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Southeast Asia’s Household Debt Crisis Deepens as Families Borrow to Survive
Across mainland Southeast Asia, the region’s economic story is increasingly being shaped not by exports, industrial growth, or foreign investment, but by households taking on debt simply to meet everyday needs.
Key takeaways
- Household debt is rising across Southeast Asia as families increasingly borrow to cover everyday living costs rather than build wealth.
- Cambodia stands at the center of the crisis, where rapid credit growth, weak wages, and heavy microfinance borrowing have deepened household vulnerability.
- Analysts warn that if debt pressures continue unchecked, the crisis could spread beyond families and begin to threaten wider economic and financial stability
Analysts say what was once presented as financial inclusion is now becoming a source of financial vulnerability, as easy credit, weak wage growth, and limited public services leave millions of families under growing strain.
Cambodia has become one of the clearest examples of this shift. The country’s private debt to GDP ratio rose from 24.2% in 2010 to 134.5% in 2023, marking one of the fastest debt expansions in the region. That rise is now colliding with a weaker property sector, border disruptions with Thailand, and fresh US trade restrictions, intensifying pressure on already indebted households.
According to Cambodia’s Credit Bureau, the average outstanding personal loan per borrower stood at around $6,500 in December 2025, despite the garment sector’s minimum wage being only $208 per month. The figures highlight how sharply household borrowing has outpaced income growth in one of the region’s most vulnerable economies.
Borrowing for Daily Survival
The problem extends beyond Cambodia. Thailand’s household debt reached 86.8% of GDP in 2025, placing it among the most indebted economies in Asia. Myanmar is also dealing with chronic household debt, while Malaysia’s household debt stood at 84.3% of GDP by mid 2025.
The composition of debt varies across the region, with Malaysia’s borrowing concentrated in housing and vehicle loans, while Thailand carries a heavier share of personal consumption debt.
Experts say a growing number of households are borrowing not to invest or build wealth, but simply to cover food, healthcare and other basic expenses. In Thailand, 64% of non-performing loan accounts were linked to credit cards and personal loans, while many borrowers were spending more than half of their monthly income on debt repayments.
Rising living costs, combined with external shocks such as tariff threats and regional instability, have made that burden even harder to manage.
Antonios Roumpakis of Hong Kong Metropolitan University said Cambodia and Myanmar have been especially exposed because their growth models are more vulnerable to regional tensions and US tariffs. He also pointed to deeper structural problems, including oversupplied credit, weak financial regulation, and poor lending decisions, as key drivers of the crisis.
Microfinance, Poverty, and Wider Financial Risk
Microfinance has become a central issue in the debate over rising debt. Milford Bateman of Royal Holloway, University of London, said the boom in household debt across much of the Global South, particularly in Cambodia, can be directly linked to the commercialization of microcredit institutions that were once not-for-profit. Human Rights Watch reported that Cambodia’s 3.8 million households held more than 3.1 million microloans worth over $18 billion.
For many families, borrowing is increasingly tied to emergencies rather than opportunity. A health financing study found that 28% of people in Cambodia had borrowed money to pay for healthcare, while a 2025 UN study found that 23% of urban households in Myanmar were borrowing for medical costs. Analysts warn that such debt can trap families in long term poverty, often forcing them to sell assets or seek dangerous forms of work to survive.
The risks are also spreading into the broader economy. In Cambodia, the return of large numbers of migrant workers from Thailand has worsened household vulnerability, while falling remittances have removed an important financial buffer for many families.
In Thailand, heavy debt levels have been blamed for weak consumption, prompting repeated stimulus efforts by the government. Economists warn that if household debt continues to deteriorate, it could evolve from a social crisis into a wider banking problem.
Cambodia’s central bank has already approved the creation of asset management institutions to purchase non-performing loans, a sign of increasing urgency rather than long-term reform confidence. Analysts say the region’s debt crisis will not be solved by credit markets alone.
Stronger banking oversight, tighter regulation of microfinance, and broader access to healthcare, education, and housing will be essential if households are to avoid borrowing beyond their limits.
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Invesco SteelPath MLP Alpha Fund Q4 2025 Commentary (MLPAX)
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Australian shares sink as oil hits $US116 a barrel
The Australian share market has fallen again after oil rose to near a four-year high, amid fears another strategic Middle East waterway could become an energy choke point.
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Chinese-linked ships turned back at Strait of Hormuz after IRGC Navy warning
Sen. Tommy Tuberville, R-Ala., discusses Iran allowing non-hostile ships to transit the Strait of Hormuz and Democrats’ continued opposition to I.C.E. funding on ‘The Evening Edit.’
At least three Chinese-linked vessels reportedly turned back abruptly after attempting to cross the Strait of Hormuz last Friday, signaling an unusual move in typically friendly Tehran‑Beijing relations amid the ongoing regional crisis.
Two ships owned by China’s state‑run Cosco Shipping, the CSCL Indian Ocean and CSCL Arctic Ocean, as well as Hong Kong-owned Lotus Rising made sudden U‑turns near Larak Island, according to ship‑tracking service MarineTraffic and research group FDD. The narrow channel has repeatedly been described as Iran’s de facto “toll booth,” with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy, allowing passage only for authorized vessels.
This was the first attempted outbound transit by major Cosco container ships since tensions in the Strait of Hormuz began on Feb. 28, triggering disruptions to 20% of the world’s oil supply.
The ships reportedly violated Iranian rules banning traffic to and from countries considered supportive of the United States and Israel, including the UAE and Saudi Arabia, according to an IRGC statement cited by IRGC-affiliated outlet Nour News.
OIL HAS SURGED SINCE THE IRAN CONFLICT, BUT GAS PRICES MAY NOT BE DONE RISING.

A satellite image shows the Strait of Hormuz, a key maritime passage connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman, vital for global energy supply. (Amanda Macias/Fox News Digital / Getty Images)
“Three container ships of different nationalities attempted to move towards the designated corridor for licensed ships, which were forced to return after being warned by the IRGC Navy,” the outlet said Friday afternoon.
“Sailing of any ship ‘to and from’ the ports of the allies and supporters of the Zionist-American enemies to any destination and from any corridor is prohibited,” it added.
IRAN WAR FUELS ASIA ENERGY CRUNCH AS INDIA, JAPAN, OTHERS FEEL STRAIN

Multiple Chinese container ships aborted their attempt to pass through the Strait of Hormuz last Friday. (STR/AFP/Getty Images / Getty Images)
It is not immediately clear why the vessels halted their transit, but the Cosco ships have reportedly visited ports in enemy countries considered hostile since mid-February, including Jebel Ali in Dubai; Dammam in Saudi Arabia; and Khalifa Port in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, according to maritime outlet Lloyd’s List.
Analysts noted that the ships may have lacked proper paperwork or authorization to transit the Strait of Hormuz, and safe passage could not be guaranteed, the outlet added.
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Chinese-flagged container cargo freight ship departs from a port. (iStock / Fox News)
The incident highlights a gap between Iran’s earlier diplomatic assurances that China and other friendly nations, including Russia and India, could coordinate safe passage through the Strait of Hormuz.
The CSCL Indian Ocean and CSCL Arctic Ocean had also broadcast messages on their identification systems signaling that they had Chinese owners and crew as a precautionary move to signal friendliness to Iran, Reuters reported, but the effort was apparently deemed insufficient by Iranian authorities at the checkpoint.
Reuters contributed to this report.
Business
UK businesses more vulnerable in new energy crisis as distress levels rise
UK businesses are entering the latest global energy shock in a significantly weaker financial position than during the 2022 Ukraine crisis, raising concerns that the current conflict in the Middle East could trigger a faster and more severe wave of corporate distress.
New data from the Weil European Distress Index shows that financial pressures on European companies had already moved into “distress territory” before the escalation of tensions involving Iran, leaving firms with far less capacity to absorb another energy-driven shock.
The index, compiled by law firm Weil, Gotshal & Manges, tracks the performance of more than 3,750 listed companies across Europe using indicators such as cashflow pressure, debt levels and returns on investment. It recorded a reading of 2.5 ahead of the current crisis, compared with -7 in February 2022, just before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, indicating a marked deterioration in corporate resilience.
The latest crisis has been driven by disruption to global oil and gas supplies, particularly through the Strait of Hormuz, a key shipping route that carries around a fifth of the world’s energy exports. Escalating tensions, including attacks linked to Iranian-backed groups, have raised concerns about alternative routes such as the Red Sea also becoming unstable.
As a result, energy prices have surged sharply, with Brent crude climbing from around $60 at the start of the year to close to $115 a barrel. The spike is already feeding through into higher costs for businesses, from manufacturing and logistics to food production.
Andrew Wilkinson, a restructuring partner at Weil, warned that the pace of change is a key risk factor.
“If energy prices remain elevated and confidence continues to weaken, we could see stress build more quickly than in previous cycles,” he said.
Among major European economies, the UK is seen as especially vulnerable. The index ranks Britain as one of the most distressed markets in Europe, behind only Germany and France, but identifies it as the most exposed to rising borrowing costs.
The resurgence in inflation, driven largely by higher energy prices, is expected to limit the ability of the Bank of England to cut interest rates, with markets increasingly pricing in the possibility of further tightening.
Higher rates would increase the cost of servicing debt for businesses, many of which are already operating with reduced financial headroom after several years of economic disruption.
The UK’s economic backdrop adds to the concern. Recent data from the Office for National Statistics showed that growth stalled in January, highlighting the fragility of the recovery even before the latest energy shock.
At the same time, unemployment has risen to 5.2 per cent, its highest level since early 2021, further weighing on economic momentum and consumer demand.
The combination of weak growth, rising costs and tighter financial conditions creates a challenging environment for businesses, particularly those with high energy exposure or significant debt burdens.
The outlook is further clouded by global factors. The OECD has already warned that the UK is likely to suffer the largest growth hit among G20 economies as a result of the conflict, underlining the scale of the challenge.
Rising energy costs are also expected to squeeze household incomes, reducing consumer spending and adding another layer of pressure on businesses.
Unlike in 2022, when many companies entered the energy crisis with relatively strong balance sheets and access to cheap financing, today’s environment is characterised by higher debt levels and tighter credit conditions.
This leaves firms with fewer options to absorb shocks, increasing the risk of insolvencies and restructuring activity if conditions deteriorate further.
The latest data suggests that the current energy crisis could unfold more rapidly than previous episodes, with financial stress building at a quicker pace across the corporate sector.
For the UK, the combination of high energy dependence, rising interest rates and weak growth creates a particularly challenging mix.
As the conflict in the Middle East continues to evolve, businesses face a period of heightened uncertainty, one in which resilience will be tested and the margin for error is significantly reduced.
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Global Markets Tumble as Middle East Conflict Escalates, Oil Surges
Stocks plunged and oil prices spiked as Iran-backed Houthi forces joined the conflict, prompting a US military buildup and raising fears of prolonged war and economic damage.
Key Details:
- Japan and South Korea markets fell over 4%, MSCI Asia Pacific down 2.4%; US and European futures also declined
- Brent crude jumped 3.4% to $116/barrel, up 91% YTD; Macquarie warns oil could hit $200 if Strait of Hormuz remains closed through June
- Aluminum rose 6% after Iran attacked regional production sites; gold dipped 0.8% to ~$4,450/oz
- Trump signaled possible deal with Iran allowing 20 oil vessels through Hormuz, but Israel struck Tehran and Saudi Arabia intercepted drones
- Recession risk rising — Goldman Sachs at 30%, Pimco >33%; bond managers preparing for economic slowdown and yield declines
The 2026 Iran war has exposed a fundamental contradiction in the economic architecture of the conflict, with the US imposing enormous costs on many of the same economies it relies on as trading and strategic partners.
The conflict has also highlighted the importance of resilience investments, with nearly three in four business leaders prioritizing resilience as a driver of growth rather than a cost. The global price tag of war in the Middle East is expected to be significant, with the IEA warning of a major energy crisis and the World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report 2026 highlighting the economic implications of the conflict.
Investors are increasingly pivoting toward capital preservation strategies as mounting concerns over prolonged geopolitical conflict, surging energy prices, and persistently elevated interest rates converge to fuel fears of a broad-based global economic slowdown. The shift in sentiment has been swift and decisive — risk assets have come under pressure as portfolio managers reduce exposure to equities and other volatile instruments in favor of safer havens such as short-duration bonds, gold, and cash equivalents. Markets are now pricing in a significantly higher probability of recession, with key indicators — including inverted yield curves, weakening manufacturing data, and tightening credit conditions — reinforcing the view that the global economy may be heading into a prolonged contractionary phase. Central banks, already under pressure to balance inflation control with growth support, face an increasingly narrow path forward, leaving investors with little confidence that a soft landing remains achievable.
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Oil Price Today (March 30): Oil jumps 3% to near $120 amid expectations of US ground offensive in Iran. What lies ahead?
President Donald Trump-led US administration is preparing for weeks of ground operations in Iran, the Washington Post reported yesterday. US Central Command said on X that it has deployed 3,500 Marines and sailors to the Middle East aboard the USS Tripoli, marking the largest American military buildup in the region in two decades.
Iran’s parliament speaker, meanwhile, warned that the country’s forces were “waiting for American soldiers” and would “rain fire” on any US troops attempting to enter Iranian territory. In his message, reported by Iranian state media, Ghalibaf also said: “The enemy signals negotiation in public, while in secret it plots a ground attack”.
Additionally, Yemeni Houthis launched their first attacks on Israel over the weekend, widening the ongoing war and adding to inflation woes.
These developments led to a rise in worries for prolonged supply disruption for oil, spurring the rally in oil prices. Brent crude futures jumped over 3.4% to trade at $116 per barrel, while West Texas Intermediate (WTI) futures gained more than 3% to trade at $103 per barrel, as seen at around 8 am IST.
The war, which began earlier this month with US-Israeli strikes killing Iran’s former supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khammenei and resulting in massive retaliation from Tehran, has spread across the Middle East. Fear now rises for a ground offensive and the entry of Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthis.
Pakistan said it was preparing to host “meaningful talks” to end the prolonged war in the coming days, although Iran said it is ready to respond if the United States launches a ground operation.
What lies ahead?
Macquarie has warned that crude prices could surge to an unprecedented $200 a barrel if the Iran conflict drags into mid-year and keeps the vital Strait of Hormuz shut. “If the strait were to stay closed for an extended period, prices would need to move high enough to destroy a historically large amount of global oil demand,” the Macquarie analysts said in the March 27 report, as reported by Bloomberg. “The timing of the re-opening of the straits, and physical damage to energy infrastructure, is the main determinant of the longer-term impact on commodities,” it added.
Ambit Institutional Equities, in its report, said that even if geopolitical tensions cool off, oil prices will remain elevated, with $80 being the new normal for Brent due to infrastructure damage, geopolitical risk premiums, and inventory restocking.
“While physical damage assessments to upstream and refining infrastructure remain preliminary, initial indications point to meaningful disruptions. Layering on this, geopolitical risk premiums are being embedded in near-term crude prices. At the same time, demand is being amplified by inventory restocking as importers rush to rebuild depleted SPR and OECD stocks. Taken together, these three factors underpin our view of sustained near-term crude price elevation,” it wrote.
(Disclaimer: Recommendations, suggestions, views and opinions given by the experts are their own. These do not represent the views of The Economic Times)
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