where they’ve been? Should internet-based companies turn over only anonymized data, and when should the identity of a particular cellphone user be revealed?

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More broadly, modern technology enables the government to invade everyone’s privacy in ways that would have been unimaginable when the Constitution was framed. The Supreme Court is well aware of this problem, and it has spent the past several decades trying to make sure that its interpretation of the Fourth Amendment, which constrains when the government may search our “persons, houses, papers, and effects” for evidence of a crime, keeps up with technological progress.

As the Court indicated in Kyllo v. United States (2001), the goal is to ensure the “preservation of that degree of privacy against government that existed when the Fourth Amendment was adopted.” More advanced surveillance technology demands more robust constitutional safeguards.

But the Court’s commitment to this civil libertarian project is also precarious. Carpenter, the case that initially established that police must obtain a warrant before using your cell phone data to figure out where you’ve been, was a 5-4 decision. And two members of the majority in Carpenter, Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer, are no longer on the Court (although Breyer was replaced by Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, who generally shares his approach to constitutional privacy cases). Justice Neil Gorsuch also wrote a chaotic dissent in Carpenter, suggesting that most of the past six decades’ worth of Supreme Court cases interpreting the Fourth Amendment are wrong. So it’s fair to say that Gorsuch is a wild card whose vote in Chatrie is difficult to predict.

It remains to be seen, in other words, whether the Supreme Court is still committed to preserving Americans’ privacy even as technology advances — and whether there are still five votes for the civil libertarian approach taken in Carpenter.

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Geofence warrants, explained

Chatrie concerns “geofence” warrants, court orders that permit police to obtain locational data from many people who were in a certain area at a certain time.

During their investigation of a bank robbery in Midlothian, Virginia, police obtained a warrant calling for Google to turn over location data on anyone who was present near the bank within an hour of the robbery. The warrant drew a circle with a 150-meter radius that included both the bank and a nearby church.

Google had this information because of an optional feature called “Location History,” which tracks and stores where many cellphones are located. This data can then be used to pinpoint users who use apps like Google Maps to help them navigate, and also to collect data that Google can use to determine which ads are shown to which customers.

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The government emphasizes in its brief that “only about one-third of active Google account holders actually opted into the Location History service,” while lawyers for the defendant, Okello Chatrie, point out that “over 500 million Google users have Location History enabled.”

The warrant also laid out a three-step process imposing some limits on the government’s ability to use the location information it obtained. At the first stage, Google provided anonymized information on 19 individuals who were present within the circle during the relevant period. Police then requested and received more location data on nine of these individuals, essentially showing law enforcement where these nine people were shortly before and shortly after the original one-hour period. Police then sought and received the identity of three of these individuals, including Chatrie, who was eventually convicted of the robbery.

Chatrie, in other words, is not a case where police simply ignored the Constitution, or where they were given free rein to conduct whatever investigation they wanted. Law enforcement did, in fact, obtain a warrant before it used geolocation data to track down Chatrie. And that warrant did, in fact, lay out a process that limited law enforcement’s ability to track too many people or to learn the identities of the people who were tracked.

The question is whether this particular warrant and this particular process were good enough, or whether the Constitution requires more (or, for that matter, less). And, as it turns out, the Supreme Court’s previous case law is not very helpful if you want to predict how the Court will resolve Fourth Amendment cases concerning new technologies.

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The Court’s 21st-century cases expanded the Fourth Amendment to keep up with new surveillance technologies

The Court’s modern understanding of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against “unreasonable searches and seizures,” begins with Katz v. United States (1967), which held that police must obtain a warrant before they can listen to someone’s phone conversations. The broader rule that emerged from Katz, however, is quite vague. As Justice John Marshall Harlan summarized it in a concurring opinion, Fourth Amendment cases often turn on whether a person searched by police had a “reasonable expectation of privacy.”

The Court fleshed out what this phrase means in later cases. Though Katz held that the actual contents of a phone conversation are protected by the Fourth Amendment, for example, the Court held in Smith v. Maryland (1979) that police may learn which numbers a phone user dialed without obtaining a warrant. The Court reasoned that, while people reasonably expect that no one will listen in on their phone conversations, no one can reasonably think that the numbers they dial are private because these numbers must be conveyed to a third party — the phone company — before that company can connect their call.

Similarly, while the Fourth Amendment typically requires police to obtain a warrant before searching someone’s home without their consent, if a police officer witnesses someone committing a crime through the window of their home while the officer is standing on a public street, the officer has not violated the Fourth Amendment. As the Court put it in California v. Ciraolo (1986), “the Fourth Amendment protection of the home has never been extended to require law enforcement officers to shield their eyes when passing by a home on public thoroughfares.”

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As the sun rose on the 21st century, however, the Court began to worry that the fine distinctions it drew in its 20th-century cases no longer gave adequate protection against overzealous police.

In Kyllo, for example, a federal agent used a thermal-imaging device on a criminal suspect’s home, which allowed the agent to detect if parts of the home were unusually hot. After discovering that parts of the home were, in fact, “substantially warmer than neighboring homes,” the agent used that evidence to obtain a warrant to search the home for marijuana — the heat came from high-powered lights used to grow cannabis.

Under cases like Ciraolo, this agent had a strong argument that he could use this device without first obtaining a warrant. If law enforcement officers may gather evidence of a crime by peering into someone’s windows from a nearby street, why couldn’t they also measure the temperature of a house from that same street? But a majority of the justices worried in Kyllo that, if they do not update their understanding of the Fourth Amendment to account for new inventions, they will “permit police technology to erode the privacy guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment.”

Devices existed in 2001, when Kyllo was decided, that would allow police to invade people’s privacy in ways that were unimaginable when the Fourth Amendment was ratified. So, unless the Court was willing to see that amendment eroded into nothingness, they needed to read it more expansively. And so the Court concluded that, when police use technology that is “not in general public use” to investigate someone’s home, they need to obtain a warrant first.

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Similarly, in Carpenter, five justices concluded that law enforcement typically must obtain a warrant before they can use certain cellphone location data to track potential suspects.

Under Smith, the government had a strong argument that this data is not protected by the Fourth Amendment. Much like the numbers that we dial on our phones, cellphone users voluntarily share their location data with the cellphone company. And so Smith indicates that cellphone users do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding that data.

But a majority of the Court rejected this argument, because they were concerned that giving police unfettered access to our location data would give the government an intolerable window into our most private lives. Location data, Carpenter explained, reveals not only an individual’s “particular movements, but through them his ‘familial, political, professional, religious, and sexual associations.’” Before the government can track whether someone has attended a union meeting, interviewed for a new job, or had sex with someone their family or boss may disapprove of, it should obtain a warrant.

Why a cloud of uncertainty hangs over every Fourth Amendment case involving new technology

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One of the most uncertain questions in Chatrie is whether the Kyllo and Carpenter Court’s concern that advancing technology can swallow the Fourth Amendment is still shared by a majority of the Court. Again, Carpenter was a 5-4 decision, and two members of the majority have since left the Court. One of those justices, Ginsburg, was replaced by the much more conservative Justice Amy Coney Barrett.

Justice Anthony Kennedy, who dissented in Carpenter, was also replaced by Justice Brett Kavanaugh. Chatrie is Kavanaugh’s first opportunity, since he joined the Court in 2018, to weigh in on whether he believes that advancing technology demands a more expansive Fourth Amendment.

And then there’s Gorsuch, who wrote a dissent in Carpenter arguing that Katz’s “reasonable expectation of privacy” framework should be abandoned, and that the right question to ask in a case about cellphone data is whether the phone user owns that data. After a long windup about Fourth Amendment theory, Gorsuch’s dissent concludes with an unsatisfying four paragraphs saying that he can’t decide who owned the cellphone data at issue in Carpenter because the defendant’s lawyers “did not invoke the law of property or any analogies to the common law.”

Because Gorsuch’s opinion focuses so heavily on high-level theory and so little on how that theory should be applied to an actual case, it’s hard to predict where he will land in Chatrie. (Though it’s worth noting that Chatrie’s lawyers do spend a good deal of time discussing property law in their brief.)

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All of which is a long way of saying that the outcome in Chatrie is uncertain. We don’t know very much about how several key justices approach the Fourth Amendment. And the Court’s most recent Fourth Amendment cases suggest that lawyers can no longer rely on precedent to predict how the amendment applies to new technology.

But the stakes in this case are extraordinarily high. If the Court gives the government too much access to this information, the Trump administration could potentially gain access to years’ worth of location data on anyone who has ever attended a political protest. As the Court said in Carpenter, the government can use your cellphone to track all of your political, business, religious, and sexual relations.

At the same time, the police should be able to track down and arrest bank robbers. So, if there is a way to use cellphone data to assist law enforcement without intruding upon the rights of innocents, then the courts should allow it. The Fourth Amendment does not imagine a world without police investigations. It calls for police to obtain a warrant, while also placing limits on what that warrant can authorize, before they commit certain breaches of individual privacy.

The question is whether this Court, with its shifting membership and uncertain commitment to keeping up with new surveillance technology, can strike the appropriate balance.

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The Weird, Twisting Tale of How China Spied on Alysa Liu and Her Dad

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On November 16, 2021, Matthew Ziburis sat in his car in a residential neighborhood in the Bay Area stalking an “enemy,” as he put it. A veteran of both the US Army and Marine Corps, Ziburis had previously served in Iraq. But on this mission, he was working at the behest of China’s government. The targets that autumn day were American citizens: Arthur Liu and his teenage daughter, Alysa.

Arthur’s personal story was an exemplar of the American Dream. As a university student, he took part in the 1989 pro-democracy movement in China. After the crackdown at Tiananmen Square that year, he fled to the United States, settling in California. Arthur poured a small fortune and an equal amount of energy into molding Alysa into a figure skating phenom. As a national champion at age 13, she bantered along with Jimmy Fallon on The Tonight Show, and was at the time on track to represent America at the Winter Olympics the following year in Beijing.

Ziburis was surveilling the Liu home when he called Arthur, falsely claiming that he was a member of the US Olympic Committee who needed to discuss upcoming travel to Beijing, Arthur says. Ziburis was adamant that Arthur fax him copies of his and his daughter’s passports as part of a travel “preparedness check,” Liu tells WIRED. This struck Arthur as odd. In his many years dealing with sports bodies, he had never fielded such a request. Alysa’s agent did not respond to a request for comment.

Ziburis’ surveillance of Arthur and Alysa Liu that November day five years ago was just one episode in a bizarre saga that spanned from California to Beijing, touched New York City mayors and members of the US Congress, and has seen two people plead guilty and two more awaiting trial.

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Unbeknownst to Ziburis, as he sat outside Aurthur and Alysa’s Northern California home, he too was being watched.

Ziburis had allegedly been dispatched to Northern California by Frank Liu, a self-styled fixer in the Chinese community from Long Island, New York, who was in turn receiving orders from a person in China named Qiang Sun. According to US authorities, Sun was working at the behest of the Chinese government. A concerned private investigator who once worked for Frank Liu had alerted the FBI to Frank’s escapades and was assisting authorities. Law enforcement was already on to Ziburis by the time he arrived. Anthony Ricco, Ziburis’ lawyer, did not respond to requests for comment.

Officers watched as Ziburis surveyed Arthur’s home and visited his law office. The heavy-set man sulking around Arthur’s office also caught the attention of a neighbor, who approached Ziburis and asked him if he needed help, Arthur says. Apparently concerned, the FBI called Arthur to warn him that Ziburis was heading to his home. By then, in part because of the harassment, Arthur and Alysa were boarding a plane to fly out of California. “It was like a movie,” Arthur says.

Alysa’s showing in Beijing in 2022 was disappointing. Burned out, she retired from the sport. Then in February, after returning to the ice after a two year hiatus, Alysa became the first US women’s figure skater to win Olympic gold since 2002—intentionally without her father by her side.

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Despite her much-publicized complicated relationship with Arthur, Alysa’s success—punctuated by her signature pierced smile, racoon-tail dye job, and palpable joy for her sport—has reignited interest in the long-running case of transnational repression against her and her father. Human rights advocates and researchers have documented in recent years the lengths Beijing has taken to suppress critical voices, even those residing abroad or whose perceived transgressions date back decades.

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