Visa said on Sept. 8 that more than 160 stablecoin-linked card programs were operating globally during its fiscal second quarter of 2026, while their payment volume increased nearly 200% year over year.

The payments company also reported that its stablecoin settlement volume had surpassed a $20 billion annualized run rate. That represents growth of more than 15 times from the corresponding period one year earlier.

Visa disclosed the figures while announcing expanded work with Credit Coop. The companies are using stablecoin-denominated revolving credit facilities to help card programs finance daily settlement obligations.

The statistics come from Visa and Credit Coop rather than independently audited transaction reports. An annualized run rate also projects recent activity over a full year. It does not mean Visa has already processed $20 billion in stablecoin settlement during 2026.

Visa stablecoin cards reach 160 live programs

Stablecoin-linked cards connect a customer’s crypto wallet or stablecoin account with Visa’s existing merchant network. The digital assets are converted or used to fund the transaction while the merchant receives payment through familiar card infrastructure.

Visa said payment volume across these programs grew nearly 200% year over year. The company did not publish the underlying dollar value, regional breakdown or transaction count in its announcement.

The latest disclosure updates figures Visa presented in June. At the time, it said more than 160 programs were either live or in development and that stablecoin settlement had reached a $7 billion annualized rate as of March.

The latest $20 billion figure suggests the settlement run rate has nearly tripled since March. However, the two figures cover Visa’s stablecoin settlement activity, not necessarily consumer purchases made through stablecoin-linked cards alone.

Card payment volume and settlement volume measure different processes. Payment volume covers purchases initiated by cardholders. Settlement volume covers money transferred between Visa and participating financial institutions or program operators. Visa previously placed its stablecoin settlement run rate near $7 billion while expanding pilots across more regions, blockchains and currencies.

Credit Coop finances the daily settlement gap

Visa’s announcement focused on a working-capital problem facing new stablecoin card programs. Operators must fund settlement obligations before receiving all corresponding payments from cardholders.

Large, established card portfolios can use warehouse credit lines or securitizations. Smaller programs may need only several million dollars, drawn and repaid daily. Legal and administrative costs can make conventional facilities uneconomical at that scale.

Credit Coop’s structure uses a stablecoin-denominated revolving credit facility secured by settlement receivables. Borrowers draw from the facility to meet their daily Visa obligations and repay the credit line as cardholder proceeds arrive.

Incoming receivables pass through Credit Coop’s Spigot smart contract. The contract automatically directs part of the proceeds toward principal and interest before transferring the remaining funds to the borrower’s operating account.

The process resembles a controlled bank lockbox. The difference is that the routing and repayment instructions execute through smart contracts, creating publicly visible transaction records.

Visa said Credit Coop receives authorized programs’ daily settlement files through a secure data connection. Credit decisions, facility sizes and repayment checks can therefore use both Visa records and onchain transaction history.

According to Visa, stronger access to settlement data helped reduce borrowing costs for some participating programs by as much as 30%. The company did not disclose individual interest rates or identify every program that received lower pricing.

Rain provides the first operating case

Rain, a Visa principal member offering stablecoin card infrastructure, has used a Credit Coop revolving facility since August 2023. The facility finances Rain’s daily Visa settlement requirements.

Credit Coop transfers funds to Rain based on the relevant Visa settlement file. Rain then funds its settlement obligation. Cardholder payments subsequently pass through smart contracts that service interest and replenish the facility.

Visa said every settlement obligation covered by the facility had been funded on time. Credit Coop reported more than $2.5 billion in cumulative financing since 2023, covering over 3,000 borrowing events and 9,000 repayment events.

Credit Coop also reported zero defaults across the platform. Those performance figures are company claims and have not been supported by a published independent audit.

Rain accounted for approximately $2 billion of the reported cumulative settlement financing. Visa said the arrangement had processed more than 2,000 borrowing events and 7,000 repayment events for Rain, generating at least $1.58 million in interest.

Rain previously confirmed that it joined Visa’s stablecoin settlement pilot. The company said it settles Visa card obligations in USDC seven days a week, including weekends and holidays.

Visa has also described Rain’s use of USDC-backed receivables financing in its broader work on onchain credit. The structure is intended to reduce the need for issuers to hold idle settlement capital.

U.S. card programs test the financing route

Karta, a U.S.-issued premium Visa card operating under Rain’s bank identification number, also launched using Credit Coop financing while developing its performance record.

Visa said Karta later announced $140 million in financing in June 2026. The package included a $15 million Series A led by Galaxy Ventures and a $125 million institutional credit facility from Community Investment Management.

Visa presented Karta as an example of an early card program moving from a smaller revolving facility to institutional financing. The company said Karta’s daily settlement history contributed to the record available to larger lenders.

Moto and Xplace also use Credit Coop financing under Rain’s issuing infrastructure, according to the announcement. Visa did not disclose their facility sizes, borrowing costs or settlement volumes.

The partnership adds a credit layer to Visa’s wider stablecoin strategy. In March, Visa and Stripe-owned Bridge announced that their card programs were live in 18 countries and planned to reach more than 100 countries by the end of 2026.

Bridge-enabled cards can be used through platforms including Phantom and MetaMask. Visa said customers could spend their balances across more than 175 million merchant locations, while merchants continue receiving conventional payments.

Visa linked cards and stablecoins with its wider programmable commerce strategy, including settlement pilots and payment tools for AI agents.

Visa plans just-in-time settlement funding

Visa and Credit Coop are now working toward just-in-time funding. Under the planned model, a program’s daily settlement file would trigger a stablecoin disbursement matching the exact net amount owed.

The funds would move directly to the relevant Visa settlement address. Programs would avoid drawing a full facility in advance and holding unused capital between settlement cycles.

Visa said this model could shorten borrowing periods from days to hours. Lenders could also align their exposure more closely with actual daily obligations instead of committing the entire credit line continuously.

The model remains dependent on accurate settlement data, reliable smart contracts and sufficient stablecoin liquidity. Operational failures could prevent a program from meeting a settlement deadline even when the credit facility remains adequately funded.

Credit Coop’s zero-default record does not guarantee future performance. Stablecoin depegging, contract vulnerabilities, borrower failures and changing regulations remain potential risks.

Visa has not announced a deadline for launching just-in-time funding across all 160 programs. It also has not disclosed which stablecoins or blockchains future facilities will support.

The next stage will involve extending the model to additional issuers and determining whether their onchain repayment records can support larger institutional facilities. Visa said it expects more programs to follow Karta’s path, but that remains a company forecast.

Bitwise has launched three automated portfolios of Coinbase tokenized stocks for eligible non-U.S. investors, combining self-custody and automatic rebalancing for a 0.15% methodology fee.

Bitwise tokenized stock portfolios begin with three themes

Bitwise said in an Aug. 25 announcement that its Automated Token Portfolios, known as ATPs, will let eligible users copy professionally designed stock models inside their own wallets.

Built by Bitwise Investment Manager, the rules-based models use Coinbase’s recently launched tokenized U.S. stocks. Glider, an independent platform, handles purchases and rebalancing after a user authorizes its session credentials.

The first three portfolios will become available through Glider over the coming weeks. Bitwise set a 0.15% methodology access fee, which does not include trading costs or separate platform charges collected by Glider.

One option, the Bitwise Mag7X ATP, gives equal weight to Apple, Microsoft, Nvidia, Alphabet, Amazon, Meta and Tesla, alongside privately held SpaceX. The Bitwise Robotics ATP will hold equal-weighted positions in companies involved in robotics and autonomous systems, including Tesla, Nvidia and Amazon.

For artificial intelligence exposure, the Bitwise AI Leaders ATP will include Nvidia, Microsoft, Alphabet, Meta, Amazon, SpaceX, Tesla and Sandisk. Bitwise identified the companies as leaders in developing or supporting AI products and infrastructure.

Unlike a conventional fund, each ATP publishes a target allocation rather than pooling capital under the asset manager’s control. Glider then executes the required transactions and adjusts the wallet when its holdings move away from Bitwise’s stated weights.

Self-custody replaces the pooled-fund structure

Under the arrangement, investors keep the tokenized shares in non-custodial wallets throughout the process. Bitwise does not hold the assets, initiate trades, or exercise discretion over an individual user’s account.

“For over a century, getting a professional model meant handing your assets to a fund. ATPs mean you can keep the assets in your own wallet, and the model comes to you,” Bitwise Chief Investment Officer Matt Hougan said.

Hougan added that the structure gives users direct ownership of the tokens while applying portfolio models normally offered through managed products. According to Bitwise, participants do not enter an advisory, fiduciary or contractual relationship with the company by selecting an ATP.

Because the stocks remain in compatible wallets, investors may be able to use them as collateral or deploy them through decentralized finance protocols. Bitwise cautioned that lending or borrowing against the tokens carries additional risks, including full liquidation of a position.

Glider co-founder and CEO Brian Huang said the product gives international users access to models designed by established investment managers through onchain infrastructure.

“Finally, we have global access to the same institutional managers we respect in traditional finance, but now in digital assets,” Huang said, adding that blockchain-based delivery offers functions unavailable through conventional brokerage accounts.

Coinbase stock tokens provide the underlying assets

Coinbase’s stock tokens operate on Base and represent beneficial interests in shares held through a segregated custody structure. As crypto.news reported on Aug. 25, the initial public rollout covered Apple, Nvidia, Meta and Alphabet under the B20 token standard.

Coinbase Onchain SPV Ltd., an entity incorporated in the Abu Dhabi Global Market, issues the securities. For each token issued, the special-purpose company initially holds one corresponding share through a segregated account, according to the product prospectuses.

Alpaca Securities, a U.S. broker-dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and a member of FINRA and SIPC, buys, sells and holds the underlying shares. Coinbase represents that the tokens are backed one-to-one and carry shareholder rights, subject to eligibility checks and the terms of the ADGM-approved prospectuses.

Bitwise said it has not independently verified Coinbase’s statements concerning the assets’ backing, shareholder rights or redemption terms. The manager also does not issue the stock tokens used by the ATPs.

Certain verified tokenholders may submit voting instructions to the Coinbase issuer, although the prospectuses state that voting remains subject to legal, timing and operational limits. Distributions may also face fees and tax deductions before their value is reinvested into additional tokens.

U.S. investors remain excluded from Bitwise ATPs

Despite tracking companies listed in U.S. markets, the ATPs and their underlying Coinbase securities are available only to eligible non-U.S. persons in supported jurisdictions. Bitwise defines the restriction by reference to Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933.

The company said the products have not been registered for sale to U.S. persons. Bitwise’s registration as a U.S. investment adviser applies to its separate advisory business and does not mean the SEC has reviewed, approved or endorsed the ATP models.

Coinbase’s stock-token prospectuses also state that the securities have not been registered under the Securities Act or state securities laws. For non-U.S. holders, dividends are generally subject to a 30% U.S. withholding rate unless an applicable tax treaty reduces it, while the issuer charges a distribution fee equal to 5% of the gross payment before withholding and reinvestment.

The restrictions contrast with Dinari’s August U.S. rollout, which gave eligible American users access to tokenized S&P 500 shares through self-custody wallets. Dinari said its dShares are backed one-to-one by securities held in regulated custody and provide rights tied to dividends, voting and corporate actions.

Regulatory treatment in the United States remains under review. In June, reports indicated that the SEC was considering an exemption for tokenized stocks that could allow firms to test blockchain-based securities products under modified requirements, though no exemption covers the Bitwise portfolios announced on Aug. 25.

Bitwise adds ATPs to its onchain product lineup

The launch follows several additions to Bitwise’s onchain and model-portfolio business during 2026. In January, the company introduced its first Morpho vault, a non-custodial USDC lending strategy targeting annual returns of up to 6%, depending on market conditions.

Bitwise expanded its model-portfolio service for financial advisers in February with seven professionally constructed crypto allocations supported by systematic monitoring and rebalancing. During the summer, the company made its crypto models available to retail users through Parrot’s investment platform.

Earlier in August, Bitwise also partnered with Superstate on a separate plan to record ownership of selected Bitwise fund shares on a blockchain. The companies identified the Bitwise Solana Staking ETF as the first fund under consideration, although Bitwise said there was no assurance that tokenized shares of the ETF would launch.